Chronic Pain Therapists in Clinton, OK
Richard Stephen Waguespack
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, BTH, MSW, LCSW, Others
Verified Verified
Clinton, OK 73601
Richard S. Waguespack, B.TH., MSW, LCSW+ provides Christian counseling for adults, teens and children (generally 8 and above) and many populations including those suffering from Depression, Anxiety, Addictions, ADHD, Higher Functioning Austim, Trauma, PTSD, Dissociative Disorders, Conduct Disorders, Personality Disorders, Phobias, Eating Disorders, Marriage and Family Problems, Academic and Career issues and more. Services include telehealth. More information including additional credentials may be found from visiting website! https://new-life-counseling-oklahoma.com/services/
Richard S. Waguespack, B.TH., MSW, LCSW+ provides Christian counseling for adults, teens and children (generally 8 and above) and many populations including those suffering from Depression, Anxiety, Addictions, ADHD, Higher Functioning Austim, Trauma, PTSD, Dissociative Disorders, Conduct Disorders, Personality Disorders, Phobias, Eating Disorders, Marriage and Family Problems, Academic and Career issues and more. Services include telehealth. More information including additional credentials may be found from visiting website! https://new-life-counseling-oklahoma.com/services/
Online Therapists
Stephanie McCabe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oklahoma City, OK 73134 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Anger Management, Anxiety, Depression, Family Conflict, Grief, Marital and Premarital Issues, Relationship Issues, Infidelity, Self-Esteem, Stress, Trauma, PTSD, Chronic Illness/Pain, Codependency, Divorce, Domestic Violence, Spirituality, Childhood Trauma as adults, Therapy for Therapists.
Waitlist only, not accepting new clients at this time. Accepting BlueCross BlueShield, Medicare and private pay at this time, virtual appts only. Are you sick and tired of feeling sick and tired? Are your relationships, health and self-esteem suffering or are you experiencing ongoing grief and loss? Through the use of attachment based focused therapy Stephanie can help address these issues and more. Specialized in depression, anxiety, relationship issues, anger and self-esteem, reach out to Generations Counseling option 3 for Steph.
Anger Management, Anxiety, Depression, Family Conflict, Grief, Marital and Premarital Issues, Relationship Issues, Infidelity, Self-Esteem, Stress, Trauma, PTSD, Chronic Illness/Pain, Codependency, Divorce, Domestic Violence, Spirituality, Childhood Trauma as adults, Therapy for Therapists.
Waitlist only, not accepting new clients at this time. Accepting BlueCross BlueShield, Medicare and private pay at this time, virtual appts only. Are you sick and tired of feeling sick and tired? Are your relationships, health and self-esteem suffering or are you experiencing ongoing grief and loss? Through the use of attachment based focused therapy Stephanie can help address these issues and more. Specialized in depression, anxiety, relationship issues, anger and self-esteem, reach out to Generations Counseling option 3 for Steph.
Rachel Hudson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73112 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
People who see me often struggle with intense emotions, voicing their feelings, feeling overwhelmed or lost, lacking belonging, chronic illness, and other stressors.
I work with my clients to build a therapy relationship that nurtures growth and insight using critical thinking, compassion, and humor. My approach starts from a perspective that identifies patterns in your history impacting your life today, including personal strengths and areas of limitation. This approach can improve symptoms, increase resiliency, grow intimacy, and help overcome obstacles to your fulfillment. I have a special interest in neurodiversity including ADHD and Autism Spectrum diagnoses, especially for new and mid-career professionals.
People who see me often struggle with intense emotions, voicing their feelings, feeling overwhelmed or lost, lacking belonging, chronic illness, and other stressors.
I work with my clients to build a therapy relationship that nurtures growth and insight using critical thinking, compassion, and humor. My approach starts from a perspective that identifies patterns in your history impacting your life today, including personal strengths and areas of limitation. This approach can improve symptoms, increase resiliency, grow intimacy, and help overcome obstacles to your fulfillment. I have a special interest in neurodiversity including ADHD and Autism Spectrum diagnoses, especially for new and mid-career professionals.
Sydney Pruett
Licensed Professional Counselor, MCP, LPC, LCMHC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73120 (Online Only)
As an abuse survivor living with chronic illness & physical disabilities, I have a high level of empathy for marginalized communities & trauma clients.
I am passionate about helping clients with trauma, anxiety, & depression, & most enjoy working with clients aged 13-35. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, & compassion, regardless of background. Working with those who are from more marginalized populations & concerns related to these areas (2S-LGBTQIA+ populations, women's issues, religious trauma, racism, physical health concerns/ disabilities, teen/adult children of immigrant families, etc.) is a passion of mine, but I am happy to work with those who are not part of these populations as well. I will tailor our treatment plan to meet your specific needs.
As an abuse survivor living with chronic illness & physical disabilities, I have a high level of empathy for marginalized communities & trauma clients.
I am passionate about helping clients with trauma, anxiety, & depression, & most enjoy working with clients aged 13-35. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, & compassion, regardless of background. Working with those who are from more marginalized populations & concerns related to these areas (2S-LGBTQIA+ populations, women's issues, religious trauma, racism, physical health concerns/ disabilities, teen/adult children of immigrant families, etc.) is a passion of mine, but I am happy to work with those who are not part of these populations as well. I will tailor our treatment plan to meet your specific needs.
Stacey N. Dean
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAMFT, LPC, PLLC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73102
I collaborate to tackle mood/anxiety, pain, perinatal/sex/relationship/intimacy issues, spiritual crises, religious abuse, infertility & traumas.
We all experience challenges and opportunities to grow and emerge stronger. I believe most humans instinctively move toward higher ground. Sometimes we need someone to walk alongside us who can help keep hope kindled and discover new, less painful, costly routes on the climb. I've had the privilege to journey with clients for over 25 years. My passion is working with those who've been marginalized or who experience themselves on the edges of community. I love witnessing clients do hard things, sit in difficult places, and face what scares them most.
I collaborate to tackle mood/anxiety, pain, perinatal/sex/relationship/intimacy issues, spiritual crises, religious abuse, infertility & traumas.
We all experience challenges and opportunities to grow and emerge stronger. I believe most humans instinctively move toward higher ground. Sometimes we need someone to walk alongside us who can help keep hope kindled and discover new, less painful, costly routes on the climb. I've had the privilege to journey with clients for over 25 years. My passion is working with those who've been marginalized or who experience themselves on the edges of community. I love witnessing clients do hard things, sit in difficult places, and face what scares them most.
Leah Danley
Counselor, MS, MEd, LPC, RD, LD
Verified Verified
Edmond, OK 73013
Currently I have slots for clients without severe mental illness and psychiatric histories or suicidal thoughts.
For more information on me and INTENSIVE AND ADJUNCT EMDR therapy, please see danleycounseling.com. As a licensed professional counselor & a registered dietitian, I am uniquely suited to offer you comprehensive treatment addressing your mind and body. If you come to me, be ready to do life-changing work. Through ego state parts work, energy, and emdr-type therapies, we delve below the surface to find and root out the real problems and beliefs that are causing chaos in your life. I love my job because I get to watch the majority of my clients graduate as joyful individuals who have removed the blocks to their highest potential.
Currently I have slots for clients without severe mental illness and psychiatric histories or suicidal thoughts.
For more information on me and INTENSIVE AND ADJUNCT EMDR therapy, please see danleycounseling.com. As a licensed professional counselor & a registered dietitian, I am uniquely suited to offer you comprehensive treatment addressing your mind and body. If you come to me, be ready to do life-changing work. Through ego state parts work, energy, and emdr-type therapies, we delve below the surface to find and root out the real problems and beliefs that are causing chaos in your life. I love my job because I get to watch the majority of my clients graduate as joyful individuals who have removed the blocks to their highest potential.
Rebekah M Robison
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LADC
Verified Verified
Edmond, OK 73013
I specialize in working with individuals, couples and families who are dealing with alcohol and/or drug use, the effects of pain management medication, and have experienced serious or significant trauma.
My goal as a therapist is to understand where you are in life and work to overcome the difficulties you are facing. I believe that the most important thing I can do as a therapist is to provide unconditional positive regard and a non-judgemental attitude, as well as research-based treatment. However, I also believe that Christ is the ultimate and true healer. While we can affect emotional, cognitive and behavioral changes, I believe that long-term health and healing is ultimately found at the foot of the Cross. Therefore, my preference is to take a more holistic approach addressing the body, soul and spirit.
I specialize in working with individuals, couples and families who are dealing with alcohol and/or drug use, the effects of pain management medication, and have experienced serious or significant trauma.
My goal as a therapist is to understand where you are in life and work to overcome the difficulties you are facing. I believe that the most important thing I can do as a therapist is to provide unconditional positive regard and a non-judgemental attitude, as well as research-based treatment. However, I also believe that Christ is the ultimate and true healer. While we can affect emotional, cognitive and behavioral changes, I believe that long-term health and healing is ultimately found at the foot of the Cross. Therefore, my preference is to take a more holistic approach addressing the body, soul and spirit.
Shantel Mitchell-Cooley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73134
I understand the unique challenges that illness, caregiving and grief add to your life and I can help. Living with chronic illness, cancer, multiple sclerosis, or dementia is unchartered territory which leads to stress and overwhelm and sometimes, depression and anxiety. I am here to help you navigate your way through to find a place of resilience.
I understand the unique challenges that illness, caregiving and grief add to your life and I can help. Living with chronic illness, cancer, multiple sclerosis, or dementia is unchartered territory which leads to stress and overwhelm and sometimes, depression and anxiety. I am here to help you navigate your way through to find a place of resilience.
DeBora Turpin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Yukon, OK 73099
I offer a safe environment for you to reach all your dreams and be all you can be. Here you will find the changes you want to make. As a certified hypnotherapist, I offer hypnosis to guide you to manage pain, anxiety, stress, depression, test anxiety, anger management, weight loss, test anxiety, sports performance, academic improvement, phobias, fears, career performance, pre-surgical, or something else. , I do this without chemicals and medications. I also offer telemedicine in case you cannot come to the office. Hypnosis is a natural phenomenon that occurs daily and with guidance, you make lasting change.
I offer a safe environment for you to reach all your dreams and be all you can be. Here you will find the changes you want to make. As a certified hypnotherapist, I offer hypnosis to guide you to manage pain, anxiety, stress, depression, test anxiety, anger management, weight loss, test anxiety, sports performance, academic improvement, phobias, fears, career performance, pre-surgical, or something else. , I do this without chemicals and medications. I also offer telemedicine in case you cannot come to the office. Hypnosis is a natural phenomenon that occurs daily and with guidance, you make lasting change.
Elizabeth W Bulmer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Edmond, OK 73013 (Online Only)
Not accepting new patients at this time. I have over ten years of experience working in the field of mental health and counseling. I have worked with individuals and couples dealing with a range of issues from relationship problems to depression and anxiety. I offer a caring, non judgmental approach to helping people through life transitions and emotional pain. I have experience working with those with trauma and abuse history, eating disorders, self harm and suicidal thoughts. I believe in a holistic and strengths based approach to healing and use sessions to encourage personal growth and self-acceptance.
Not accepting new patients at this time. I have over ten years of experience working in the field of mental health and counseling. I have worked with individuals and couples dealing with a range of issues from relationship problems to depression and anxiety. I offer a caring, non judgmental approach to helping people through life transitions and emotional pain. I have experience working with those with trauma and abuse history, eating disorders, self harm and suicidal thoughts. I believe in a holistic and strengths based approach to healing and use sessions to encourage personal growth and self-acceptance.
Emily Downs
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmond, OK 73013
I am a survivor who knows how difficult it can be to find a therapist who feels safe, understanding, and trustworthy - especially if you've been hurt time and time again. The aim of my practice is to ensure a safe and supportive space in which you feel respected on your journey. I provide counseling to individuals and partners from all walks of life that is trauma-informed, kink-aware and sex-positive, client-focused, nonmonogamy-friendly, and sex-worker allied. If you're struggling with sex, relationships with others or yourself, chronic illness/disability, trauma, anxiety, depression, or body-image, we might be a good fit!
I am a survivor who knows how difficult it can be to find a therapist who feels safe, understanding, and trustworthy - especially if you've been hurt time and time again. The aim of my practice is to ensure a safe and supportive space in which you feel respected on your journey. I provide counseling to individuals and partners from all walks of life that is trauma-informed, kink-aware and sex-positive, client-focused, nonmonogamy-friendly, and sex-worker allied. If you're struggling with sex, relationships with others or yourself, chronic illness/disability, trauma, anxiety, depression, or body-image, we might be a good fit!
Hannah Tyer
Occupational Therapist, MOTR/L
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73102
I work with a range of sexual health concerns, including but not limited to: conflict around sex, mismatched sex drives, enhancing communication and connection in relationships, pain with sex, erectile dysfunction, sexual performance anxiety, premature ejaculation, sexual boredom, sexless relationships, Kink, and low libido.
I have availability for new clients on Sundays only :) I specialize in helping individuals and couples create fulfilling and intimate sex lives. If sex has become a stressful part of your life, therapy can be extremely helpful in providing ease to this stress!
I work with a range of sexual health concerns, including but not limited to: conflict around sex, mismatched sex drives, enhancing communication and connection in relationships, pain with sex, erectile dysfunction, sexual performance anxiety, premature ejaculation, sexual boredom, sexless relationships, Kink, and low libido.
I have availability for new clients on Sundays only :) I specialize in helping individuals and couples create fulfilling and intimate sex lives. If sex has become a stressful part of your life, therapy can be extremely helpful in providing ease to this stress!
Erica Elliott
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Midwest City, OK 73110 (Online Only)
Want lasting changes quickly? I can help you to get you there, with over 25 years of experience and training in a plethora of modalities because No One is exactly the same. This has never been a job for me but a Calling because I care.❤ Whether you are having trouble with anxiety, ADD, marriage/relationship issues, parenting, self-esteem, divorce or life changes, there's hope for healing. I teach how the brain works in these areas along with nutritional health. 🤔 God wants you to live an EMPOWERED life! Imagine feeling peace, excited, loved, or confident in your day🤗 What do you have to lose -FEAR, PAIN, HEARTACHE, ANXIETY.
Want lasting changes quickly? I can help you to get you there, with over 25 years of experience and training in a plethora of modalities because No One is exactly the same. This has never been a job for me but a Calling because I care.❤ Whether you are having trouble with anxiety, ADD, marriage/relationship issues, parenting, self-esteem, divorce or life changes, there's hope for healing. I teach how the brain works in these areas along with nutritional health. 🤔 God wants you to live an EMPOWERED life! Imagine feeling peace, excited, loved, or confident in your day🤗 What do you have to lose -FEAR, PAIN, HEARTACHE, ANXIETY.
Mamie Ball
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Edmond, OK 73034
Welcome, I have experience working with individuals who are struggling with anxiety and sadness from life's challenges, such as relationship issues, loss and grief, chronic pain, and chronic health conditions. I will support you as you develop healthy coping skills, increase self-esteem, and establish effective communication strategies to create a life with healing and peace.
Welcome, I have experience working with individuals who are struggling with anxiety and sadness from life's challenges, such as relationship issues, loss and grief, chronic pain, and chronic health conditions. I will support you as you develop healthy coping skills, increase self-esteem, and establish effective communication strategies to create a life with healing and peace.
Kristi Gibbs
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CCTP-1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73106 (Online Only)
Therapy is a space for you to receive grace through empathy, genuineness, & kindness. Are you feeling lost & alone? Are you experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, chronic illness, grief, or narcissistic abuse & unsure how to cope? Are you exploring your identity or sexuality & need gentle, accepting support for issues you have? My clients say I feel safe, warm, affirming & caring, which empowers them in their healing. I want to help you better cope with life experiences, learn skills to help increase desirable thoughts, feelings & behaviors, while also helping educate you to develop abilities to reduce distressing symptoms.
Therapy is a space for you to receive grace through empathy, genuineness, & kindness. Are you feeling lost & alone? Are you experiencing anxiety, depression, trauma, chronic illness, grief, or narcissistic abuse & unsure how to cope? Are you exploring your identity or sexuality & need gentle, accepting support for issues you have? My clients say I feel safe, warm, affirming & caring, which empowers them in their healing. I want to help you better cope with life experiences, learn skills to help increase desirable thoughts, feelings & behaviors, while also helping educate you to develop abilities to reduce distressing symptoms.
Angela D Dunlevy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bethany, OK 73008
Hardy. Delicate. Deeply Rooted. Those are some descriptions I’ve heard of the Redbud – Oklahoma’s state tree. They’re also an early sign that spring is coming. What a great representation of the internal growth and change we strive for in counseling! For 20 years, I've worked with individuals and families through grief & loss, anxiety, depression, family/work/personal stress, coping with divorce, remarriage, and rebuilding brokenness. I have extensive experience in medically-focused settings (disability at any age, hospice, caregiving, medical trauma, chronic pain/illness) and with aging populations coping with life stage changes.
Hardy. Delicate. Deeply Rooted. Those are some descriptions I’ve heard of the Redbud – Oklahoma’s state tree. They’re also an early sign that spring is coming. What a great representation of the internal growth and change we strive for in counseling! For 20 years, I've worked with individuals and families through grief & loss, anxiety, depression, family/work/personal stress, coping with divorce, remarriage, and rebuilding brokenness. I have extensive experience in medically-focused settings (disability at any age, hospice, caregiving, medical trauma, chronic pain/illness) and with aging populations coping with life stage changes.
Cat Bishop
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmond, OK 73013
My areas of interest include (and are not limited to) working with people through their struggles with food/feeding/body, relationships, gender and sexual identity, emotional discovery and regulation, neurodivergent experiences, grief/loss, chronic pain, anxiety and depression, and adjustments to life changes.
Is it sometimes a struggle to feel understood by others in your life? Are you seeking insight into your emotions, thoughts, identity(ies), the way your lived experiences shape you individually and in relationship to others? I will work collaboratively with you to create a space where you can feel seen as you share your stories and ways of being. If we are successful in creating this space together, YOUR space, it is my hope that it can become a place of curiosity and creativity for you to develop insights into your own contentment, self-worth, and healing.
My areas of interest include (and are not limited to) working with people through their struggles with food/feeding/body, relationships, gender and sexual identity, emotional discovery and regulation, neurodivergent experiences, grief/loss, chronic pain, anxiety and depression, and adjustments to life changes.
Is it sometimes a struggle to feel understood by others in your life? Are you seeking insight into your emotions, thoughts, identity(ies), the way your lived experiences shape you individually and in relationship to others? I will work collaboratively with you to create a space where you can feel seen as you share your stories and ways of being. If we are successful in creating this space together, YOUR space, it is my hope that it can become a place of curiosity and creativity for you to develop insights into your own contentment, self-worth, and healing.
Gabriele Doss
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Edmond, OK 73003
Life is hard, but sometimes it's even harder. I love helping clients to work through their thoughts and emotions about the life they are living, even if it's not the one they would have chosen. My passion is helping clients deal with devastating diagnoses or medical trauma, and grief. To help someone through a terminal illness, or caring for a family member with an illness, injury, or developmental disability. I also really love helping people with relational difficulties, self-esteem issues, life decisions, and just life in general.
Life is hard, but sometimes it's even harder. I love helping clients to work through their thoughts and emotions about the life they are living, even if it's not the one they would have chosen. My passion is helping clients deal with devastating diagnoses or medical trauma, and grief. To help someone through a terminal illness, or caring for a family member with an illness, injury, or developmental disability. I also really love helping people with relational difficulties, self-esteem issues, life decisions, and just life in general.
Dr. George R Horton
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Edmond, OK 73013
I work well with people who find that patterns in their lives are leading to emotional distress or pain. Together we'll work toward understanding, self-knowledge, and growth. My aim is to help people enrich their relationships and live a life consistent with their values. In working through depression, anxiety, trauma, spiritual issues, relational issues, grief and loss, identity issues, or a multitude of other issues, I strive to demonstrate respect and understanding for each person's unique experience, while also using my training and experience to challenge problematic patterns and foster growth.
I work well with people who find that patterns in their lives are leading to emotional distress or pain. Together we'll work toward understanding, self-knowledge, and growth. My aim is to help people enrich their relationships and live a life consistent with their values. In working through depression, anxiety, trauma, spiritual issues, relational issues, grief and loss, identity issues, or a multitude of other issues, I strive to demonstrate respect and understanding for each person's unique experience, while also using my training and experience to challenge problematic patterns and foster growth.
Aimee S Walker
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Newcastle, OK 73065
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) licensed in Oklahoma. I work with clients on a wide range of concerns including but not limited to depression, anxiety, chronic pain, parenting concerns, ADHD, and PTSD. My approach includes cognitive behavioral, client centered, mindfulness, EMDR, Neurofeedback and faith to name a few. I tailor our dialog and treatment plan to meet your unique and specific needs. It takes courage to seek a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards change. If you are ready to take that step, I am here to support and empower you. I look forward to working with you!
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) licensed in Oklahoma. I work with clients on a wide range of concerns including but not limited to depression, anxiety, chronic pain, parenting concerns, ADHD, and PTSD. My approach includes cognitive behavioral, client centered, mindfulness, EMDR, Neurofeedback and faith to name a few. I tailor our dialog and treatment plan to meet your unique and specific needs. It takes courage to seek a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards change. If you are ready to take that step, I am here to support and empower you. I look forward to working with you!
See more therapy options for Clinton
Chronic Pain Therapists
How does chronic pain therapy work?
Engaging with a psychotherapist to help treat chronic pain does not mean that one’s pain is all in their head. Therapy for chronic-pain patients has been shown to benefit both the mind and the body, targeting physical symptoms and increasing daily functioning. In other words, for many, addressing their emotional health through therapy affects their physical health. A therapist can help a client challenge unhelpful thoughts about pain and develop new ways to respond to it, such as distraction or calming breathing techniques. Studies have found that therapy can be as effective as surgery for certain cases of chronic pain and many doctors recommend trying psychotherapy in advance of considering invasive surgery.
What are the most effective treatment options for chronic pain?
Stress, anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, ruminating, lack of activity, and social withdrawal all make chronic pain worse. Addressing these issues, research shows, can help people gain control over their pain symptoms. Therapeutic approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, biofeedback, and mindfulness-based stress reduction, along with greater pain-management education, have been found to help people reduce fear and disability.
Are there new treatments for chronic pain?
Many cases of chronic pain, particularly those involving back pain, remain medically unexplained. But there is evidence that changes in the brain or nervous system are caused by previous physical ailments such as tissue damage; in such cases, the brain may continue to send out pain signals despite the physical cause having healed. To aid patients under these circumstances, a recently developed treatment known as pain reprocessing therapy (PRT) is designed to help the brain “unlearn” this response. A PRT practitioner helps individuals to reduce the “threat value” of their ongoing pain signals until they can reappraise them as less threatening and fear-inducing. They also help an individual to develop new emotional regulation skills.
How long does therapy for chronic pain take?
There is no set timeline for recovery from chronic pain, especially as there may be a range of physical and psychological causes for any individual’s discomfort, but most patients should expect to see a therapist for a number of weeks or months, typically spanning at least 12 sessions. Studies of pain reprocessing therapy found that many individuals’ experience of pain lessened in eight sessions over four weeks.