Therapists in Minford, OH

Photo of Michael Wilson, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Michael Wilson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
13 Endorsed
Online Only
What you think is what you say. What you say is what you do. What you do continually becomes your habit. Your habits create your character; your character determines your destiny (Jeremy Anderson). Michael Wilson is a compassionate connector skilled in the art of therapy over his six years of experience aiding clients in achieving their mental health goals. To Michael, trust is crucial to the healing process. To that end, he approaches each session with a genuine and empathic desire to connect. When you're in session with Michael, you have his undivided attention. Bridging the gap between individuals and social change is his core.
What you think is what you say. What you say is what you do. What you do continually becomes your habit. Your habits create your character; your character determines your destiny (Jeremy Anderson). Michael Wilson is a compassionate connector skilled in the art of therapy over his six years of experience aiding clients in achieving their mental health goals. To Michael, trust is crucial to the healing process. To that end, he approaches each session with a genuine and empathic desire to connect. When you're in session with Michael, you have his undivided attention. Bridging the gap between individuals and social change is his core.
(234) 423-4427 View (234) 423-4427
Photo of Shannon M. Gallagher, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Shannon M. Gallagher
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
13 Endorsed
Online Only
Shannon is a safe space to heal for both individuals and couples. She is dedicated to creating a nurturing environment where you can face your challenges with honesty and empathy! Specializing in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and relationship issues, Shannon utilizes Cognitive Behavioral and Dialectical Behavioral Therapies, as well as Motivational Interviewing and interventions from the Gottman's. She is authentic, patient, relatable, community-driven, and non-judgmental, and seeks to create a safe space for her clients to learn more about themselves as they grow.
Shannon is a safe space to heal for both individuals and couples. She is dedicated to creating a nurturing environment where you can face your challenges with honesty and empathy! Specializing in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and relationship issues, Shannon utilizes Cognitive Behavioral and Dialectical Behavioral Therapies, as well as Motivational Interviewing and interventions from the Gottman's. She is authentic, patient, relatable, community-driven, and non-judgmental, and seeks to create a safe space for her clients to learn more about themselves as they grow.
(440) 671-7928 View (440) 671-7928
Photo of Caleb Folkerts - Cornerstone Behavioral Health (CBH), Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC-S, CCTP, CCFP, CDBT, EMDR-T
Cornerstone Behavioral Health (CBH)
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC-S, CCTP, CCFP, CDBT, EMDR-T
7 Endorsed
Online Only
Hope starts here. Are you feeling sad or stressed? Do you experience mood swings but don't really know why? Maybe you've been withdrawing from family, friends, or activities that used to breathe light into your life. If you have been feeling depressed, have found yourself more angry or hostile than normal, or suffer from low energy or problems sleeping, you may have an untreated mental health issue. Mental health impacts your way of thinking, relating to others, and overall quality of life. Many issues have been identified and defined including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress (PTSD), etc. You don't have to suffer anymore.
Hope starts here. Are you feeling sad or stressed? Do you experience mood swings but don't really know why? Maybe you've been withdrawing from family, friends, or activities that used to breathe light into your life. If you have been feeling depressed, have found yourself more angry or hostile than normal, or suffer from low energy or problems sleeping, you may have an untreated mental health issue. Mental health impacts your way of thinking, relating to others, and overall quality of life. Many issues have been identified and defined including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress (PTSD), etc. You don't have to suffer anymore.
(440) 636-4871 View (440) 636-4871
Photo of Caleb Folkerts - Cornerstone Behavioral Health (CBH), Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC-S, CCFP, CCTP, CDBT, EMDR-T
Cornerstone Behavioral Health (CBH)
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC-S, CCFP, CCTP, CDBT, EMDR-T
8 Endorsed
Online Only
Hope starts here. Are you feeling sad or stressed? Do you experience mood swings but don't really know why? Maybe you've been withdrawing from family, friends, or activities that used to breathe light into your life. If you have been feeling depressed, have found yourself more angry or hostile than normal, or suffer from low energy or problems sleeping, you may have an untreated mental health issue. Mental health impacts your way of thinking, relating to others, and overall quality of life. Many issues have been identified and defined including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress (PTSD), etc. You don't have to suffer anymore.
Hope starts here. Are you feeling sad or stressed? Do you experience mood swings but don't really know why? Maybe you've been withdrawing from family, friends, or activities that used to breathe light into your life. If you have been feeling depressed, have found yourself more angry or hostile than normal, or suffer from low energy or problems sleeping, you may have an untreated mental health issue. Mental health impacts your way of thinking, relating to others, and overall quality of life. Many issues have been identified and defined including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress (PTSD), etc. You don't have to suffer anymore.
(330) 785-7076 View (330) 785-7076
Photo of Joseph J. Alto, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Joseph J. Alto
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
13 Endorsed
Minford, OH 45653
Between stimulus and response there is a space. In that space is our power to choose our response. In our response lies our growth and our freedom (Viktor Frankl). Joe is a relatable connector who has worked with many different diagnoses throughout his time in the field. He passionately believes that relationships are powerful, especially the therapy relationship. Specializing in the treatment of grief, anxiety, depression, and spiritual crisis, Joe provides eclectic treatment, drawing from Cognitive Behavioral and Existential Therapies. Possessing a contagious sense of humor, Joe has helped many clients rediscover laughter in life.
Between stimulus and response there is a space. In that space is our power to choose our response. In our response lies our growth and our freedom (Viktor Frankl). Joe is a relatable connector who has worked with many different diagnoses throughout his time in the field. He passionately believes that relationships are powerful, especially the therapy relationship. Specializing in the treatment of grief, anxiety, depression, and spiritual crisis, Joe provides eclectic treatment, drawing from Cognitive Behavioral and Existential Therapies. Possessing a contagious sense of humor, Joe has helped many clients rediscover laughter in life.
(234) 516-2897 View (234) 516-2897
Photo of Shannon M. Gallagher, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Shannon M. Gallagher
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
13 Endorsed
Online Only
Shannon is a safe space to heal for both individuals and couples. She is dedicated to creating a nurturing environment where you can face your challenges with honesty and empathy! Specializing in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and relationship issues, Shannon utilizes Cognitive Behavioral and Dialectical Behavioral Therapies, as well as Motivational Interviewing and interventions from the Gottman's. She is authentic, patient, relatable, community-driven, and non-judgmental, and seeks to create a safe space for her clients to learn more about themselves as they grow.
Shannon is a safe space to heal for both individuals and couples. She is dedicated to creating a nurturing environment where you can face your challenges with honesty and empathy! Specializing in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and relationship issues, Shannon utilizes Cognitive Behavioral and Dialectical Behavioral Therapies, as well as Motivational Interviewing and interventions from the Gottman's. She is authentic, patient, relatable, community-driven, and non-judgmental, and seeks to create a safe space for her clients to learn more about themselves as they grow.
(330) 443-5761 View (330) 443-5761

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Kristen McClellan Livingston - Hearth & Healing Mental Health Therapy LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Hearth & Healing Mental Health Therapy LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
1 Endorsed
Portsmouth, OH 45662
“Come home to yourself at Hearth & Healing Mental Health Therapy” Kristen’s goal is to walk beside you as you navigate your path forward—with compassion, curiosity, and unwavering respect for your inherent worth and resilience
“Come home to yourself at Hearth & Healing Mental Health Therapy” Kristen’s goal is to walk beside you as you navigate your path forward—with compassion, curiosity, and unwavering respect for your inherent worth and resilience
(740) 880-8287 View (740) 880-8287
Photo of Jillian Salmons, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Jillian Salmons
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Online Only
Hi, I'm Jill. Thanks for stopping by. I've been licensed in Ohio since 2002. I earned my Bachelor's from Ohio University in Athens and my Master's from The Ohio State University. I have experience in both mental health and addiction treatment. I like to bring a positive, solution-focused approach to therapy. I will be completely engaged during sessions and want to hear your story and what has been going on with you so that you feel heard and supported. I do a lot of education about how the brain and the body work together. Life can be overwhelming at times-you don't have to go through it alone.
Hi, I'm Jill. Thanks for stopping by. I've been licensed in Ohio since 2002. I earned my Bachelor's from Ohio University in Athens and my Master's from The Ohio State University. I have experience in both mental health and addiction treatment. I like to bring a positive, solution-focused approach to therapy. I will be completely engaged during sessions and want to hear your story and what has been going on with you so that you feel heard and supported. I do a lot of education about how the brain and the body work together. Life can be overwhelming at times-you don't have to go through it alone.
(740) 746-5410 View (740) 746-5410
Photo of Amanda L Stevens, Licensed Independent Social Worker, LISW-S
Amanda L Stevens
Licensed Independent Social Worker, LISW-S
Online Only
I hope to help others through their struggles, whether it be general anxiety and stress, or deeper issues with trauma and grief. I am here to listen and offer insight as well as practical tools to help clients achieve their best self.
I hope to help others through their struggles, whether it be general anxiety and stress, or deeper issues with trauma and grief. I am here to listen and offer insight as well as practical tools to help clients achieve their best self.
(740) 853-5823 View (740) 853-5823
Photo of Lisa M Knight, Counselor, M.E.d, LPCC
Lisa M Knight
Counselor, M.E.d, LPCC
Online Only
You may feel overwhelmed by anxiety, stress, or life changes. Balancing work, family, and personal needs can feel impossible, and you might struggle with persistent worries or self-doubt. You want relief, clarity, and practical tools to feel more in control.
You may feel overwhelmed by anxiety, stress, or life changes. Balancing work, family, and personal needs can feel impossible, and you might struggle with persistent worries or self-doubt. You want relief, clarity, and practical tools to feel more in control.
(740) 524-7416 View (740) 524-7416
Photo of Jami Munn, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC-S, LICDC
Jami Munn
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC-S, LICDC
Portsmouth, OH 45662
Are you wanting to increase happiness and overall satisfaction with your life? Would you like to work towards gaining control of your thoughts, feelings, and actions? Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, low self-worth, addiction, trauma, or just simply feeling overwhelmed with life, these are goals that you can reach.
Are you wanting to increase happiness and overall satisfaction with your life? Would you like to work towards gaining control of your thoughts, feelings, and actions? Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, low self-worth, addiction, trauma, or just simply feeling overwhelmed with life, these are goals that you can reach.
(740) 200-8028 View (740) 200-8028
Photo of Kelsey M. Ardner, Licensed Social Worker, LSW
Kelsey M. Ardner
Licensed Social Worker, LSW
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
“Healing doesn’t mean that the damage never existed. It means the damage no longer controls your life.” (Akshay Dubey) A safe space is a healing space, and growth happens when you feel right at home. Kelsey Ardner is passionate about cultivating this safety with her clients through an open, trusted relationship that builds one step at a time. As a driven, empathetic, and committed provider, Kelsey will always go the extra mile for her clients, providing them with the support, advocacy and empowerment they need on their journey of lasting change.
“Healing doesn’t mean that the damage never existed. It means the damage no longer controls your life.” (Akshay Dubey) A safe space is a healing space, and growth happens when you feel right at home. Kelsey Ardner is passionate about cultivating this safety with her clients through an open, trusted relationship that builds one step at a time. As a driven, empathetic, and committed provider, Kelsey will always go the extra mile for her clients, providing them with the support, advocacy and empowerment they need on their journey of lasting change.
(330) 846-5027 View (330) 846-5027
Photo of Joshua Adkins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S, LICDC
Joshua Adkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S, LICDC
2 Endorsed
Wheelersburg, OH 45694
I work with people in Southern Ohio who are done just surviving. You've been strong for everyone else, holding your family together, showing up to work, keeping it together on the outside. But the anxiety won't quit, the past keeps showing up in your present, and you're exhausted from white-knuckling through life.Maybe it's childhood trauma. PTSD. Grief that won't let go. Patterns in relationships you can't seem to break. You've probably tried therapy before. I use EMDR to actually reprocess trauma, CBT for practical tools, and a straightforward approach that respects your time and intelligence.
I work with people in Southern Ohio who are done just surviving. You've been strong for everyone else, holding your family together, showing up to work, keeping it together on the outside. But the anxiety won't quit, the past keeps showing up in your present, and you're exhausted from white-knuckling through life.Maybe it's childhood trauma. PTSD. Grief that won't let go. Patterns in relationships you can't seem to break. You've probably tried therapy before. I use EMDR to actually reprocess trauma, CBT for practical tools, and a straightforward approach that respects your time and intelligence.
(740) 631-6473 View (740) 631-6473
Photo of Stephanie Emmons, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Stephanie Emmons
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
My name is Stephanie Emmons, and I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker with my Supervision Designation in the state of Ohio. I primarily focus on person-centered therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. I specialize in anxiety, and depression and have a lot of experience with grief work and bereavement. I focus on Person-Centered Therapy and CBT primarily. I also utilize a psychosocial approach to engage in Systems Theory. I am communicating with my clients somewhat casually, but also hold my clients accountable to the goals and boundaries that they work on setting for themselves during the work we do together.
My name is Stephanie Emmons, and I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker with my Supervision Designation in the state of Ohio. I primarily focus on person-centered therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. I specialize in anxiety, and depression and have a lot of experience with grief work and bereavement. I focus on Person-Centered Therapy and CBT primarily. I also utilize a psychosocial approach to engage in Systems Theory. I am communicating with my clients somewhat casually, but also hold my clients accountable to the goals and boundaries that they work on setting for themselves during the work we do together.
(440) 571-7506 View (440) 571-7506
Photo of Christie Parker, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC, CCTP, C-DBT
Christie Parker
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC, CCTP, C-DBT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Empowering individuals so they are able to take back control over the difficulties they may be experiencing from anxiety, depression, trauma, and adjustment to major life issues such as college, marriage, and loss of a loved one. Counseling is a journey that can lead to healing, gaining insight to one’s self and learning strategies to live the life you want to live!
Empowering individuals so they are able to take back control over the difficulties they may be experiencing from anxiety, depression, trauma, and adjustment to major life issues such as college, marriage, and loss of a loved one. Counseling is a journey that can lead to healing, gaining insight to one’s self and learning strategies to live the life you want to live!
(833) 509-4624 View (833) 509-4624
Photo of Stephanie Allard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Stephanie Allard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome—I’m glad you’re here. Taking the step to explore therapy is an act of courage and care for yourself, and my goal is to provide a safe, supportive space where you can feel heard, understood, and empowered on your journey toward healing and growth. My practice is centered on supporting individuals who are navigating grief and trauma, honoring the unique challenges that come with these deeply personal experiences. I believe that healing begins in a safe, compassionate space where your story can be heard without judgment.
Welcome—I’m glad you’re here. Taking the step to explore therapy is an act of courage and care for yourself, and my goal is to provide a safe, supportive space where you can feel heard, understood, and empowered on your journey toward healing and growth. My practice is centered on supporting individuals who are navigating grief and trauma, honoring the unique challenges that come with these deeply personal experiences. I believe that healing begins in a safe, compassionate space where your story can be heard without judgment.
(440) 999-1912 View (440) 999-1912
Photo of Angela Stowers, Counselor, LPCC
Angela Stowers
Counselor, LPCC
Online Only
I am a compassionate and experienced Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC-S) with over 20 years of experience and dual credentials in mental health and substance abuse treatment in Ohio. I support adults navigating challenges like anxiety, depression, trauma, substance use, relationship struggles, grief, and low motivation—helping clients feel safer, more grounded, and capable of change. My approach is collaborative and practical, offering both emotional support and evidence-based strategies to empower clients as they work toward meaningful, lasting growth.
I am a compassionate and experienced Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC-S) with over 20 years of experience and dual credentials in mental health and substance abuse treatment in Ohio. I support adults navigating challenges like anxiety, depression, trauma, substance use, relationship struggles, grief, and low motivation—helping clients feel safer, more grounded, and capable of change. My approach is collaborative and practical, offering both emotional support and evidence-based strategies to empower clients as they work toward meaningful, lasting growth.
(740) 722-7294 View (740) 722-7294
Photo of Melanie Danielson - PsychShift, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LISW-S
PsychShift
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LISW-S
Ironton, OH 45638
Our mission is to improve the emotional health and well-being of the people we care for. We achieve this by delivering superior mental health services with compassionate care. At PsychShift we believe that healing happens in connection—with self, others, and community. We are a team of compassionate, licensed therapists committed to providing high-quality, culturally responsive care that supports your emotional well-being and personal growth.
Our mission is to improve the emotional health and well-being of the people we care for. We achieve this by delivering superior mental health services with compassionate care. At PsychShift we believe that healing happens in connection—with self, others, and community. We are a team of compassionate, licensed therapists committed to providing high-quality, culturally responsive care that supports your emotional well-being and personal growth.
(740) 762-6093 View (740) 762-6093
Photo of Chelsea Mullins, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Chelsea Mullins
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Online Only
I am a compassionate mental health counselor specializing in anxiety, trauma, depression, and self-esteem. I provide a safe, supportive space for young adults and adults to explore their thoughts, emotions, and personal growth. Using evidence-based approaches like DBT, Mindfulness, and Trauma-Informed Care, I help clients build resilience, develop coping strategies, and regain confidence. I tailor each session to individual needs, guiding clients toward healing and self-acceptance.
I am a compassionate mental health counselor specializing in anxiety, trauma, depression, and self-esteem. I provide a safe, supportive space for young adults and adults to explore their thoughts, emotions, and personal growth. Using evidence-based approaches like DBT, Mindfulness, and Trauma-Informed Care, I help clients build resilience, develop coping strategies, and regain confidence. I tailor each session to individual needs, guiding clients toward healing and self-acceptance.
(440) 595-5603 View (440) 595-5603
Photo of Sandy Sickles, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Sandy Sickles
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Online Only
Hi there, I'm Sandy! My approach to therapy is client-centered, creating a supportive and nonjudgmental space where individuals feel empowered to explore their thoughts and emotions. I integrate Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and Motivational Interviewing to help clients develop self-awareness, build coping skills, and make meaningful changes in their lives. My goal is to create a safe, supportive space where clients feel heard, valued, and empowered to navigate life’s challenges with confidence and resilience.
Hi there, I'm Sandy! My approach to therapy is client-centered, creating a supportive and nonjudgmental space where individuals feel empowered to explore their thoughts and emotions. I integrate Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and Motivational Interviewing to help clients develop self-awareness, build coping skills, and make meaningful changes in their lives. My goal is to create a safe, supportive space where clients feel heard, valued, and empowered to navigate life’s challenges with confidence and resilience.
(614) 482-3846 View (614) 482-3846

See more therapy options for Minford

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Minford, OH

< 10

Therapists in Minford, OH who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Grief
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Family Conflict
100% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

2 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Minford, OH see their clients

83% Online Only
17% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

67% Female
33% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Minford?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.