Therapists in Kettering, OH

Photo of Emily Elizabeth Haddox, Marriage & Family Therapist, LIMFT-S
Emily Elizabeth Haddox
Marriage & Family Therapist, LIMFT-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kettering, OH 45429
Not accepting new clients
Relationships are complicated, parenting is hard and life is messy. Understanding these truths has given me the desire to help people who are struggling. No matter how overwhelming or insignificant you think the problem is, developing a counseling relationship can be beneficial. I will journey with you as you develop goals, coping strategies and communication skills. I honor that families are diverse in composition and adapt treatment to the individual needs of each client. I use a systemic approach and have a wide array of experience with grief counseling, anxiety, depression, women's issues, spiritual concerns, infidelity, life transitions, play therapy, infertility, elder concerns and self-esteem issues.
Relationships are complicated, parenting is hard and life is messy. Understanding these truths has given me the desire to help people who are struggling. No matter how overwhelming or insignificant you think the problem is, developing a counseling relationship can be beneficial. I will journey with you as you develop goals, coping strategies and communication skills. I honor that families are diverse in composition and adapt treatment to the individual needs of each client. I use a systemic approach and have a wide array of experience with grief counseling, anxiety, depression, women's issues, spiritual concerns, infidelity, life transitions, play therapy, infertility, elder concerns and self-esteem issues.
(937) 696-7137 View (937) 696-7137
Photo of Scott Campbell, Counselor, LPCC-S, MSE
Scott Campbell
Counselor, LPCC-S, MSE
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45429
My goal is to provide excellent client focused counseling to older teens and adults. My graduate training at the University of Dayton equipped me with a passion and the tools to serve our local population. I believe that every client is unique and that my approach aims to meet people where they are and help guide them to where they want to be. I hope that you will find me to be trustworthy, reflective, insightful, calming and safe. I hold the counseling relationship to be something special, it allows the client a place to explore, heal and grow and I am honored when I am included in this journey.
My goal is to provide excellent client focused counseling to older teens and adults. My graduate training at the University of Dayton equipped me with a passion and the tools to serve our local population. I believe that every client is unique and that my approach aims to meet people where they are and help guide them to where they want to be. I hope that you will find me to be trustworthy, reflective, insightful, calming and safe. I hold the counseling relationship to be something special, it allows the client a place to explore, heal and grow and I am honored when I am included in this journey.
(326) 202-9292 View (326) 202-9292
Photo of Lucas A Brewer, Counselor, LPCC-S, BSP
Lucas A Brewer
Counselor, LPCC-S, BSP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kettering, OH 45409
My goal is to help reconnect you with your inner wisdom and unburden yourself of old narratives, to make room for new experiences. As a veteran, I have a good understanding of how job stress can result in relationship issues. As a widow I understand the complexities of grief. I specialize in attachment issues and complex trauma from childhood. If you struggle to connect with Joy, Love and Thrive energy and find yourself in a constant state of Survival. I can help. I help clients explore their inner landscape and achieve Embodied Trauma Resolutions. I help high performers slow down, enjoy their success and live for today.
My goal is to help reconnect you with your inner wisdom and unburden yourself of old narratives, to make room for new experiences. As a veteran, I have a good understanding of how job stress can result in relationship issues. As a widow I understand the complexities of grief. I specialize in attachment issues and complex trauma from childhood. If you struggle to connect with Joy, Love and Thrive energy and find yourself in a constant state of Survival. I can help. I help clients explore their inner landscape and achieve Embodied Trauma Resolutions. I help high performers slow down, enjoy their success and live for today.
(937) 519-3417 View (937) 519-3417
Photo of Lewis J Nevins, Counselor, MS, LPCC
Lewis J Nevins
Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45440
Not accepting new clients
Are you anxious or depressed most days, having relationship problems, or has increased stress in your life prevented you from living life the way you intended? Well if any of this is familiar to you, then I think you have come to the right place. My name is Lewis Nevins and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor at Professional Counseling and Consulting, in Kettering Ohio. I emphasize establishing rapport and trust with my clients by developing a strong therapeutic relationship with them. I value a client's ability to make responsible choices.
Are you anxious or depressed most days, having relationship problems, or has increased stress in your life prevented you from living life the way you intended? Well if any of this is familiar to you, then I think you have come to the right place. My name is Lewis Nevins and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor at Professional Counseling and Consulting, in Kettering Ohio. I emphasize establishing rapport and trust with my clients by developing a strong therapeutic relationship with them. I value a client's ability to make responsible choices.
(937) 204-1438 View (937) 204-1438
Photo of Tom Rathbun, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Tom Rathbun
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kettering, OH 45429
Many of us find ourselves feeling called to living a deeper and more emotionally fulfilled life. Whether you are struggling with managing stress, navigating life's transitions, looking for deeper meaning, exploring your identity, or trying to understand a mental health condition such as anxiety or depression, it's helpful to have a safe environment to explore what is and is not working for you. Using trauma-informed practices, I work with individuals ready to find lasting change in their lives. Special areas of interest include LGBT+ issues, navigating university, exploring spiritual identity, and healing from trauma.
Many of us find ourselves feeling called to living a deeper and more emotionally fulfilled life. Whether you are struggling with managing stress, navigating life's transitions, looking for deeper meaning, exploring your identity, or trying to understand a mental health condition such as anxiety or depression, it's helpful to have a safe environment to explore what is and is not working for you. Using trauma-informed practices, I work with individuals ready to find lasting change in their lives. Special areas of interest include LGBT+ issues, navigating university, exploring spiritual identity, and healing from trauma.
(937) 932-1183 View (937) 932-1183
Photo of Amy Brown, SEP, MS, OD-MRO, ISP, RCST
Amy Brown
SEP, MS, OD-MRO, ISP, RCST
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45440
You're wanting to feel alive and comfortable in your own skin, but you find yourself freezing up or overwhelmed with images from the past or stuck in ways you can't explain. While talking about it can be helpful, if you're dealing with a trauma or ingrained stress response, it gets stuck in the body and talking alone doesn't unlock the trauma patterns in the body. Body-based modalities combined with talking really help to unwind trauma patterns. If you come see me, we won't only sit in chairs talking.
You're wanting to feel alive and comfortable in your own skin, but you find yourself freezing up or overwhelmed with images from the past or stuck in ways you can't explain. While talking about it can be helpful, if you're dealing with a trauma or ingrained stress response, it gets stuck in the body and talking alone doesn't unlock the trauma patterns in the body. Body-based modalities combined with talking really help to unwind trauma patterns. If you come see me, we won't only sit in chairs talking.
(513) 995-7020 View (513) 995-7020
Photo of Rebecca Kolssak, Counselor, MS, LPCC
Rebecca Kolssak
Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45429
All the tools you need to heal and grow are already within you; I seek to cultivate a safe and supportive space for you to access them. Whether you're facing incremental challenges or world-altering grief, I am honored to be invited into your experience to support you in filling both crevices and deep wounds with joy and beauty. Overall, I work with diverse clientele who are adjusting: new environments, unexpected change, fresh realizations, unaddressed trauma, etc.
All the tools you need to heal and grow are already within you; I seek to cultivate a safe and supportive space for you to access them. Whether you're facing incremental challenges or world-altering grief, I am honored to be invited into your experience to support you in filling both crevices and deep wounds with joy and beauty. Overall, I work with diverse clientele who are adjusting: new environments, unexpected change, fresh realizations, unaddressed trauma, etc.
(937) 871-3952 View (937) 871-3952
Photo of Jessica C Tupa, Counselor, MSEd, LPCC-S
Jessica C Tupa
Counselor, MSEd, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45409
Waitlist for new clients
I believe all people have the ability to overcome even the most dis-empowering obstacles, and sometimes we need help finding the way to do this. I work across a range of mental health and addiction concerns, to help you, to help yourself. I believe you are the expert in your own life, and am honored by the opportunity to help you tap into your expertise. My practice uses principles of Mindfulness, compassion, personal empowerment, and hope. Together, we will discover your strengths, and learn how to use your own power to conquer challenges, to grow, and heal.
I believe all people have the ability to overcome even the most dis-empowering obstacles, and sometimes we need help finding the way to do this. I work across a range of mental health and addiction concerns, to help you, to help yourself. I believe you are the expert in your own life, and am honored by the opportunity to help you tap into your expertise. My practice uses principles of Mindfulness, compassion, personal empowerment, and hope. Together, we will discover your strengths, and learn how to use your own power to conquer challenges, to grow, and heal.
(937) 565-4076 View (937) 565-4076
Photo of Jayant Thomas, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Jayant Thomas
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Verified Verified
Online Only
I’m an independent Professional Clinical Counselor in the state of Ohio with 15 years of experience. I’ve worked in the mental health field in general since 2001. I earned a BA in Music from Principia College in 1991 and Master of Rehabilitation Counseling from Bowling Green State University in 2000. In 2004 I received my Professional Counselor designation and in 2009 I received my Professional Clinical Counselor licensure.
I’m an independent Professional Clinical Counselor in the state of Ohio with 15 years of experience. I’ve worked in the mental health field in general since 2001. I earned a BA in Music from Principia College in 1991 and Master of Rehabilitation Counseling from Bowling Green State University in 2000. In 2004 I received my Professional Counselor designation and in 2009 I received my Professional Clinical Counselor licensure.
(740) 202-4864 View (740) 202-4864
Photo of Jennifer Scott, Counselor, LPCC-S, LICDC-S
Jennifer Scott
Counselor, LPCC-S, LICDC-S
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45420
Limiting NEW clients to those interested in GROUP therapy for EATING disorder or BODY image related issues. I apologize that I don't have the availability for new clients that are seeking regular individual-only counseling. Coming to accept that your food or body image issues may be too much to handle on your own can be challenging. Having the right support can make recovery possible. Taking a new approach to face our challenges requires courage. I believe that allowing yourself to connect with others, such as in a group, can also be an invaluable part of the healing process.
Limiting NEW clients to those interested in GROUP therapy for EATING disorder or BODY image related issues. I apologize that I don't have the availability for new clients that are seeking regular individual-only counseling. Coming to accept that your food or body image issues may be too much to handle on your own can be challenging. Having the right support can make recovery possible. Taking a new approach to face our challenges requires courage. I believe that allowing yourself to connect with others, such as in a group, can also be an invaluable part of the healing process.
(937) 365-9799 View (937) 365-9799
Photo of Robert Nathan Adams, Counselor, MS, LPCC
Robert Nathan Adams
Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45429
Nate works with individuals ages 10 and up and enjoys supporting a diverse range of clients. He believes that working with people from different backgrounds and life experiences keeps him mindful of diversity and fosters a well-rounded, inclusive perspective in his practice. By creating a welcoming and adaptable therapeutic environment, he helps clients feel seen, heard, and empowered in their personal growth journey. Rooted in the principles of a growth mindset, Nate empowers clients to see setbacks as opportunities for learning and transformation. He helps individuals break free from limiting patterns and build resilience.
Nate works with individuals ages 10 and up and enjoys supporting a diverse range of clients. He believes that working with people from different backgrounds and life experiences keeps him mindful of diversity and fosters a well-rounded, inclusive perspective in his practice. By creating a welcoming and adaptable therapeutic environment, he helps clients feel seen, heard, and empowered in their personal growth journey. Rooted in the principles of a growth mindset, Nate empowers clients to see setbacks as opportunities for learning and transformation. He helps individuals break free from limiting patterns and build resilience.
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Photo of Raymond Messer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Raymond Messer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45409
I am a direct, no-nonsense professional who has devoted my 40+ year career to helping people improve their lives. I work with adults and seniors (individual/couples) who are motivated to change. I work with children and teens within the structure of their families to resolve communication and behavioral difficulties. I have extensive experience working with adoptive (Reactive Attachment) and step families. If you are frustrated trying to connect with someone you love, outside intervention can help. Most often, that which is experienced as an emotional impasse, is an opportunity for growth.
I am a direct, no-nonsense professional who has devoted my 40+ year career to helping people improve their lives. I work with adults and seniors (individual/couples) who are motivated to change. I work with children and teens within the structure of their families to resolve communication and behavioral difficulties. I have extensive experience working with adoptive (Reactive Attachment) and step families. If you are frustrated trying to connect with someone you love, outside intervention can help. Most often, that which is experienced as an emotional impasse, is an opportunity for growth.
(937) 303-5240 View (937) 303-5240
Photo of Sheila R Piner, Counselor, LPCC, NCC, ISSTD
Sheila R Piner
Counselor, LPCC, NCC, ISSTD
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45439
Waitlist for new clients
I ascribe to an Existential/Humanistic theoretical approach to counseling. I am interested in working with the LGBTQ community, those with chronic pain problems, chronic health problems, dissociative disorders, severe and persistent mental illness, women's issues, and suicide prevention. I enjoy helping people learn to cope and assist them in finding a resolution to the difficulties they experience in life. I do not work with couples or do relationship counseling.
I ascribe to an Existential/Humanistic theoretical approach to counseling. I am interested in working with the LGBTQ community, those with chronic pain problems, chronic health problems, dissociative disorders, severe and persistent mental illness, women's issues, and suicide prevention. I enjoy helping people learn to cope and assist them in finding a resolution to the difficulties they experience in life. I do not work with couples or do relationship counseling.
(937) 469-8145 View (937) 469-8145
Photo of Matt Heiner, Psychologist, PhD
Matt Heiner
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45429
My approach to therapy is both focused on finding solutions and gaining understanding. First, I believe it is important to incorporate effective coping skills to mitigate the effects of any mental health concern. It is then often necessary to build insight as to the causes of these concerns in order to change problematic patterns in how we relate to ourselves and others. Anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship matters - I attempt to foster self-compassion and understanding in order to lighten the burden of difficult life situations.
My approach to therapy is both focused on finding solutions and gaining understanding. First, I believe it is important to incorporate effective coping skills to mitigate the effects of any mental health concern. It is then often necessary to build insight as to the causes of these concerns in order to change problematic patterns in how we relate to ourselves and others. Anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship matters - I attempt to foster self-compassion and understanding in order to lighten the burden of difficult life situations.
(937) 400-1489 View (937) 400-1489
Photo of Laura Rozier, Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPCC, LSW
Laura Rozier
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPCC, LSW
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45439
Hi, I'm Laura. If you're reading this, I imagine something in your life isn't feeling quite right. Maybe you're overwhelmed by anxiety or stuck in a cycle of sadness that you can't seem to shake. Maybe you have been through something traumatic that still lives in your body, your relationships, or your thoughts. Or maybe your relationship feels like it's falling apart-and you're not sure how to bring it back together. Whatever brought you here, I want you know that you are not alone, and you don't have to figure it out by yourself.
Hi, I'm Laura. If you're reading this, I imagine something in your life isn't feeling quite right. Maybe you're overwhelmed by anxiety or stuck in a cycle of sadness that you can't seem to shake. Maybe you have been through something traumatic that still lives in your body, your relationships, or your thoughts. Or maybe your relationship feels like it's falling apart-and you're not sure how to bring it back together. Whatever brought you here, I want you know that you are not alone, and you don't have to figure it out by yourself.
(937) 821-8215 View (937) 821-8215
Photo of Sherryl E Lindsey, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Sherryl E Lindsey
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Helping Individuals, Couples, Children & Families through Life Transitions & Personal Change." I am a very passionate person who has been in the field of psychotherapy and counseling for over 30 years helping people overcome obstacles and challenges in their lives. I use various powerful strategies to work through these issues successfully to help you to fully recover and feel better than you ever have in your life in just a few sessions. Pamper yourself, make you the priority in your life today. Pick up the phone and call me. I look forward to our journey.
Helping Individuals, Couples, Children & Families through Life Transitions & Personal Change." I am a very passionate person who has been in the field of psychotherapy and counseling for over 30 years helping people overcome obstacles and challenges in their lives. I use various powerful strategies to work through these issues successfully to help you to fully recover and feel better than you ever have in your life in just a few sessions. Pamper yourself, make you the priority in your life today. Pick up the phone and call me. I look forward to our journey.
(970) 329-1978 View (970) 329-1978
Photo of Brenda Haney - Clearing Path's Therapeutic Services, Ltd., Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Clearing Path's Therapeutic Services, Ltd.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45439
We are dedicated and professional Therapist/Counselors/Psychiatrist providing confidential services to individuals, couples, families, teens and groups. We specialize in mood disorders, substance abuse, women's issues, anger, ADHD, domestic violence, conduct disorders, PTSD, LGBT issues,and physical abuse,etc.
We are dedicated and professional Therapist/Counselors/Psychiatrist providing confidential services to individuals, couples, families, teens and groups. We specialize in mood disorders, substance abuse, women's issues, anger, ADHD, domestic violence, conduct disorders, PTSD, LGBT issues,and physical abuse,etc.
(937) 299-9060 View (937) 299-9060
Photo of Joshua M Thompson, Counselor, MSEd, LPCC-S
Joshua M Thompson
Counselor, MSEd, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Kettering, OH 45439
—Accepting New Clients - Evening hours available— We all experience life transitions, conflicts at home and at work, the beginnings and endings of important relationships, and internal struggles that affect the way we think, feel and act. I believe as a counselor, it is my role to create a genuine and therapeutic environment to help people overcome challenges, make positive life changes, clarify decisions, relieve pain, enable growth, and so much more. Please do not hesitate to call me for a free phone consultation where I am more than happy to answer any questions you may have.
—Accepting New Clients - Evening hours available— We all experience life transitions, conflicts at home and at work, the beginnings and endings of important relationships, and internal struggles that affect the way we think, feel and act. I believe as a counselor, it is my role to create a genuine and therapeutic environment to help people overcome challenges, make positive life changes, clarify decisions, relieve pain, enable growth, and so much more. Please do not hesitate to call me for a free phone consultation where I am more than happy to answer any questions you may have.
(937) 688-4753 View (937) 688-4753
Photo of Justine Steele, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Justine Steele
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Kettering, OH 45429
I am a Licensed Social Worker who is passionate about working with clients who need support navigating the difficult parts of life. Whether that is depression, anxiety, trauma, etc. I am here to support clients as they pursue their healing and personal growth.
I am a Licensed Social Worker who is passionate about working with clients who need support navigating the difficult parts of life. Whether that is depression, anxiety, trauma, etc. I am here to support clients as they pursue their healing and personal growth.
(937) 358-8788 View (937) 358-8788
Photo of Joni Fisher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joni Fisher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Online Only
Are you feeling bogged down by ongoing worries, sadness, or self-doubts? Do you ever feel stuck in the past or fear that a sense of well-being is out of reach? Facing these hardships alone is often overwhelming. I'm a licensed professional clinical counselor with specialty interests including trauma, mood and anxiety disorders, identity development, and navigating life transitions.
Are you feeling bogged down by ongoing worries, sadness, or self-doubts? Do you ever feel stuck in the past or fear that a sense of well-being is out of reach? Facing these hardships alone is often overwhelming. I'm a licensed professional clinical counselor with specialty interests including trauma, mood and anxiety disorders, identity development, and navigating life transitions.
(234) 516-2221 View (234) 516-2221
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See more therapy options for Kettering

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Kettering, OH

100+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Kettering, OH who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
83% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
69% Grief

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Anthem
72% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Kettering, OH see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Kettering?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.