Therapists in Minneapolis, MN

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Photo of Naomi J. Schwenke, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Naomi J. Schwenke
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55417
Have you tried talk therapy in the past or are you looking for a new innovative approach to traditional talk therapy? How do you feel toward your life? You may be good at keeping up appearances on the outside, but on the inside, you may be struggling with parts of yourself that are feeling overwhelmed, angry, impulsive, lost, sad, lonely, stressed, burnt out or stuck and reactive to people or situations. I help people learn how to calm their nervous system, heal their stories, and lead with awareness.
Have you tried talk therapy in the past or are you looking for a new innovative approach to traditional talk therapy? How do you feel toward your life? You may be good at keeping up appearances on the outside, but on the inside, you may be struggling with parts of yourself that are feeling overwhelmed, angry, impulsive, lost, sad, lonely, stressed, burnt out or stuck and reactive to people or situations. I help people learn how to calm their nervous system, heal their stories, and lead with awareness.
(612) 223-7768 View (612) 223-7768
Photo of Nikki Erchul, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Nikki Erchul
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55401
There is tremendous freedom in letting go and liberating yourself from things that create blockages and discontent in your life. Now is the time to look within yourself for increased happiness and joy! My goal when I work with clients is to promote love, connection and harmony both on an individual level and in your relationships with others. I help women recover and heal from narcissistic relationships that they have left. I also support all my clients in joyfully healing from anxiety, depression, life transitions and relationship issues utilizing holistic healing modalities to address every angle of your spirit.
There is tremendous freedom in letting go and liberating yourself from things that create blockages and discontent in your life. Now is the time to look within yourself for increased happiness and joy! My goal when I work with clients is to promote love, connection and harmony both on an individual level and in your relationships with others. I help women recover and heal from narcissistic relationships that they have left. I also support all my clients in joyfully healing from anxiety, depression, life transitions and relationship issues utilizing holistic healing modalities to address every angle of your spirit.
(763) 244-1531 View (763) 244-1531
Photo of Linda Valerian, Licensed Professional Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Linda Valerian
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC, CCTP, CBSEP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55406
Not accepting new clients
For many of us, living fully in the present moment is hard to do when pain from the past forces itself into our daily lives. That pain can come from past abuse or neglect, rejection, disappointment, grief, a serious medical condition, feeling different or never fitting in, losses that may accompany aging or other life transitions, or the accumulated assaults of racism, sexism, homophobia or any other "ism". My goal as an EMDR-trained, Certified Clinical Trauma Professional is to work together with you to help you learn to live more fully in the present moment, free from the pain of the past.
For many of us, living fully in the present moment is hard to do when pain from the past forces itself into our daily lives. That pain can come from past abuse or neglect, rejection, disappointment, grief, a serious medical condition, feeling different or never fitting in, losses that may accompany aging or other life transitions, or the accumulated assaults of racism, sexism, homophobia or any other "ism". My goal as an EMDR-trained, Certified Clinical Trauma Professional is to work together with you to help you learn to live more fully in the present moment, free from the pain of the past.
(612) 800-0313 View (612) 800-0313
Photo of Caroline Kelly, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Caroline Kelly
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55426
If starting therapy with a new therapist feels a little bit daunting, that’s alright! Life and all its stressors can be difficult to manage sometimes, and having positive support can make a huge difference for our mental health. I believe that everyone deserves to have a safe space where they can openly share their story, regardless of their various identities, background, or personal experiences. Healing is not linear; healing can be slow, stressful, and confusing. Sometimes we aren't quite sure where to start. My intention is to meet you with empathy and nonjudgmental care.
If starting therapy with a new therapist feels a little bit daunting, that’s alright! Life and all its stressors can be difficult to manage sometimes, and having positive support can make a huge difference for our mental health. I believe that everyone deserves to have a safe space where they can openly share their story, regardless of their various identities, background, or personal experiences. Healing is not linear; healing can be slow, stressful, and confusing. Sometimes we aren't quite sure where to start. My intention is to meet you with empathy and nonjudgmental care.
(763) 373-5304 View (763) 373-5304
Photo of Bystrom Counseling and Consultation, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Bystrom Counseling and Consultation
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55407
Not accepting new clients
I don't believe that therapy has to be painful and it should not induce shame. I practice in a way that will invite you to name what is important to you and together we will discover, recover and enlist available resources that will help you address the problems in your life.
I don't believe that therapy has to be painful and it should not induce shame. I practice in a way that will invite you to name what is important to you and together we will discover, recover and enlist available resources that will help you address the problems in your life.
(612) 351-6194 View (612) 351-6194
Photo of Nicola Demonte, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Nicola Demonte
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, ALM
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55416  (Online Only)
I am compassionate, curious, creative, with a good sense of humor and, I care deeply about my clients. With over 25 years of experience in mental health, i have made positive impact on my clients, their families and the students I have taught. I am attuned to my client's needs and center their goals to develop a therapeutic relationship.
I am compassionate, curious, creative, with a good sense of humor and, I care deeply about my clients. With over 25 years of experience in mental health, i have made positive impact on my clients, their families and the students I have taught. I am attuned to my client's needs and center their goals to develop a therapeutic relationship.
(952) 260-0046 View (952) 260-0046
Photo of Bill Zweber, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Bill Zweber
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55422
I provide telehealth services within Minnesota on evenings and weekends. With over 35 years of experience, I have extensive knowledge in helping couples, families and individuals move past difficult hurdles and challenging times. I especially enjoy parent coaching and mentoring adolescent/adult males. I see myself as a guide and focus on clients' positive attributes and strengths and believe people have the ability to resolve their own concerns and reach their personal goals.
I provide telehealth services within Minnesota on evenings and weekends. With over 35 years of experience, I have extensive knowledge in helping couples, families and individuals move past difficult hurdles and challenging times. I especially enjoy parent coaching and mentoring adolescent/adult males. I see myself as a guide and focus on clients' positive attributes and strengths and believe people have the ability to resolve their own concerns and reach their personal goals.
(952) 649-5219 View (952) 649-5219
Photo of Heather Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Heather Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55403
So often in life we think the key to finding happiness exists in something outside of ourselves. We change jobs, partners, friends and cities only to find ourselves exactly as we were, living with the same problems and patterns, and ultimately in the same self-imposed prisons. As children, we intuitively develop adaptive solutions to maladaptive situations that enable us to protect our hearts and minds. Unbeknownst to our consciousness, these self-deceptions no longer protect us, but in fact compromise our capacity for growth.
So often in life we think the key to finding happiness exists in something outside of ourselves. We change jobs, partners, friends and cities only to find ourselves exactly as we were, living with the same problems and patterns, and ultimately in the same self-imposed prisons. As children, we intuitively develop adaptive solutions to maladaptive situations that enable us to protect our hearts and minds. Unbeknownst to our consciousness, these self-deceptions no longer protect us, but in fact compromise our capacity for growth.
(612) 223-7680 View (612) 223-7680
Janice Linden Kalin
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55416
All counseling I do is related to work and career issues. You may be thinking about a different career, trying to figure out a major in college, considering re-entering the job market after an absence, questioning what's next after graduating, or are unhappy with your current work situation. We explore characteristics such as values, interests, and motivators through counseling sessions, assessments and exercises. It's a very active process with the goal of discovering what best suits you, keeping in mind the realities of the job market and individual needs.
All counseling I do is related to work and career issues. You may be thinking about a different career, trying to figure out a major in college, considering re-entering the job market after an absence, questioning what's next after graduating, or are unhappy with your current work situation. We explore characteristics such as values, interests, and motivators through counseling sessions, assessments and exercises. It's a very active process with the goal of discovering what best suits you, keeping in mind the realities of the job market and individual needs.
(612) 223-7657 View (612) 223-7657
Photo of Cheryl Dornfeld, Licensed Professional Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Cheryl Dornfeld
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55414
Integrating the body's wisdom, strengthening awareness, perspective-taking, and discovering adaptive beliefs and values, I help people create more of the thriving well-being they desire. My collaborative approach uses acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, positive psychology, and somatic experiencing.
Integrating the body's wisdom, strengthening awareness, perspective-taking, and discovering adaptive beliefs and values, I help people create more of the thriving well-being they desire. My collaborative approach uses acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, positive psychology, and somatic experiencing.
(612) 448-9971 View (612) 448-9971
Photo of Sarah Fanning, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Sarah Fanning
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Sarah and I’m a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC.) I have over 10 years of experience in working in the mental health field including residential work, ARMHS, and therapy. I have a background assisting individuals who have severe and persistent mental health concerns, trauma, traumatic brain injuries, and co-occurring diagnoses. I enjoy assisting people who are facing major life changes, difficulties within their relationships, and challenges related to parenting. I have experience and competency working with diverse populations.
Hello! My name is Sarah and I’m a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC.) I have over 10 years of experience in working in the mental health field including residential work, ARMHS, and therapy. I have a background assisting individuals who have severe and persistent mental health concerns, trauma, traumatic brain injuries, and co-occurring diagnoses. I enjoy assisting people who are facing major life changes, difficulties within their relationships, and challenges related to parenting. I have experience and competency working with diverse populations.
(612) 662-6944 View (612) 662-6944
Photo of Anders Jader, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Anders Jader
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LGSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55416
Therapy is a space that should welcome the full depth of our human experience, rather than just focusing on a collection of symptoms. I offer a space for you to explore and better understand the whole spectrum of your experience: ranging from your greatest strengths and joys to your greatest challenges and pains. From a place of safety and warmth, we can begin to meet whatever it is that needs to be said, felt, expressed, or understood within you.
Therapy is a space that should welcome the full depth of our human experience, rather than just focusing on a collection of symptoms. I offer a space for you to explore and better understand the whole spectrum of your experience: ranging from your greatest strengths and joys to your greatest challenges and pains. From a place of safety and warmth, we can begin to meet whatever it is that needs to be said, felt, expressed, or understood within you.
(612) 688-3111 View (612) 688-3111
Photo of Caroline Schultz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Caroline Schultz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
I am passionate about supporting individuals and couples to live their lives fully and in balance. I work with a variety of clients on abundance of issues. Whether you are a couple who has relationship or parenting issues, or an individual dealing with retirement, loss or job transitions, I am there with you on that journey too. I also have experience and passion working with clients who are suffering cognitive changes. I strongly believe that they deserve to get the support as well as their caregiver to live a vibrant and full life.
I am passionate about supporting individuals and couples to live their lives fully and in balance. I work with a variety of clients on abundance of issues. Whether you are a couple who has relationship or parenting issues, or an individual dealing with retirement, loss or job transitions, I am there with you on that journey too. I also have experience and passion working with clients who are suffering cognitive changes. I strongly believe that they deserve to get the support as well as their caregiver to live a vibrant and full life.
(612) 261-1410 View (612) 261-1410
Photo of Missy Parsons-Stadler, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Missy Parsons-Stadler
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55439  (Online Only)
If you've been affected by addiction, emotionally distant parents, or just find yourself struggling in life... I offer a safe and compassionate space for you to explore your struggles and find ways to change dysfunctional relational patterns. If you are ready to start the journey of understanding, acceptance, and work toward change where it's needed...I will hold space for you and start where you are at, with no judgment. My specialty is working with relational change, addictive patterns, and adult women with ADHD or those suspect they might. However, I also enjoy working with anyone in life transition or who are "feeling stuck".
If you've been affected by addiction, emotionally distant parents, or just find yourself struggling in life... I offer a safe and compassionate space for you to explore your struggles and find ways to change dysfunctional relational patterns. If you are ready to start the journey of understanding, acceptance, and work toward change where it's needed...I will hold space for you and start where you are at, with no judgment. My specialty is working with relational change, addictive patterns, and adult women with ADHD or those suspect they might. However, I also enjoy working with anyone in life transition or who are "feeling stuck".
(612) 293-7532 View (612) 293-7532
Photo of Together Anxiety and OCD Treatment- Tracy Lewis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Together Anxiety and OCD Treatment- Tracy Lewis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55407
Not accepting new clients
Have you found yourself dealing with unwanted thoughts that make you feel awful, and no matter what you do they keep coming back? Maybe you are afraid to talk about them with somebody in fear that they will think bad of you or of something bad happening. And yet this is keeping you stuck. You want the dreadful thoughts to go away, you want to feel better, you want control over your life again. I understand how hard it can be to live with the demands of OCD, and I know how to help.
Have you found yourself dealing with unwanted thoughts that make you feel awful, and no matter what you do they keep coming back? Maybe you are afraid to talk about them with somebody in fear that they will think bad of you or of something bad happening. And yet this is keeping you stuck. You want the dreadful thoughts to go away, you want to feel better, you want control over your life again. I understand how hard it can be to live with the demands of OCD, and I know how to help.
(612) 441-5029 View (612) 441-5029
Photo of Julie Tilsen, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Julie Tilsen
Psychologist, MA, LP, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55408  (Online Only)
I offer therapy that focuses on what matters to you and making changes that matter to you. Whether you're the parent of a struggling young person, a queer or trans person fighting to be seen & heard on your terms, or in a relationship hijacked by conflict & pain, I can help. My approach is culturally responsive & relationally engaged. This means that I understand you, the important people in your life, and your relationships in context. It also means that you are not the problem, the problem is the problem, and I work with you to meet your goals and aspirations to get your life back and be the person you want to be. Read more at my website, www.2stories.com.
I offer therapy that focuses on what matters to you and making changes that matter to you. Whether you're the parent of a struggling young person, a queer or trans person fighting to be seen & heard on your terms, or in a relationship hijacked by conflict & pain, I can help. My approach is culturally responsive & relationally engaged. This means that I understand you, the important people in your life, and your relationships in context. It also means that you are not the problem, the problem is the problem, and I work with you to meet your goals and aspirations to get your life back and be the person you want to be. Read more at my website, www.2stories.com.
(612) 260-1634 View (612) 260-1634
Photo of Ruth Hornstein, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Ruth Hornstein
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55405
Whether you are entering therapy with a clear vision of what you are looking for or are more uncertain of your goals, I will work with you to come up with strategies for growth and the development of optimal emotional health and functioning. I believe that healing occurs through the process of building a trusting therapeutic relationship. By creating a safe and confidential environment I will help you to better understand patterns (which are often outside of your awareness) that lead to emotional distress. Recognition of these patterns empowers you to make choices that can lead to life long change.
Whether you are entering therapy with a clear vision of what you are looking for or are more uncertain of your goals, I will work with you to come up with strategies for growth and the development of optimal emotional health and functioning. I believe that healing occurs through the process of building a trusting therapeutic relationship. By creating a safe and confidential environment I will help you to better understand patterns (which are often outside of your awareness) that lead to emotional distress. Recognition of these patterns empowers you to make choices that can lead to life long change.
(612) 261-1851 x1 View (612) 261-1851 x1
Photo of Kayla Marie Carlson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Kayla Marie Carlson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55404  (Online Only)
Being here proves that you can do hard things. It’s not always easy to take the next step and eat your mental health vegetables, or however you personally want to frame the idea of therapy in your mind. As a clinician, I strive to make my clients feel seen and heard no matter the reason they are seeking therapy. I enjoy working with clients from age 13 through adults of any age on a wide variety of topics including (but not limited to) depression, anxiety, grief, LGBTQIA+, and chronic health concerns/disabilities. Client-centered practice is very important to me. I love working with folks on building and practicing coping skills.
Being here proves that you can do hard things. It’s not always easy to take the next step and eat your mental health vegetables, or however you personally want to frame the idea of therapy in your mind. As a clinician, I strive to make my clients feel seen and heard no matter the reason they are seeking therapy. I enjoy working with clients from age 13 through adults of any age on a wide variety of topics including (but not limited to) depression, anxiety, grief, LGBTQIA+, and chronic health concerns/disabilities. Client-centered practice is very important to me. I love working with folks on building and practicing coping skills.
(651) 505-8743 View (651) 505-8743
Photo of Tracy Hess, Licensed Professional Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Tracy Hess
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55426
My experience includes working with children and adolescents who have a history of abuse, dealing with emotional difficulties (including anxiety and depression), and working with life transitions. I have worked with children and adolescents in an inpatient psychiatric hospital setting providing crisis support and dealing with concerns related to suicide, self-harm, or aggression toward others. I have worked with adults who have been diagnosed with mood disorders, personality disorders, and medical concerns. I have experience working with many diverse populations and am mindful when working with patients.
My experience includes working with children and adolescents who have a history of abuse, dealing with emotional difficulties (including anxiety and depression), and working with life transitions. I have worked with children and adolescents in an inpatient psychiatric hospital setting providing crisis support and dealing with concerns related to suicide, self-harm, or aggression toward others. I have worked with adults who have been diagnosed with mood disorders, personality disorders, and medical concerns. I have experience working with many diverse populations and am mindful when working with patients.
(763) 363-5729 View (763) 363-5729
Photo of Heidi Sporre - Lightwork Counseling, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Heidi Sporre - Lightwork Counseling
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55428
Hi, I’m Heidi! I understand that healing is not linear. Sometimes emotions rise over items that you once considered healed, and I’m here to help to move through them at your speed and help you to honor your journey. How you heal is deeply personal, and I’m looking forward to exploring this with you. You are your best healer; I’m here to guide and support you. In my personal time, I enjoy being outdoors, hiking, spending time with my animals, and exploring all that life has to offer.
Hi, I’m Heidi! I understand that healing is not linear. Sometimes emotions rise over items that you once considered healed, and I’m here to help to move through them at your speed and help you to honor your journey. How you heal is deeply personal, and I’m looking forward to exploring this with you. You are your best healer; I’m here to guide and support you. In my personal time, I enjoy being outdoors, hiking, spending time with my animals, and exploring all that life has to offer.
(952) 522-8144 View (952) 522-8144

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Minneapolis, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$165

Therapists in Minneapolis, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% UCare
67% Aetna

How Therapists in Minneapolis, MN see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
21% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Minneapolis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.