Therapists in Franklin Park, Toledo, OH

Photo of Leah Reed - The Mental Health Collaborative, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
The Mental Health Collaborative
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
1 Endorsed
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43623
Life is tough, but finding quality mental health care doesn’t have to be. We understand what you are going through and we are committed to providing mental health care that helps you cope with life’s ups and downs. Through medication management and therapy services, The Mental Health Collaborative helps you to feel better, together. We are a group of counselors and psychiatrists who believe that the best mental health care comes from collaboration. We provide our patients with quality mental health care throughout their life through therapy and medication management.
Life is tough, but finding quality mental health care doesn’t have to be. We understand what you are going through and we are committed to providing mental health care that helps you cope with life’s ups and downs. Through medication management and therapy services, The Mental Health Collaborative helps you to feel better, together. We are a group of counselors and psychiatrists who believe that the best mental health care comes from collaboration. We provide our patients with quality mental health care throughout their life through therapy and medication management.
(419) 792-3559 View (419) 792-3559
Photo of Tracey Warren, Counselor, LPCC-S, LCDCIII
Tracey Warren
Counselor, LPCC-S, LCDCIII
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43623
I am a clinician that specializes in treating those effected by trauma and complex trauma from children to adult ages. With this population, I utilize TF-CBT and EMDR. I am also skilled and trained in PCIT for those children ages 3-9. and families. I have a very diverse caseload which includes clients of various ages, family and couples counseling, as well stage of life transitions. I also have experience using DBT for the population of those suffering from personality disorders. It is my goal to improve the quality of life for all my clients.
I am a clinician that specializes in treating those effected by trauma and complex trauma from children to adult ages. With this population, I utilize TF-CBT and EMDR. I am also skilled and trained in PCIT for those children ages 3-9. and families. I have a very diverse caseload which includes clients of various ages, family and couples counseling, as well stage of life transitions. I also have experience using DBT for the population of those suffering from personality disorders. It is my goal to improve the quality of life for all my clients.
(419) 451-4487 View (419) 451-4487
Photo of Stephanie J. Moldawsky - Stephanie J. Moldawsky, LPCC, LLC, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, LLC
Stephanie J. Moldawsky, LPCC, LLC
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, LLC
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43615
Life can be challenging. If you're struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, attachment wounding, complex trauma or PTSD, it's may be time to reach out. I became a therapist due to my strong belief in the transformative power of therapy. My goal as a therapist is to help people better understand how they came to think, feel, and behave in ways that are not serving them well in order to then help them to actualize the change, growth, and healing that they want to see in order to lead more satisfying and deliberate lives. I work well with individuals who want to improve their lives and who are committed to the process.
Life can be challenging. If you're struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, attachment wounding, complex trauma or PTSD, it's may be time to reach out. I became a therapist due to my strong belief in the transformative power of therapy. My goal as a therapist is to help people better understand how they came to think, feel, and behave in ways that are not serving them well in order to then help them to actualize the change, growth, and healing that they want to see in order to lead more satisfying and deliberate lives. I work well with individuals who want to improve their lives and who are committed to the process.
(419) 605-4573 View (419) 605-4573
Photo of Manzetta L Jackson, Counselor, PhD, MEd, PCC-S
Manzetta L Jackson
Counselor, PhD, MEd, PCC-S
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43615
Since attending therapy is an implicit admission of imperfections for most people, my approach to counseling is person-centered and collaborative. Once the therapeutic alliance has been established, this approach allows clients to express their emotional reactions, develop more productive ways of dealing with feelings, and increase their levels of understanding and awareness. My counseling philosophy is to provide support, education, feedback and treatment that inspires clients to successfully take appropriate actions that will assist with solving their problems. Therapist qualities that I utilize include, but are not limited to, mutual respect, authenticity, genuineness, integrity, and the ability to empathize.
Since attending therapy is an implicit admission of imperfections for most people, my approach to counseling is person-centered and collaborative. Once the therapeutic alliance has been established, this approach allows clients to express their emotional reactions, develop more productive ways of dealing with feelings, and increase their levels of understanding and awareness. My counseling philosophy is to provide support, education, feedback and treatment that inspires clients to successfully take appropriate actions that will assist with solving their problems. Therapist qualities that I utilize include, but are not limited to, mutual respect, authenticity, genuineness, integrity, and the ability to empathize.
(419) 419-3369 View (419) 419-3369
Photo of Sarah Erd, Counselor, LPCC-S, RPT
Sarah Erd
Counselor, LPCC-S, RPT
2 Endorsed
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43623
Children face their own dilemmas. Which can make them feel overwhelmed, frustrated, impulsive, or anxious and act out. I use a child's natural language of play to explore these feelings with them and their families. I believe that the best therapy and care comes from a safe, trusting and nurturing environment and relationship. I am here to help your child and family learn to heal from traumatic events and everyday stressors. I have completed education and training to be a credentialed Registered Play Therapist. I received my MA in Community Counseling from Siena Heights, in 2010.
Children face their own dilemmas. Which can make them feel overwhelmed, frustrated, impulsive, or anxious and act out. I use a child's natural language of play to explore these feelings with them and their families. I believe that the best therapy and care comes from a safe, trusting and nurturing environment and relationship. I am here to help your child and family learn to heal from traumatic events and everyday stressors. I have completed education and training to be a credentialed Registered Play Therapist. I received my MA in Community Counseling from Siena Heights, in 2010.
(567) 236-8264 View (567) 236-8264
Photo of Vikki Gardner, Counselor, MA, LPCC-S, CHT
Vikki Gardner
Counselor, MA, LPCC-S, CHT
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43623
Facing change, hardship or loss? Desire more from life and your relationships? As human beings, we long to connect to others who will support us, respect our experiences and worldview. As a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor and Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist, I’ve served the mental health community for over 2 decades. I am dedicated to learning the most effective approaches to support wellbeing.
Facing change, hardship or loss? Desire more from life and your relationships? As human beings, we long to connect to others who will support us, respect our experiences and worldview. As a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor and Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist, I’ve served the mental health community for over 2 decades. I am dedicated to learning the most effective approaches to support wellbeing.
(419) 419-0228 View (419) 419-0228
Photo of Cara Story, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Cara Story
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
1 Endorsed
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43623
Hi! I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker who is excited to work with a wide range of clients. It is my passion to help clients navigate through healing from depression, anxiety, trauma, and other life stressors and transitions. I strive to hold a safe space for all clients and works to empower clients to embrace their self and story. I greatly enjoy utilizing creative therapeutic approaches and interventions, often incorporating art, music, or play into sessions. It is important to me that I take a client-centered and strengths-based approach to working collaboratively with clients.
Hi! I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker who is excited to work with a wide range of clients. It is my passion to help clients navigate through healing from depression, anxiety, trauma, and other life stressors and transitions. I strive to hold a safe space for all clients and works to empower clients to embrace their self and story. I greatly enjoy utilizing creative therapeutic approaches and interventions, often incorporating art, music, or play into sessions. It is important to me that I take a client-centered and strengths-based approach to working collaboratively with clients.
(419) 792-3817 View (419) 792-3817
Photo of Beth M Incorvaia - Restored Therapy, Licensed Independent Social Worker, MSW, LSW
Restored Therapy
Licensed Independent Social Worker, MSW, LSW
4 Endorsed
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43623
Life can be unpredictable and challenging at times. In these moments, reaching out to a trained professional who offers a compassionate and well-rounded approach can make all the difference. That is where I can help! I have 10 yrs of clinical experience working with diverse populations to help achieve client goals, whatever that may be. I also help couples work towards having a healthier more fulfilling relationship. I can also assist couples where there has been infidelity and need help working through the repair.
Life can be unpredictable and challenging at times. In these moments, reaching out to a trained professional who offers a compassionate and well-rounded approach can make all the difference. That is where I can help! I have 10 yrs of clinical experience working with diverse populations to help achieve client goals, whatever that may be. I also help couples work towards having a healthier more fulfilling relationship. I can also assist couples where there has been infidelity and need help working through the repair.
(419) 484-3610 x101 View (419) 484-3610 x101
Photo of Dana Michelle Neiding, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Dana Michelle Neiding
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43623
Are feelings of anxiety and depression impacting your life and your well-being? Have life stressors impacted your personal relationships or ability to enjoy all that your life has to offer? Counseling can help you feel better, and there is hope to find the peace and growth that you are looking for. Dana is guided by the belief that successful therapeutic relationships are created with purpose, provide opportunities for deep healing, and can be faith-based or spiritual in nature. In Dana’s office, you will find acceptance, respect, and compassion to meet you where you are at each visit.
Are feelings of anxiety and depression impacting your life and your well-being? Have life stressors impacted your personal relationships or ability to enjoy all that your life has to offer? Counseling can help you feel better, and there is hope to find the peace and growth that you are looking for. Dana is guided by the belief that successful therapeutic relationships are created with purpose, provide opportunities for deep healing, and can be faith-based or spiritual in nature. In Dana’s office, you will find acceptance, respect, and compassion to meet you where you are at each visit.
(419) 871-4438 x2 View (419) 871-4438 x2
Photo of Andrea Bain-Frye - Andrea Bain-Frye Holistic Psychotherapy, LLC, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, MA, EMDR, MBA
Andrea Bain-Frye Holistic Psychotherapy, LLC
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, MA, EMDR, MBA
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43615
Feeling anxious, depressed or dysregulated? I can help you untangle from these symptoms, including limiting beliefs, feeling stuck in "fight or flight" and experiencing disconnection. Often times, what underlies depression and anxiety are unprocessed emotions and memories. If you are struggling with feeling a sense of "stuckness" including negative beliefs such as “I am not enough”, emotions including shame, guilt, fear, and somatic sensations including tension, now might be the time to address the root cause of these issues so that you can experience increased self-acceptance, greater insight and improved relationships.
Feeling anxious, depressed or dysregulated? I can help you untangle from these symptoms, including limiting beliefs, feeling stuck in "fight or flight" and experiencing disconnection. Often times, what underlies depression and anxiety are unprocessed emotions and memories. If you are struggling with feeling a sense of "stuckness" including negative beliefs such as “I am not enough”, emotions including shame, guilt, fear, and somatic sensations including tension, now might be the time to address the root cause of these issues so that you can experience increased self-acceptance, greater insight and improved relationships.
(419) 904-5218 View (419) 904-5218
Photo of Leah Reed Dailey, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Leah Reed Dailey
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43623
I am an individual and couples therapist, a golden retriever enthusiast, and a book worm. I've been trained in EMDR and I am a level one Gottman Couples therapist. I am passionate about helping people make meaningful change in their lives through healing anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship issues.
I am an individual and couples therapist, a golden retriever enthusiast, and a book worm. I've been trained in EMDR and I am a level one Gottman Couples therapist. I am passionate about helping people make meaningful change in their lives through healing anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship issues.
(419) 928-5261 View (419) 928-5261
Photo of Charles Roberts - Mindfully - Toledo, OH, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LISW, LCSW, LPCC, LCADC, LPC
Mindfully - Toledo, OH
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LISW, LCSW, LPCC, LCADC, LPC
5 Endorsed
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43623
Mindfully is one of Ohio's leading full-service mental health practices, offering comprehensive therapy services for children, teens, and adults, as well as psychiatry for people 18+. Mindfully uses specialized, high-quality care personalized to your needs, such as DBT therapy, EMDR, CBT, and medication management.
Mindfully is one of Ohio's leading full-service mental health practices, offering comprehensive therapy services for children, teens, and adults, as well as psychiatry for people 18+. Mindfully uses specialized, high-quality care personalized to your needs, such as DBT therapy, EMDR, CBT, and medication management.
(419) 910-3323 View (419) 910-3323
Photo of Carol Lynn Smith, Psychologist, PhD, PCC
Carol Lynn Smith
Psychologist, PhD, PCC
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43623
Your life journey is unique. I respect your individuality and will work with you to maximize your potential for reaching your personal goals.
Your life journey is unique. I respect your individuality and will work with you to maximize your potential for reaching your personal goals.
(567) 455-7560 View (567) 455-7560
Photo of Landon Dunn - Mind Body Health Associates, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Mind Body Health Associates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
1 Endorsed
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43615
Mind Body Health Associates supports clients on the road from healing to health using natural and holistic approaches to realize a life of fulfillment. Please visit our website to review our providers' profiles. If you are interested in scheduling, please reach out to our front office at 567-525-3311.
Mind Body Health Associates supports clients on the road from healing to health using natural and holistic approaches to realize a life of fulfillment. Please visit our website to review our providers' profiles. If you are interested in scheduling, please reach out to our front office at 567-525-3311.
(567) 339-2776 View (567) 339-2776
Photo of Kenneth J Cunningham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LISW-S, LMSW
Kenneth J Cunningham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LISW-S, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Franklin Park, Toledo, OH 43615
Life indeed ebbs and flows, and there are moments when good company, a listening ear, is essential. To be hopeful, to be inspired, to be appreciated- these things make life fulfilled "What oxygen is for the lungs, such is hope for the meaning of life." Children, adolescents, adults, families and couples are served; 38years in practice. Practice locations: Adrian Mi- 142 E Maumee; Toledo Oh- 4334 Central, Ottawa Hills Shopping Center; APEX Downriver/ Brownstown,Mi., virtual only
Life indeed ebbs and flows, and there are moments when good company, a listening ear, is essential. To be hopeful, to be inspired, to be appreciated- these things make life fulfilled "What oxygen is for the lungs, such is hope for the meaning of life." Children, adolescents, adults, families and couples are served; 38years in practice. Practice locations: Adrian Mi- 142 E Maumee; Toledo Oh- 4334 Central, Ottawa Hills Shopping Center; APEX Downriver/ Brownstown,Mi., virtual only
(517) 565-7116 View (517) 565-7116
Photo of Stephanie Knotts, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW, LICDC, CCTP, C-DBT
Stephanie Knotts
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW, LICDC, CCTP, C-DBT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Life can feel heavy, messy, and full of challenges. Stephanie works with clients who are breaking generational patterns, processing trauma, navigating grief, or learning to live authentically. She creates a safe, affirming, trauma-informed space where individuals, couples, and families can explore their stories, process deeper experiences, and reconnect with themselves and others. Stephanie works with individuals, couples, and families. She is especially connected to first-generation cycle-breakers, trauma survivors, those navigating loss, and LGBTQ+ clients—people reshaping their lives while balancing resilience and vulnerability.
Life can feel heavy, messy, and full of challenges. Stephanie works with clients who are breaking generational patterns, processing trauma, navigating grief, or learning to live authentically. She creates a safe, affirming, trauma-informed space where individuals, couples, and families can explore their stories, process deeper experiences, and reconnect with themselves and others. Stephanie works with individuals, couples, and families. She is especially connected to first-generation cycle-breakers, trauma survivors, those navigating loss, and LGBTQ+ clients—people reshaping their lives while balancing resilience and vulnerability.
(419) 721-6649 View (419) 721-6649
Photo of Caitlin Keener, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Caitlin Keener
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Serves Area
Warm, accepting, inclusive, and practical. These are the words that best describe my therapeutic style. I’m a licensed master’s level social worker with 11 years of experience supporting children, adolescents/ teens, and adults through mental health challenges, school stressors, and crisis situations. I value genuine connection, careful listening, and helping clients recognize their strengths. I foster a comfortable space by connecting with their interests and ensuring transparency in confidentiality to build trust.
Warm, accepting, inclusive, and practical. These are the words that best describe my therapeutic style. I’m a licensed master’s level social worker with 11 years of experience supporting children, adolescents/ teens, and adults through mental health challenges, school stressors, and crisis situations. I value genuine connection, careful listening, and helping clients recognize their strengths. I foster a comfortable space by connecting with their interests and ensuring transparency in confidentiality to build trust.
(419) 827-3474 View (419) 827-3474
Photo of Marvin Parker, PMHNP
Marvin Parker
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Accepting new clients! Mental health care should feel personal- not rushed, judged, or one-size-fits-all. I’m a Certified Nurse Practitioner with over 15 years in healthcare, and my goal is to make medication management a collaborative, supportive process. Whether you're navigating anxiety, ADHD, trauma, depression, or other challenges, I’ll take the time to listen, explore options, and build a plan that fits you- not just your diagnosis. I offer counseling and medication management for children (5+), teens, adults, couples, and families. I also specialize in ADHD evaluations, helping clients find clarity and the right tools.
Accepting new clients! Mental health care should feel personal- not rushed, judged, or one-size-fits-all. I’m a Certified Nurse Practitioner with over 15 years in healthcare, and my goal is to make medication management a collaborative, supportive process. Whether you're navigating anxiety, ADHD, trauma, depression, or other challenges, I’ll take the time to listen, explore options, and build a plan that fits you- not just your diagnosis. I offer counseling and medication management for children (5+), teens, adults, couples, and families. I also specialize in ADHD evaluations, helping clients find clarity and the right tools.
(419) 548-5394 View (419) 548-5394
Photo of Ross Chaban, Counselor, LPCC-SC, LICDC-C, OCPC, PC
Ross Chaban
Counselor, LPCC-SC, LICDC-C, OCPC, PC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I assist individuals, couples and families to address the challenges life provides. You will receive specialized individual attention. No longer do you have to "go it alone" or settle for what has been traditionally available. I will help you get well, and stay well, so you can live the life you have always hoped to have. I specialize in the following: Relationship Challenges: Are you experiencing poor communication with your spouse or children? Have you been affected by an affair, divorce, death of a loved one...? I can help you achieve the home and personal life you desire.
I assist individuals, couples and families to address the challenges life provides. You will receive specialized individual attention. No longer do you have to "go it alone" or settle for what has been traditionally available. I will help you get well, and stay well, so you can live the life you have always hoped to have. I specialize in the following: Relationship Challenges: Are you experiencing poor communication with your spouse or children? Have you been affected by an affair, divorce, death of a loved one...? I can help you achieve the home and personal life you desire.
(419) 580-1034 View (419) 580-1034
Photo of Patrice Wiley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Patrice Wiley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Life can feel overwhelming when you’re navigating stress, grief, or major transitions- especially if you’ve been carrying it all on your own. Many of my clients come to therapy feeling exhausted, uncertain, or stuck in patterns they’re ready to understand and change. If you’re looking for a space where you feel respected, supported, and genuinely heard, you don’t have to face this alone. I work with adults and couples navigating anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, and relationship challenges. I have extensive experience supporting individuals through high-stress situations, complex life systems, and long-standing emotional patterns.
Life can feel overwhelming when you’re navigating stress, grief, or major transitions- especially if you’ve been carrying it all on your own. Many of my clients come to therapy feeling exhausted, uncertain, or stuck in patterns they’re ready to understand and change. If you’re looking for a space where you feel respected, supported, and genuinely heard, you don’t have to face this alone. I work with adults and couples navigating anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, and relationship challenges. I have extensive experience supporting individuals through high-stress situations, complex life systems, and long-standing emotional patterns.
(419) 273-6527 View (419) 273-6527

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Franklin Park, Toledo, OH

60+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Franklin Park, Toledo, OH who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
87% Depression
82% Trauma and PTSD
81% Stress
74% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues
63% Grief

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% Medical Mutual
86% Aetna
84% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Franklin Park, Toledo, OH see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

90% Female
10% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Franklin Park, Toledo?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.