Therapists in Toledo, OH

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Photo of Rachel E Schlachter, Counselor, MA, LPCC
Rachel E Schlachter
Counselor, MA, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43623
If you’ve been carrying stress, uncertainty, or emotional overwhelm for too long, you deserve a space where you can breathe — really breathe — and be met with compassion and presence. I provide a warm, steady, and judgment-free environment where your experiences are heard, your strengths are honored, and your path forward becomes clearer.
If you’ve been carrying stress, uncertainty, or emotional overwhelm for too long, you deserve a space where you can breathe — really breathe — and be met with compassion and presence. I provide a warm, steady, and judgment-free environment where your experiences are heard, your strengths are honored, and your path forward becomes clearer.
(419) 721-6149 View (419) 721-6149
Photo of Brian Robb, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Brian Robb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Toledo, OH 43606
Do you notice that a major life transition—like becoming a parent—has stirred up more fear than you expected? You love deeply and want to be steady, yet inside you feel anxious, on alert, bracing for something to go wrong. You may overplan and overthink, trying to control the unknown. Old family dynamics resurface, pulling you between who you were and who you want to be. I help people who are tired of surviving and long to feel calmer, more confident, and more connected. Not a new parent? If anxiety has you stuck in survival mode, you’re welcome here too. I also see couples who are really longing to create a deeper connection.
Do you notice that a major life transition—like becoming a parent—has stirred up more fear than you expected? You love deeply and want to be steady, yet inside you feel anxious, on alert, bracing for something to go wrong. You may overplan and overthink, trying to control the unknown. Old family dynamics resurface, pulling you between who you were and who you want to be. I help people who are tired of surviving and long to feel calmer, more confident, and more connected. Not a new parent? If anxiety has you stuck in survival mode, you’re welcome here too. I also see couples who are really longing to create a deeper connection.
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Photo of Anna D. Reed, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Anna D. Reed
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43606
Sometimes life demands much more from us than we have to give. It's important that problems across the lifespan are addressed conscientiously and with compassion. Whether you have reservations about starting therapy, question why you might be struggling or know exactly what you need therapeutically, I am ready to meet you there. Being open to the change process is not simple and being mindful of this fact, first and foremost, is how I best serve my clients. Your emotional well-being deserves your time, patience, curiosity and understanding. Working at a pace which is both comfortable and conducive to progress is my highest priority.
Sometimes life demands much more from us than we have to give. It's important that problems across the lifespan are addressed conscientiously and with compassion. Whether you have reservations about starting therapy, question why you might be struggling or know exactly what you need therapeutically, I am ready to meet you there. Being open to the change process is not simple and being mindful of this fact, first and foremost, is how I best serve my clients. Your emotional well-being deserves your time, patience, curiosity and understanding. Working at a pace which is both comfortable and conducive to progress is my highest priority.
(419) 869-3139 View (419) 869-3139
Photo of Tristin Crawley, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Tristin Crawley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43617
Whether you are a parent watching your child struggle, a young adult trying to find your footing, or someone navigating the complexities of later life, the feeling of 'just surviving' is universal. We all hit points where the old ways of coping simply don’t work anymore. I work with individuals across all stages of life looking for support to make positive change. From children and teens navigating a changing world to adults untangling deep-seated patterns, my goal is the same: to help you understand the roots of your stress and build a toolkit that actually works for your real life.
Whether you are a parent watching your child struggle, a young adult trying to find your footing, or someone navigating the complexities of later life, the feeling of 'just surviving' is universal. We all hit points where the old ways of coping simply don’t work anymore. I work with individuals across all stages of life looking for support to make positive change. From children and teens navigating a changing world to adults untangling deep-seated patterns, my goal is the same: to help you understand the roots of your stress and build a toolkit that actually works for your real life.
(419) 780-6025 View (419) 780-6025
Photo of Catherine Boellner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Catherine Boellner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
4 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43623
Not accepting new clients
Hi, I am Cat Boellner! I have been working as a Social Worker/ Therapist for over 10 years with a focus on adults, teens, young adults, and couples. I have worked with children, adults, and families to address many challenges including trauma/PTSD, ADHD, depression, anxiety, behavioral/ parent-child relational challenges, mild substance use, and grief. I am experienced in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Trauma Informed Care, Solutions Focused interventions, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and many other evidenced based practices. I look forward to helping you brighten your future!
Hi, I am Cat Boellner! I have been working as a Social Worker/ Therapist for over 10 years with a focus on adults, teens, young adults, and couples. I have worked with children, adults, and families to address many challenges including trauma/PTSD, ADHD, depression, anxiety, behavioral/ parent-child relational challenges, mild substance use, and grief. I am experienced in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Trauma Informed Care, Solutions Focused interventions, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and many other evidenced based practices. I look forward to helping you brighten your future!
(419) 912-5449 View (419) 912-5449
Photo of Cheryl M Jefferson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Cheryl M Jefferson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43623
My purpose in counseling is to share my gift and compassion for the wounded along with my clinical knowledge to guide you on your path to healing. As you pursue your purpose in life you will gain a deeper connection and understanding of the SELF, which will contribute to increased self- esteem and awareness of your trauma triggers/responses, which will allow you to overcome barriers that impede your progress. You will identify your strength, courage, and resilience to prepare you for future career paths on your Journey II Freedom.
My purpose in counseling is to share my gift and compassion for the wounded along with my clinical knowledge to guide you on your path to healing. As you pursue your purpose in life you will gain a deeper connection and understanding of the SELF, which will contribute to increased self- esteem and awareness of your trauma triggers/responses, which will allow you to overcome barriers that impede your progress. You will identify your strength, courage, and resilience to prepare you for future career paths on your Journey II Freedom.
(419) 406-4245 View (419) 406-4245
Photo of Toni Epperson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Toni Epperson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Toledo, OH 43604
Looking for help? Searching for answers? For change? Do you feel your hope diminishing; that "this is not the life that I should be living, I AM missing something." If you can admit thoughts like this, then you are on the edge of change. Where you are now emotionally is not where you will always be, if you take a step of courage and reach out for help. The life you seek, that you desire, is available to you. You can have it, with one changed thought at a time.
Looking for help? Searching for answers? For change? Do you feel your hope diminishing; that "this is not the life that I should be living, I AM missing something." If you can admit thoughts like this, then you are on the edge of change. Where you are now emotionally is not where you will always be, if you take a step of courage and reach out for help. The life you seek, that you desire, is available to you. You can have it, with one changed thought at a time.
(419) 513-8674 View (419) 513-8674
Photo of Kajuan Willis, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Kajuan Willis
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
2 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43617
Do you find yourself struggling with the ups and downs that life brings and want to find true happiness? Do you feel alone at times going through life? Want assistance in finding your freedom and be on your way to a happier and more fulfilling life? I'm here to tell you that life is not meant for us to struggle in silence and on our own. As human beings, we were created for relationships, connections, and true happiness.
Do you find yourself struggling with the ups and downs that life brings and want to find true happiness? Do you feel alone at times going through life? Want assistance in finding your freedom and be on your way to a happier and more fulfilling life? I'm here to tell you that life is not meant for us to struggle in silence and on our own. As human beings, we were created for relationships, connections, and true happiness.
(567) 352-3296 View (567) 352-3296
Photo of Michael Joseph Kimball - Michael Kimball Integrative Psychotherapy, Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Michael Kimball Integrative Psychotherapy
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Toledo, OH 43617
Discover. Empower. Heal. A happy life is possible and attainable.
Discover. Empower. Heal. A happy life is possible and attainable.
(419) 318-1537 View (419) 318-1537
Photo of Leigh Pinkelman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Leigh Pinkelman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Toledo, OH 43614
Hey there! This is your friendly neighborhood Gothippie Therapist!I believe in creating a space where you feel truly seen, heard, and safe to show up as you are. Maybe you're overwhelmed by anxiety, weighed down by chronic illness, or moving through a life transition that’s shaken your sense of self. Maybe you’re exhausted from constantly masking or carrying shame that was never yours. As a therapist with Autism and ADHD, I get it, you want support that feels real, compassionate, and grounded in understanding—not judgment. You want to feel like yourself again, or maybe find out who that even is. That’s where we start.
Hey there! This is your friendly neighborhood Gothippie Therapist!I believe in creating a space where you feel truly seen, heard, and safe to show up as you are. Maybe you're overwhelmed by anxiety, weighed down by chronic illness, or moving through a life transition that’s shaken your sense of self. Maybe you’re exhausted from constantly masking or carrying shame that was never yours. As a therapist with Autism and ADHD, I get it, you want support that feels real, compassionate, and grounded in understanding—not judgment. You want to feel like yourself again, or maybe find out who that even is. That’s where we start.
(567) 772-2366 View (567) 772-2366
Photo of Lydia Jane Elick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, CDCA
Lydia Jane Elick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, CDCA
1 Endorsed
Online Only
​Are you ready to transition from surviving to thriving? I provide a compassionate, trauma-informed space for individuals navigating depression, anxiety, trauma, and substance or behavioral addictions. Whether your goal is symptom management, developing coping strategies, or gaining deeper self-insight, I am dedicated to helping you reclaim your quality of life. Healing is not about "fixing" what is broken; it is a collaborative journey of rediscovery. I am here to provide the tools and professional guidance necessary to help you navigate life's challenges and improve your overall well-being.
​Are you ready to transition from surviving to thriving? I provide a compassionate, trauma-informed space for individuals navigating depression, anxiety, trauma, and substance or behavioral addictions. Whether your goal is symptom management, developing coping strategies, or gaining deeper self-insight, I am dedicated to helping you reclaim your quality of life. Healing is not about "fixing" what is broken; it is a collaborative journey of rediscovery. I am here to provide the tools and professional guidance necessary to help you navigate life's challenges and improve your overall well-being.
(419) 581-5969 View (419) 581-5969
Photo of Laura Ann Perino, Counselor, MRC, LPCC-S
Laura Ann Perino
Counselor, MRC, LPCC-S
3 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43617
Welcome! I’m confident upon entering my practice you will see what 30 years of experience can do for you. My goal is to offer a safe space where you can find relief without feeling overwhelmed. I work with children, teens, and adults—providing individual, family, and couples therapy. With years of experience diagnosing and treating a wide range of emotional and mental health concerns, I strive to offer insight, practical skills, and compassionate guidance tailored to your unique needs. Whatever challenges you’re facing, you don’t have to carry them alone. Together, we can make things feel lighter.
Welcome! I’m confident upon entering my practice you will see what 30 years of experience can do for you. My goal is to offer a safe space where you can find relief without feeling overwhelmed. I work with children, teens, and adults—providing individual, family, and couples therapy. With years of experience diagnosing and treating a wide range of emotional and mental health concerns, I strive to offer insight, practical skills, and compassionate guidance tailored to your unique needs. Whatever challenges you’re facing, you don’t have to carry them alone. Together, we can make things feel lighter.
(567) 297-3280 View (567) 297-3280
Photo of Elizabeth Ann Sieja, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Elizabeth Ann Sieja
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Toledo, OH 43606
Healing starts the moment you begin to feel someone is listening. Have you been feeling stressed, anxious, depressed, or lost? Are you struggling with traumatic experiences, relationship issues, stress at home, stress at work or in your social life? Through the therapeutic process, I can offer insight and skills to allow for hope and healing by helping my clients recognize their own strengths to regain peace within their lives. I have dedicated my work to helping others learn to heal. I am here to offer compassion, understanding and resolution to your most difficult problems.
Healing starts the moment you begin to feel someone is listening. Have you been feeling stressed, anxious, depressed, or lost? Are you struggling with traumatic experiences, relationship issues, stress at home, stress at work or in your social life? Through the therapeutic process, I can offer insight and skills to allow for hope and healing by helping my clients recognize their own strengths to regain peace within their lives. I have dedicated my work to helping others learn to heal. I am here to offer compassion, understanding and resolution to your most difficult problems.
(567) 855-4717 View (567) 855-4717
Photo of Leah Reed - The Mental Health Collaborative, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
The Mental Health Collaborative
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43623
Life is tough, but finding quality mental health care doesn’t have to be. We understand what you are going through and we are committed to providing mental health care that helps you cope with life’s ups and downs. Through medication management and therapy services, The Mental Health Collaborative helps you to feel better, together. We are a group of counselors and psychiatrists who believe that the best mental health care comes from collaboration. We provide our patients with quality mental health care throughout their life through therapy and medication management.
Life is tough, but finding quality mental health care doesn’t have to be. We understand what you are going through and we are committed to providing mental health care that helps you cope with life’s ups and downs. Through medication management and therapy services, The Mental Health Collaborative helps you to feel better, together. We are a group of counselors and psychiatrists who believe that the best mental health care comes from collaboration. We provide our patients with quality mental health care throughout their life through therapy and medication management.
(419) 792-3559 View (419) 792-3559
Photo of Erika Pozuc, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Erika Pozuc
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Online Only
I've always wanted to be a teacher, which has become the foundation of my counseling approach. While I don't teach ABCs, now as a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC), I do teach clients about disorders/symptoms, coping skills, thoughts/behaviors, exploring feelings, and learning to love this new you. To create an atmosphere of learning and growing, I will focus on our relationship, creating a safe environment, exploring openness to change, and using evidence based treatments. I graduated in 2012, with a Masters Degree in Counseling, from the University of Akron.
I've always wanted to be a teacher, which has become the foundation of my counseling approach. While I don't teach ABCs, now as a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC), I do teach clients about disorders/symptoms, coping skills, thoughts/behaviors, exploring feelings, and learning to love this new you. To create an atmosphere of learning and growing, I will focus on our relationship, creating a safe environment, exploring openness to change, and using evidence based treatments. I graduated in 2012, with a Masters Degree in Counseling, from the University of Akron.
(513) 995-6469 View (513) 995-6469
Photo of Kiara Byrd, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Kiara Byrd
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43606
Life can be overwhelming, unpredictable, and sometimes deeply painful, and it’s not always easy to find a safe space to sort through it all. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, my passion is walking alongside individuals, couples, and families as they navigate life’s challenges, heal from emotional wounds, and reconnect with their own strengths.
Life can be overwhelming, unpredictable, and sometimes deeply painful, and it’s not always easy to find a safe space to sort through it all. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, my passion is walking alongside individuals, couples, and families as they navigate life’s challenges, heal from emotional wounds, and reconnect with their own strengths.
(419) 581-5878 View (419) 581-5878
Photo of Joy Herrera, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Joy Herrera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
4 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43623
You want your life to be different. You’d love to be able to relax and just be present, but this restlessness inside your mind and body won’t allow you. You’ve attempted to “let it go” or “forgive and forget” the past. You’ve tried LOTS of coping mechanisms: journaling, deep breathing, prayer, meditation, self-help books, talk therapy. You know yourself well, and you know how to cope. But you don’t just want to cope through life or talk about what happened; you want to experience change!
You want your life to be different. You’d love to be able to relax and just be present, but this restlessness inside your mind and body won’t allow you. You’ve attempted to “let it go” or “forgive and forget” the past. You’ve tried LOTS of coping mechanisms: journaling, deep breathing, prayer, meditation, self-help books, talk therapy. You know yourself well, and you know how to cope. But you don’t just want to cope through life or talk about what happened; you want to experience change!
(419) 406-4376 View (419) 406-4376
Photo of Heather Nicole Schmidt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LMSW, LISW-S
Heather Nicole Schmidt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LMSW, LISW-S
Toledo, OH 43604
“Nothing is ever so good or so bad in reality as it is in the anticipation.” - Marie Bashkirtseff We are living through times of uncertainty weaved into the fabric of pre-existing struggles. A disruption in balance that exacerbates fear, anxiety, loss, pain, & trauma can dissemble lives. But they also remind us of something else- the human capacity to heal, adapt, & move forward. Whether you reached me because you are searching for relief, growth, change or simply a safe space to pause & breathe—you have already taken the first step. It is where the healing begins. I invite you to read on & if it feels like a good fit, reach out.
“Nothing is ever so good or so bad in reality as it is in the anticipation.” - Marie Bashkirtseff We are living through times of uncertainty weaved into the fabric of pre-existing struggles. A disruption in balance that exacerbates fear, anxiety, loss, pain, & trauma can dissemble lives. But they also remind us of something else- the human capacity to heal, adapt, & move forward. Whether you reached me because you are searching for relief, growth, change or simply a safe space to pause & breathe—you have already taken the first step. It is where the healing begins. I invite you to read on & if it feels like a good fit, reach out.
(567) 229-1719 View (567) 229-1719
Photo of Josh Rubin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Josh Rubin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43615
I help adults and adolescents who feel overwhelmed by anxiety, burnout, perfectionism, or life transitions develop clarity, balance, and practical coping skills. My approach is collaborative and compassionate, grounded in creating a therapeutic space where clients feel respected, understood, and supported. I work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, obsessive or intrusive thoughts, trauma-related concerns, relationship difficulties, or a persistent sense of overwhelm or disconnection. Together, we focus on increasing insight, developing coping strategies, and supporting meaningful personal growth.
I help adults and adolescents who feel overwhelmed by anxiety, burnout, perfectionism, or life transitions develop clarity, balance, and practical coping skills. My approach is collaborative and compassionate, grounded in creating a therapeutic space where clients feel respected, understood, and supported. I work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, obsessive or intrusive thoughts, trauma-related concerns, relationship difficulties, or a persistent sense of overwhelm or disconnection. Together, we focus on increasing insight, developing coping strategies, and supporting meaningful personal growth.
(419) 518-5786 View (419) 518-5786
Photo of Ashley Broshious, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, MSW
Ashley Broshious
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, MSW
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43615
I come from a community mental background and have worked with various ages dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, bi polar, and other disorders. I strive to create a safe and healthy environment for the client to work through their concerns and achieve the goals they set!
I come from a community mental background and have worked with various ages dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, bi polar, and other disorders. I strive to create a safe and healthy environment for the client to work through their concerns and achieve the goals they set!
(419) 518-5947 View (419) 518-5947

See more therapy options for Toledo

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Toledo, OH

500+

Average cost per session

$136

Therapists in Toledo, OH who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
94% Social Anxiety
94% Health Anxiety
94% Driving Anxiety
87% Depression
78% Trauma and PTSD
78% Complex PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Aetna
73% Medical Mutual
71% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Toledo, OH see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Toledo?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.