Therapists in Trumbull County, OH

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Photo of Monica Bartley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, MSW
Monica Bartley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, MSW
Online Only
You may be feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, or stuck in a cycle of anxiety, depression, or parental burnout. Perhaps trauma from your past weighs heavily, making each day feel like a struggle. You want relief, safety, and support that meets you exactly where you are. You hope to regain control, build resilience, and envision a future where you feel calm, confident, and able to thrive. You deserve a space where your experience is deeply understood and your healing journey is honored with compassion and respect.
You may be feeling overwhelmed, exhausted, or stuck in a cycle of anxiety, depression, or parental burnout. Perhaps trauma from your past weighs heavily, making each day feel like a struggle. You want relief, safety, and support that meets you exactly where you are. You hope to regain control, build resilience, and envision a future where you feel calm, confident, and able to thrive. You deserve a space where your experience is deeply understood and your healing journey is honored with compassion and respect.
(330) 583-1584 View (330) 583-1584
Photo of Kelly Younkins, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor , LPCC
Kelly Younkins
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor , LPCC
Online Only
Hi, I am Kelly and I empower you to cultivate your growth and well-being! Don't you wish you had someone to listen and help you make sense of the overwhelming thoughts, feelings, and stressors in your life, and come up with a plan of action that will help you improve your mental health? If so, we may be a good fit to work together. My goal is to be that person and offer you targeted time and space to invest in your mental health and well-being.
Hi, I am Kelly and I empower you to cultivate your growth and well-being! Don't you wish you had someone to listen and help you make sense of the overwhelming thoughts, feelings, and stressors in your life, and come up with a plan of action that will help you improve your mental health? If so, we may be a good fit to work together. My goal is to be that person and offer you targeted time and space to invest in your mental health and well-being.
(330) 366-8743 View (330) 366-8743
Photo of Beth Layman, Licensed Social Worker, LICDC, LSW
Beth Layman
Licensed Social Worker, LICDC, LSW
Warren, OH 44484
Do you feel stuck, like you're spinning your wheels and cannot gain traction? I've been there myself, and have helped many people gain the motivation they need to take the first step toward healing, while taking positive action towards health and wellness. I have been working in mental health/substance abuse treatment in a variety of settings such as detox, residential, IOP, sober living, MAT, individual counseling, criminal justice and psychiatric in-patient and outpatient centers also. I have 24 years' experience in dual diagnosis.
Do you feel stuck, like you're spinning your wheels and cannot gain traction? I've been there myself, and have helped many people gain the motivation they need to take the first step toward healing, while taking positive action towards health and wellness. I have been working in mental health/substance abuse treatment in a variety of settings such as detox, residential, IOP, sober living, MAT, individual counseling, criminal justice and psychiatric in-patient and outpatient centers also. I have 24 years' experience in dual diagnosis.
(330) 403-8889 View (330) 403-8889
Photo of Katherine Morrison, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Katherine Morrison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Cortland, OH 44410
My ideal client is someone who may feel stuck: emotionally, mentally, or relationally, and is ready to take the next step toward change. They’re tired of the same patterns and want to create a life that feels calmer, more connected, and more intentional. Many are navigating the complexities of identity, relationships, and daily life. They may be juggling parenting, partnership, career, and the quiet pressure to "do it all," while struggling with stress, anxiety, or guilt. They’re motivated to do the work, even if they don’t know where to start, and are looking for a space where they feel supported and understood.
My ideal client is someone who may feel stuck: emotionally, mentally, or relationally, and is ready to take the next step toward change. They’re tired of the same patterns and want to create a life that feels calmer, more connected, and more intentional. Many are navigating the complexities of identity, relationships, and daily life. They may be juggling parenting, partnership, career, and the quiet pressure to "do it all," while struggling with stress, anxiety, or guilt. They’re motivated to do the work, even if they don’t know where to start, and are looking for a space where they feel supported and understood.
(330) 915-4319 View (330) 915-4319
Katie Bacha
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC-S
Niles, OH 44446
I subscribe to a client-centered approach to work with a population struggling with cooccurring needs. Those clients that would benefit from our work, struggle with addiction and the recovery process, in tandem with mental health needs. With this notion, the population to whom I am primarily acquainted are those who are often initiating in their first steps of the treatment and recovery journey, those clients who have just recently made the decision, or are conflicted by the decision, to become sober needing a high level of care and clinical helping hand. Their goals are to achieve sustained recovery with an enhancement of wellness.
I subscribe to a client-centered approach to work with a population struggling with cooccurring needs. Those clients that would benefit from our work, struggle with addiction and the recovery process, in tandem with mental health needs. With this notion, the population to whom I am primarily acquainted are those who are often initiating in their first steps of the treatment and recovery journey, those clients who have just recently made the decision, or are conflicted by the decision, to become sober needing a high level of care and clinical helping hand. Their goals are to achieve sustained recovery with an enhancement of wellness.
(330) 625-9466 View (330) 625-9466
Photo of Olivia Fustos, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, Ed, LPCC
Olivia Fustos
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, Ed, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Warren, OH 44483
My goal is to provide compassionate, client-centered mental health care that fosters healing and personal growth. I am dedicated to creating a safe, supportive environment where individuals can explore their thoughts and emotions, develop resilience, and achieve a greater sense of well-being. Through evidence-based practices and a personalized approach, counseling can empower clients to lead fulfilling lives and navigate life's challenges with confidence and strength
My goal is to provide compassionate, client-centered mental health care that fosters healing and personal growth. I am dedicated to creating a safe, supportive environment where individuals can explore their thoughts and emotions, develop resilience, and achieve a greater sense of well-being. Through evidence-based practices and a personalized approach, counseling can empower clients to lead fulfilling lives and navigate life's challenges with confidence and strength
(234) 400-7826 View (234) 400-7826
Photo of Queenie V Lathan, Counselor, MA, LPCC-S
Queenie V Lathan
Counselor, MA, LPCC-S
1 Endorsed
Warren, OH 44481
I enjoy helping individuals uncover their true potential, and lead lives that are worth celebrating. I truly believe that no one should have to suffer in silence when help is available. Know that help and healing is possible for those struggling with depression, feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, experiencing difficulties within their relationships, and/or having difficulties letting go of past hurts. I look forward to working with you on your journey to health and wholeness. We each have a purpose and I look forward to helping you discover yours.
I enjoy helping individuals uncover their true potential, and lead lives that are worth celebrating. I truly believe that no one should have to suffer in silence when help is available. Know that help and healing is possible for those struggling with depression, feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, experiencing difficulties within their relationships, and/or having difficulties letting go of past hurts. I look forward to working with you on your journey to health and wholeness. We each have a purpose and I look forward to helping you discover yours.
(234) 200-1830 View (234) 200-1830
Photo of Erin Hoffman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Erin Hoffman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Online Only
People often describe me as accepting, empathetic, and real — with a sense of humor that helps therapy feel approachable and genuine. My goal is to create a space where you feel both supported and challenged as you work toward your goals. My approach blends humor, honesty, and evidence-based strategies to identify and challenge unhelpful thought patterns (like cognitive distortions) and promote self-acceptance. Whether you’re hoping to manage stress, improve relationships, or reconnect with your sense of worth, I offer a safe, affirming space to do meaningful work — and maybe even share a laugh along the way.
People often describe me as accepting, empathetic, and real — with a sense of humor that helps therapy feel approachable and genuine. My goal is to create a space where you feel both supported and challenged as you work toward your goals. My approach blends humor, honesty, and evidence-based strategies to identify and challenge unhelpful thought patterns (like cognitive distortions) and promote self-acceptance. Whether you’re hoping to manage stress, improve relationships, or reconnect with your sense of worth, I offer a safe, affirming space to do meaningful work — and maybe even share a laugh along the way.
(330) 771-9716 View (330) 771-9716
Photo of Deirdre Katherine Adduci, Counselor, PhD, PCC-S, LICDC
Deirdre Katherine Adduci
Counselor, PhD, PCC-S, LICDC
1 Endorsed
Cortland, OH 44410
I know that therapy helps to change lives. I have practiced as a therapist in the valley for over 25 years and have worked with many clients and have seen their transformations occur after partnering together and putting the tools in place that we provide in therapy. From the waiting room, to the first time I meet with a client, to our sessions together, my clients are provided a therapeutic atmosphere and tools to help address what brought them here in the first place. If you are wondering if Restoration Counseling is the place for you, make that first call.
I know that therapy helps to change lives. I have practiced as a therapist in the valley for over 25 years and have worked with many clients and have seen their transformations occur after partnering together and putting the tools in place that we provide in therapy. From the waiting room, to the first time I meet with a client, to our sessions together, my clients are provided a therapeutic atmosphere and tools to help address what brought them here in the first place. If you are wondering if Restoration Counseling is the place for you, make that first call.
(330) 551-5095 View (330) 551-5095
Photo of Keith Y. Burger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW, LPCC
Keith Y. Burger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW, LPCC
Warren, OH 44483
I believe problems can be solved. It takes work, the ability to be open to new ideas, the willingness to stand and face problems,the wisdom to share and to rely on someone other than yourself, to offer a different perspective. No one has all the answers all the time but working together, solutions can be found.
I believe problems can be solved. It takes work, the ability to be open to new ideas, the willingness to stand and face problems,the wisdom to share and to rely on someone other than yourself, to offer a different perspective. No one has all the answers all the time but working together, solutions can be found.
(330) 540-7451 View (330) 540-7451
Photo of Shannon L Rozycki, Counselor, MSEd, LPCC-S
Shannon L Rozycki
Counselor, MSEd, LPCC-S
Warren, OH 44484
Shannon Rozycki is a Supervising Liscensed Professional Counselor. She specializes in the treatment of trauma and the use of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing). She has experience treating phobias, depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, among others. In addition to private practice, Shannon worked in community mental health providing outpatient treatment to children/adults and as well as providing treatment to children with a history of trauma in a residential setting. She enjoys working with the ride range of populations. She creates a warm and accepting environment which fosters openness and honesty.
Shannon Rozycki is a Supervising Liscensed Professional Counselor. She specializes in the treatment of trauma and the use of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing). She has experience treating phobias, depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, among others. In addition to private practice, Shannon worked in community mental health providing outpatient treatment to children/adults and as well as providing treatment to children with a history of trauma in a residential setting. She enjoys working with the ride range of populations. She creates a warm and accepting environment which fosters openness and honesty.
(330) 846-5409 View (330) 846-5409
Photo of Erik Hepfner, Counselor
Erik Hepfner
Counselor
Warren, OH 44484
Waitlist for new clients
Healing begins with a small leap of faith and finding the courage to take this step into therapy may seem daunting. As a Christian therapist I feel led by The Holy Spirit to support you through this journey and offer an environment where you can feel understood, encouraged, challenged and hopeful for things to come. Together we will work as a collaborative team to develop coping strategies, address challenges, embrace blessings and surprises and ultimately create a treatment plan that’s suited to your unique needs as you embark on this journey of self-improvement.
Healing begins with a small leap of faith and finding the courage to take this step into therapy may seem daunting. As a Christian therapist I feel led by The Holy Spirit to support you through this journey and offer an environment where you can feel understood, encouraged, challenged and hopeful for things to come. Together we will work as a collaborative team to develop coping strategies, address challenges, embrace blessings and surprises and ultimately create a treatment plan that’s suited to your unique needs as you embark on this journey of self-improvement.
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Photo of Thomas Dewey, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC-S
Thomas Dewey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC-S
Warren, OH 44484
I work with individuals, couples, and families, helping them to navigate challenges that hinder the experience of the beauty and joy of life. I look to build healthy and trustworthy relationships with clients in order to tackle some of life's most difficult issues. In a confidential and safe environment, I address areas of addiction, anxiety and depression, trauma, PTSD, marital/premarital counseling, etc. I am able to address minor and major problems that are impeding you from experiencing your full potential.
I work with individuals, couples, and families, helping them to navigate challenges that hinder the experience of the beauty and joy of life. I look to build healthy and trustworthy relationships with clients in order to tackle some of life's most difficult issues. In a confidential and safe environment, I address areas of addiction, anxiety and depression, trauma, PTSD, marital/premarital counseling, etc. I am able to address minor and major problems that are impeding you from experiencing your full potential.
(234) 294-1645 View (234) 294-1645
Photo of Allison Kidd, LISW
Allison Kidd
Verified Verified
Online Only
I'm Allie, an EMDR Certified therapist and mom of a toddler. Being a parent is hard enough without our own running dialogue and judgments telling us we're doing it wrong, or should be doing more somehow. Seemingly innocuous moments with family, your own kids, friends and spouse can leave you feeling anxious, riddled with self doubt, anger and guilt. A lot of my clients were raised to believe that their voice didn't matter, that they have to put on a smile or focus on everyone else's needs first.
I'm Allie, an EMDR Certified therapist and mom of a toddler. Being a parent is hard enough without our own running dialogue and judgments telling us we're doing it wrong, or should be doing more somehow. Seemingly innocuous moments with family, your own kids, friends and spouse can leave you feeling anxious, riddled with self doubt, anger and guilt. A lot of my clients were raised to believe that their voice didn't matter, that they have to put on a smile or focus on everyone else's needs first.
(330) 731-0192 View (330) 731-0192
Photo of Loretta Prince, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Loretta Prince
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Online Only
It is my pleasure to be able to assist those seeking answers and the desire to change. Sometimes just gaining knowledge about why and how we adapt or react to certain life changes can bring significant relief and understanding. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. I pride myself in providing a safe space for clients to express themselves without fear of judgment. If you want someone on your team who is supportive and willing to assist you in making changes to reduce symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, Adjustment Disorders, ADHD and other Mental Health issues, then let’s get started.
It is my pleasure to be able to assist those seeking answers and the desire to change. Sometimes just gaining knowledge about why and how we adapt or react to certain life changes can bring significant relief and understanding. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. I pride myself in providing a safe space for clients to express themselves without fear of judgment. If you want someone on your team who is supportive and willing to assist you in making changes to reduce symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, Adjustment Disorders, ADHD and other Mental Health issues, then let’s get started.
(234) 204-3346 View (234) 204-3346
Photo of Mariah Townsend, Licensed Social Worker, LSW
Mariah Townsend
Licensed Social Worker, LSW
1 Endorsed
Cortland, OH 44410
Are you feeling stuck in unhealthy patterns, struggling with self-esteem, or finding it hard to balance your beliefs with daily life? Do past experiences or limiting thoughts keep you from reaching your full potential? You’re not alone, and I’m here to help. As a Licensed Social Worker, I support adolescents (13 and up) and adults in navigating life’s challenges, building confidence, and creating meaningful change. Together, we’ll explore your strengths, heal from past wounds, and develop a path forward that aligns with your values and goals. You deserve a life that feels authentic and fulfilling—let’s take the next step together.
Are you feeling stuck in unhealthy patterns, struggling with self-esteem, or finding it hard to balance your beliefs with daily life? Do past experiences or limiting thoughts keep you from reaching your full potential? You’re not alone, and I’m here to help. As a Licensed Social Worker, I support adolescents (13 and up) and adults in navigating life’s challenges, building confidence, and creating meaningful change. Together, we’ll explore your strengths, heal from past wounds, and develop a path forward that aligns with your values and goals. You deserve a life that feels authentic and fulfilling—let’s take the next step together.
(234) 204-3213 View (234) 204-3213
Photo of Jessica Purfey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Jessica Purfey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Cortland, OH 44410
Welcome! I'm so glad you're here. Whether you're dealing with stress, anxiety, sadness, tough life transitions, or relationship struggles, I'm here to support you in building resilience, increasing self-awareness, and helping you move toward a happier, healthier life! My goal is to provide a safe, non-judgmental space where you can openly express your thoughts and feelings. Together, we will explore challenges, identify patterns, and create strategies for positive change. Reach out for a free consultation to see if we’re a good fit, or feel free to book a session directly through my website!
Welcome! I'm so glad you're here. Whether you're dealing with stress, anxiety, sadness, tough life transitions, or relationship struggles, I'm here to support you in building resilience, increasing self-awareness, and helping you move toward a happier, healthier life! My goal is to provide a safe, non-judgmental space where you can openly express your thoughts and feelings. Together, we will explore challenges, identify patterns, and create strategies for positive change. Reach out for a free consultation to see if we’re a good fit, or feel free to book a session directly through my website!
(330) 862-9960 View (330) 862-9960
Photo of Jennifer Evans, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Jennifer Evans
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Warren, OH 44484
Waitlist for new clients
I’m a clinical social worker who provides compassionate care for children, adolescents, and adults as they navigate life’s challenges. Whether you are feeling depressed, anxious, overwhelmed, or navigating difficult family or relationship challenges, you don’t need to face it alone. I know that asking for help may feel overwhelming and vulnerable, so I strive to provide a warm, supportive space where you feel respected and understood. I draw from my life experiences to create meaningful connections with clients in a caring, nonjudgmental therapeutic relationship.
I’m a clinical social worker who provides compassionate care for children, adolescents, and adults as they navigate life’s challenges. Whether you are feeling depressed, anxious, overwhelmed, or navigating difficult family or relationship challenges, you don’t need to face it alone. I know that asking for help may feel overwhelming and vulnerable, so I strive to provide a warm, supportive space where you feel respected and understood. I draw from my life experiences to create meaningful connections with clients in a caring, nonjudgmental therapeutic relationship.
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Photo of Marty Tanner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marty Tanner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Online Only
Anxiety, depression, anger, trauma... most of us experience times in our lives where we are overwhelmed by our circumstances. Whether you're looking to address anxiety and/or depressive issues, increase motivation, want to learn to let go of negative thinking and negative self-talk (we can be so mean to ourselves!), improve relationships or parenting skills, increase confidence or any number of things, you have come to the right place. I've always thought it strange that we take our cars straight to the shop when something is off but we don't do the same for ourselves when faced with difficult times.
Anxiety, depression, anger, trauma... most of us experience times in our lives where we are overwhelmed by our circumstances. Whether you're looking to address anxiety and/or depressive issues, increase motivation, want to learn to let go of negative thinking and negative self-talk (we can be so mean to ourselves!), improve relationships or parenting skills, increase confidence or any number of things, you have come to the right place. I've always thought it strange that we take our cars straight to the shop when something is off but we don't do the same for ourselves when faced with difficult times.
(513) 838-3341 View (513) 838-3341
Photo of Karissa Egnacheski, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Karissa Egnacheski
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Girard, OH 44420
I understand that reaching out for help can be difficult, but I want you to know that seeking counseling services is a brave and courageous step. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, or any other mental health problem, I am here to listen, support, and guide you as you pursue your healing journey. I collaborate with clients ages seven and up who are struggling with a mental health concern or a phase of life challenge.
I understand that reaching out for help can be difficult, but I want you to know that seeking counseling services is a brave and courageous step. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, or any other mental health problem, I am here to listen, support, and guide you as you pursue your healing journey. I collaborate with clients ages seven and up who are struggling with a mental health concern or a phase of life challenge.
(234) 386-4489 View (234) 386-4489

See more therapy options for Trumbull County

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Trumbull County, OH

100+

Average cost per session

$109

Therapists in Trumbull County, OH who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
92% Depression
76% Trauma and PTSD
70% Stress
66% Grief
57% Self Esteem
55% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% Aetna
87% Anthem
80% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Trumbull County, OH see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
19% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Trumbull County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.