Therapists in Atlanta, GA

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Photo of Nathan Mascaro, Psychologist in Atlanta, GA
Nathan Mascaro
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30307
I am an ABPP certified psychologist providing evidence-based psychotherapy to people ages 17+. Having practiced in Georgia since 2007 when I completed my postdoctoral fellowship in Clinical Psychology at Emory University, I've worked in private practice and hospital settings for 15+ years treating depression, anxiety (including OCD, panic, phobias, and chronic worry/GAD), PTSD and other trauma or grief related issues, bipolar disorder, insomnia, and issues related to meaning/purpose and existential distress. I work with individuals from late adolescence through older adulthood across the continua of gender, ethnicity, and faith.
I am an ABPP certified psychologist providing evidence-based psychotherapy to people ages 17+. Having practiced in Georgia since 2007 when I completed my postdoctoral fellowship in Clinical Psychology at Emory University, I've worked in private practice and hospital settings for 15+ years treating depression, anxiety (including OCD, panic, phobias, and chronic worry/GAD), PTSD and other trauma or grief related issues, bipolar disorder, insomnia, and issues related to meaning/purpose and existential distress. I work with individuals from late adolescence through older adulthood across the continua of gender, ethnicity, and faith.
(404) 390-4843 View (404) 390-4843
Photo of Stephanie Willey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Stephanie Willey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30327  (Online Only)
While it may be tempting to delay starting therapy, it’s easier than you realize to take the first step toward improving your anxiety, depression, trauma, family therapy/parental support, couples communication or coping.
While it may be tempting to delay starting therapy, it’s easier than you realize to take the first step toward improving your anxiety, depression, trauma, family therapy/parental support, couples communication or coping.
(470) 922-6212 View (470) 922-6212
Photo of Brian Santiago, Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Brian Santiago
Counselor, MS, APC, NCC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30339
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome and congratulations on taking the first steps toward becoming a better version of yourself. The decision to pursue therapy takes so much bravery! I hope to honor such efforts by providing a safe, non-judgmental space where we can explore your past/present issues to provide insight into feelings and behaviors. This process lays the groundwork for reaching a place of greater fulfillment.
Welcome and congratulations on taking the first steps toward becoming a better version of yourself. The decision to pursue therapy takes so much bravery! I hope to honor such efforts by providing a safe, non-judgmental space where we can explore your past/present issues to provide insight into feelings and behaviors. This process lays the groundwork for reaching a place of greater fulfillment.
(404) 418-4237 View (404) 418-4237
Photo of Keaunna J Seabrum, Pre-Licensed Professional in Atlanta, GA
Keaunna J Seabrum
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30316  (Online Only)
My ideal client is navigating life transitions, whether young adults ages 16-25 exploring identity and future paths, or couples seeking pre-marital and relationship support. I specialize in working with military families managing deployment, separation, and children coping with an absent parent. I also work with adults facing anxiety and depression, offering a compassionate and personalized approach to help them find balance and resilience. My goal is to empower clients to embrace positive change and cultivate healthy relationships. Let's connect and start your journey towards growth and healing!
My ideal client is navigating life transitions, whether young adults ages 16-25 exploring identity and future paths, or couples seeking pre-marital and relationship support. I specialize in working with military families managing deployment, separation, and children coping with an absent parent. I also work with adults facing anxiety and depression, offering a compassionate and personalized approach to help them find balance and resilience. My goal is to empower clients to embrace positive change and cultivate healthy relationships. Let's connect and start your journey towards growth and healing!
(470) 735-8526 View (470) 735-8526
Photo of David Harris in Atlanta, GA
David Harris
MTS, MS
Verified Verified
15 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30306
Tired of the same old problems, patterns, and prescriptions? I specialize in helping individuals resolve current issues and find solutions that will actually WORK in their lives! Take a break today and let's explore your fullest potential with someone who actually CARES about helping YOU. ONLINE Scheduling: http://www.David-Harris-Coaching.com
Tired of the same old problems, patterns, and prescriptions? I specialize in helping individuals resolve current issues and find solutions that will actually WORK in their lives! Take a break today and let's explore your fullest potential with someone who actually CARES about helping YOU. ONLINE Scheduling: http://www.David-Harris-Coaching.com
(678) 616-2104 View (678) 616-2104
Photo of Varian D Harris in Atlanta, GA
Varian D Harris
DELM, MA, MLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30316  (Online Only)
Have you ever thought “who am I beyond the expectations or caring for the needs of others?” Tired of figuring it out by yourself and settling with “it is, what it is” and life never gets better. Welcome, you are in the right place. Helping men unmask their manhood through therapeutic life coaching by tackling identity challenges, build self-esteem, navigate difficult emotions, and redefining manhood. I provide a supportive and transformative coaching experience that propels you toward your monumental life goals by addressing the unique obstacles that may be keeping you paralyzed.
Have you ever thought “who am I beyond the expectations or caring for the needs of others?” Tired of figuring it out by yourself and settling with “it is, what it is” and life never gets better. Welcome, you are in the right place. Helping men unmask their manhood through therapeutic life coaching by tackling identity challenges, build self-esteem, navigate difficult emotions, and redefining manhood. I provide a supportive and transformative coaching experience that propels you toward your monumental life goals by addressing the unique obstacles that may be keeping you paralyzed.
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Photo of Jordan Watson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Jordan Watson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CTP
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30324
Life can be a tough journey at times, whether you’re a young person or moving toward middle adulthood. Throughout life our self-identity, relationships, and environment are continuously growing and evolving. My passion lies in supporting young people, their caregivers, and adults through this evolution.
Life can be a tough journey at times, whether you’re a young person or moving toward middle adulthood. Throughout life our self-identity, relationships, and environment are continuously growing and evolving. My passion lies in supporting young people, their caregivers, and adults through this evolution.
(678) 325-5127 View (678) 325-5127
Photo of Dr. Kerene T Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Dr. Kerene T Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LICSW, C-DBT, CCTP, CCS
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30354  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I opened the doors to my practice with the goal of providing clients with top-of-the-line mental health services. Whether you’re looking for a bit of counseling, or need professional assistance overcoming a traumatic experience - your wellbeing is my number one priority. I go above and beyond to cater to the needs of every client with a personalized treatment approach.
I opened the doors to my practice with the goal of providing clients with top-of-the-line mental health services. Whether you’re looking for a bit of counseling, or need professional assistance overcoming a traumatic experience - your wellbeing is my number one priority. I go above and beyond to cater to the needs of every client with a personalized treatment approach.
(678) 326-4734 View (678) 326-4734
Photo of Katrina Pointer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Katrina Pointer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, ACS, CPCS, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30331  (Online Only)
Have you been thinking about starting therapy for awhile? Do you have some current or past issues that you need to talk to someone about? Do you feel like your in a funk and don't know why? Are you a couple struggling in your relationship? Love Therapy and Consulting LLC is a group private practice that strives to allow clients the ability to be themselves in a room with no judgement. It is important to us to make therapy convenient. Therefore, we offer affordable reduced rates, have evening/weekend availability and provide video/phone sessions. We provide services to GA, FL and SC.
Have you been thinking about starting therapy for awhile? Do you have some current or past issues that you need to talk to someone about? Do you feel like your in a funk and don't know why? Are you a couple struggling in your relationship? Love Therapy and Consulting LLC is a group private practice that strives to allow clients the ability to be themselves in a room with no judgement. It is important to us to make therapy convenient. Therefore, we offer affordable reduced rates, have evening/weekend availability and provide video/phone sessions. We provide services to GA, FL and SC.
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Photo of Barbara Sachs, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Barbara Sachs
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Not Verified Not Verified
Atlanta, GA 30329
I believe each of us has the ability to feel joy, to be the best we can - to accept life's twists and turns with grace and serenity. Pain, emotional and physical, can rob you of your happiness. Through our work together in the therapeutic relationship, you can heal and regain control of your life. Whether it is making difficult decisions, dealing with anxiety and depression or working through family issues, let's work together to find your solutions. Call me and lets talk.
I believe each of us has the ability to feel joy, to be the best we can - to accept life's twists and turns with grace and serenity. Pain, emotional and physical, can rob you of your happiness. Through our work together in the therapeutic relationship, you can heal and regain control of your life. Whether it is making difficult decisions, dealing with anxiety and depression or working through family issues, let's work together to find your solutions. Call me and lets talk.
(404) 941-8327 View (404) 941-8327
Photo of Jordan Kerben, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Jordan Kerben
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, RPT
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30309
Adolescence and young adulthood brings unique challenges and excitement that often requires extra support from sources outside of friends and family. Navigating changes and life transitions can feel overwhelming, anxiety producing, and generally stressful. Finding the right therapist is one of the most important factors in your success towards feeling better. I work with children, teens, young adults, and highly sensitive individuals seeking support with anxiety, life transitions, self-esteem, interpersonal relationships, managing boundaries, and executive functioning.
Adolescence and young adulthood brings unique challenges and excitement that often requires extra support from sources outside of friends and family. Navigating changes and life transitions can feel overwhelming, anxiety producing, and generally stressful. Finding the right therapist is one of the most important factors in your success towards feeling better. I work with children, teens, young adults, and highly sensitive individuals seeking support with anxiety, life transitions, self-esteem, interpersonal relationships, managing boundaries, and executive functioning.
(470) 837-2904 View (470) 837-2904
Photo of Maggie Leonard, Master Social Worker in Atlanta, GA
Maggie Leonard
Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30316  (Online Only)
I deeply believe that each individual has the strength and resilience to make the changes to live the life they desire. Stress and trauma can distance us from our core selves, resulting in depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. My hope is to create space for clients to slow down, reflect, and heal. I work with those who are interested in gaining personal insight, integrating learnings, and reconnecting with their confidence and goodness. I would love to connect with you, especially if you are dealing with grief (medical diagnosis, loss, unmet expectations), maternal mental health issues (fertility, relationship), or trauma.
I deeply believe that each individual has the strength and resilience to make the changes to live the life they desire. Stress and trauma can distance us from our core selves, resulting in depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. My hope is to create space for clients to slow down, reflect, and heal. I work with those who are interested in gaining personal insight, integrating learnings, and reconnecting with their confidence and goodness. I would love to connect with you, especially if you are dealing with grief (medical diagnosis, loss, unmet expectations), maternal mental health issues (fertility, relationship), or trauma.
(404) 649-5931 View (404) 649-5931
Photo of Gabrielle Waters, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Gabrielle Waters
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30350
Gabrielle Waters is a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified School Counselor in the state of Georgia who has 7 years’ experience assisting adults and children in areas of depression, anxiety, ADHD, and Trauma related symptoms. She focuses on Trauma Informed Expressive Art Therapy for sexual abuse, Domestic Violence, Physical Abuse, and other traumas. She completed her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Clayton State University and received her Master of Arts in School Counseling from Capella University.
Gabrielle Waters is a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified School Counselor in the state of Georgia who has 7 years’ experience assisting adults and children in areas of depression, anxiety, ADHD, and Trauma related symptoms. She focuses on Trauma Informed Expressive Art Therapy for sexual abuse, Domestic Violence, Physical Abuse, and other traumas. She completed her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Clayton State University and received her Master of Arts in School Counseling from Capella University.
(678) 580-4035 View (678) 580-4035
Photo of Psych Diagnostics Psychological Services, Psychologist in Atlanta, GA
Psych Diagnostics Psychological Services
Psychologist, PhD, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30312
Dr. Pemberton specializes in computerized diagnostic testing procedures and also provides psychotherapy for children with mental health disorders such as Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder. He also administers psychological evaluations and provides psychotherapy services for adults with Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Psychotic Disorders and Substance Use Disorders. Dr. Pemberton works in close collaboration with other clinical psychologists who provide services in other areas of psychological specializations. Dr. Pemberton has taught for several semesters at the University of the Virgin Islands Liberal Arts and Social Science Division.
Dr. Pemberton specializes in computerized diagnostic testing procedures and also provides psychotherapy for children with mental health disorders such as Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder. He also administers psychological evaluations and provides psychotherapy services for adults with Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Psychotic Disorders and Substance Use Disorders. Dr. Pemberton works in close collaboration with other clinical psychologists who provide services in other areas of psychological specializations. Dr. Pemberton has taught for several semesters at the University of the Virgin Islands Liberal Arts and Social Science Division.
(470) 309-0323 View (470) 309-0323
Photo of Creating Links Consultants, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Creating Links Consultants
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEdS, LPC, CPCS
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30331
Not accepting new clients
It is my experience and belief children and their families desire a loving bond and connection despite the life obstacles they may endure. My techniques and interventions provide reassurance, support, guidance and insight through cognitive behavioral, behavioral modification,play therapy and trainings.My entire professional career, over 15 years, has involved working with children and their families dealing with crises and/or temporary concerns. I have experiences in settings such as daycares, emergency shelters, residential facilities, mental health outpatient clinics, and foster homes. I work in tandem with pediatricians, psychologists, psychiatrists, and teachers to ensure the best effective treatment for my young clients.
It is my experience and belief children and their families desire a loving bond and connection despite the life obstacles they may endure. My techniques and interventions provide reassurance, support, guidance and insight through cognitive behavioral, behavioral modification,play therapy and trainings.My entire professional career, over 15 years, has involved working with children and their families dealing with crises and/or temporary concerns. I have experiences in settings such as daycares, emergency shelters, residential facilities, mental health outpatient clinics, and foster homes. I work in tandem with pediatricians, psychologists, psychiatrists, and teachers to ensure the best effective treatment for my young clients.
(404) 445-1387 View (404) 445-1387
Photo of LaSonya Denise Parker, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
LaSonya Denise Parker
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LAC, MAC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30303  (Online Only)
I will provide a non-judgmental and compassionate approach in which you, may safely explore and work through feelings, thoughts, and core beliefs that may be causing distress. I provide treatment to people of every race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation.
I will provide a non-judgmental and compassionate approach in which you, may safely explore and work through feelings, thoughts, and core beliefs that may be causing distress. I provide treatment to people of every race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation.
(803) 573-3899 View (803) 573-3899
Photo of The Trap House of Healing with Dr. Terri & Co., Marriage & Family Therapist in Atlanta, GA
The Trap House of Healing with Dr. Terri & Co.
Marriage & Family Therapist, DMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30331  (Online Only)
The Trap House of Healing is an unapologetic urbanized practice for Black families to be seen, heard, and supported. The THoH was founded on the principles of building community by integrating Black culture, trap music, and holistic work to help heal those in need. Each therapist at the THoH is clinically trained as a marriage & family therapist, and therefore we take a unique approach in addressing the complex traumas of Black and Brown people/families, and those representing the LBGTQAI+ community... so if you're ready for a spine-tingling transformation, improved communication, and a happier, healthier life, then look no further.
The Trap House of Healing is an unapologetic urbanized practice for Black families to be seen, heard, and supported. The THoH was founded on the principles of building community by integrating Black culture, trap music, and holistic work to help heal those in need. Each therapist at the THoH is clinically trained as a marriage & family therapist, and therefore we take a unique approach in addressing the complex traumas of Black and Brown people/families, and those representing the LBGTQAI+ community... so if you're ready for a spine-tingling transformation, improved communication, and a happier, healthier life, then look no further.
(404) 442-4820 View (404) 442-4820
Photo of Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30318
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
(470) 837-6731 x1 View (470) 837-6731 x1
Photo of Dr. Dionne Mahaffey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Dr. Dionne Mahaffey
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC, NCC, C-DBT, CCATP
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30328
I am a collaborative, solution-focused clinical therapist, I/O psychologist and coach. Through this approach, I provide support, guidance and practical feedback to help clients effectively address life's challenges. It is my mission to provide the highest quality clinical services to promote the emotional and relational potential of all clients. I am committed to the core values of respect, responsiveness, innovation and quality to enhance the unique experience of each individual that I encounter.
I am a collaborative, solution-focused clinical therapist, I/O psychologist and coach. Through this approach, I provide support, guidance and practical feedback to help clients effectively address life's challenges. It is my mission to provide the highest quality clinical services to promote the emotional and relational potential of all clients. I am committed to the core values of respect, responsiveness, innovation and quality to enhance the unique experience of each individual that I encounter.
(404) 390-4098 View (404) 390-4098
Photo of Karen Cockerham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Karen Cockerham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30309
I earned a Master of Social Work from the University of Alabama and have over seven years of experience in empowering individuals to overcome some of life's most difficult challenges. I am trained in science-based therapeutic treatments and skilled in tailoring specific treatment modalities to meet the unique needs of each client. I believe that every person deserves the chance to not only heal but make lasting changes to live a life that aligns with their values and brings them joy.
I earned a Master of Social Work from the University of Alabama and have over seven years of experience in empowering individuals to overcome some of life's most difficult challenges. I am trained in science-based therapeutic treatments and skilled in tailoring specific treatment modalities to meet the unique needs of each client. I believe that every person deserves the chance to not only heal but make lasting changes to live a life that aligns with their values and brings them joy.
(470) 518-4105 View (470) 518-4105

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Atlanta, GA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Atlanta, GA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
76% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
71% Coping Skills
67% Stress
62% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
75% Cigna and Evernorth
72% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Atlanta, GA see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Atlanta?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.