Therapists in Cuyahoga Falls, OH
Grace Williamson
Counselor, MAEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44223
Do you feel stuck? Are you struggling with addiction or in recovery? Do you have a history of trauma? Maybe you feel anxious and depressed but aren't sure why? Maybe you just feel that you aren't living up to your full potential and are merely surviving? Addiction and trauma are focuses for me but my main passion is simply helping people the best way I can. I enjoy working with client's of all ages, primarily adults, who want help to help themselves. Seeking help on your journey is a big step, whether you feel you're at rock bottom or almost at the top and just need a boost.
Do you feel stuck? Are you struggling with addiction or in recovery? Do you have a history of trauma? Maybe you feel anxious and depressed but aren't sure why? Maybe you just feel that you aren't living up to your full potential and are merely surviving? Addiction and trauma are focuses for me but my main passion is simply helping people the best way I can. I enjoy working with client's of all ages, primarily adults, who want help to help themselves. Seeking help on your journey is a big step, whether you feel you're at rock bottom or almost at the top and just need a boost.
Esperanza Smith
Counselor, CT
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44223
Hello! My name is Esperanza Smith. I have worked with clients experiencing concerns such as depression, anxiety, sexual orientation and identity, discovery of identity, relationships, confidence, and self-compassion. I like to utilize Person Centered ideals when approaching therapy while also using evidence-based treatment interventions such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Hello! My name is Esperanza Smith. I have worked with clients experiencing concerns such as depression, anxiety, sexual orientation and identity, discovery of identity, relationships, confidence, and self-compassion. I like to utilize Person Centered ideals when approaching therapy while also using evidence-based treatment interventions such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Laura DelSignore
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, LPCC-S, IMFT-S
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221 (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am a graduate of The University of Akron with a Master’s of Education in Marriage and Family Therapy. I have experience working with adolescents, individuals, couples and families. I also have a passion for providing a safe space for mental health professionals seeking their own services. I am a humanistic and feminist therapist and I am trained in CBT, Dancing Mindfulness and Motivational Interviewing. I am an EMDR Certified Therapist and an EMDR Consultant-In-Training. I am able to assist with trauma, anxiety, depression, domestic violence and relationship issues. I am proud to support the LGBTQIA+ community.
I am a graduate of The University of Akron with a Master’s of Education in Marriage and Family Therapy. I have experience working with adolescents, individuals, couples and families. I also have a passion for providing a safe space for mental health professionals seeking their own services. I am a humanistic and feminist therapist and I am trained in CBT, Dancing Mindfulness and Motivational Interviewing. I am an EMDR Certified Therapist and an EMDR Consultant-In-Training. I am able to assist with trauma, anxiety, depression, domestic violence and relationship issues. I am proud to support the LGBTQIA+ community.
Jamie Lizak
Counselor, MA, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221
Are you looking to make a change, but aren't sure where to begin? Maybe you're wanting to improve your relationships, navigate a life transition, better understand your emotions, or learn new ways to cope with depression or anxiety. You do not have to embark on this journey alone, connecting with a counselor is a great place to start. I believe that we flourish when we find relationships that empower us to embrace ourselves fully, challenge us when we're stuck, and honor our unique perspectives.
Are you looking to make a change, but aren't sure where to begin? Maybe you're wanting to improve your relationships, navigate a life transition, better understand your emotions, or learn new ways to cope with depression or anxiety. You do not have to embark on this journey alone, connecting with a counselor is a great place to start. I believe that we flourish when we find relationships that empower us to embrace ourselves fully, challenge us when we're stuck, and honor our unique perspectives.
Adam Swed
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44223
If you need guidance finding your way through a challenging period in your life, I would like to help. Our time together can be short and solution-focused or much longer, depending on the nature of your concerns and your progress in therapy. I use several approaches to therapy which include modalities such as trauma informed, DBT, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational interviewing.
If you need guidance finding your way through a challenging period in your life, I would like to help. Our time together can be short and solution-focused or much longer, depending on the nature of your concerns and your progress in therapy. I use several approaches to therapy which include modalities such as trauma informed, DBT, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational interviewing.
Megan Lachowski
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MEd, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221 (Online Only)
You feel like you’re trapped in a maze of emotions. You’re constantly being pulled between moments of intense distress and moments of numb detachment. Fear, anger, and sadness keep you from feeling any sense of stability or peace. You’re struggling to trust others and nothing feels safe. You’re feeling exhausted and isolated and it’s time for a change. You want to get through your day without being constantly on edge, waiting for the next intrusive thought to appear. You’d like to enjoy life without constant worry or fear. You think it would also feel wonderful to achieve a sense of inner peace. I can help you get there.
You feel like you’re trapped in a maze of emotions. You’re constantly being pulled between moments of intense distress and moments of numb detachment. Fear, anger, and sadness keep you from feeling any sense of stability or peace. You’re struggling to trust others and nothing feels safe. You’re feeling exhausted and isolated and it’s time for a change. You want to get through your day without being constantly on edge, waiting for the next intrusive thought to appear. You’d like to enjoy life without constant worry or fear. You think it would also feel wonderful to achieve a sense of inner peace. I can help you get there.
Nyema Bedell
Counselor, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44223
Waitlist for new clients
We all need someone who will listen and walk alongside us. Someone that will provide support, healing, and encouragement during our difficult times in life." I strive to provide a safe, confidential and non-judgmental environment to assist individuals, couples and/or children during every season of life.
We all need someone who will listen and walk alongside us. Someone that will provide support, healing, and encouragement during our difficult times in life." I strive to provide a safe, confidential and non-judgmental environment to assist individuals, couples and/or children during every season of life.
Megan D Mitcheltree
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221
Waitlist for new clients
As you read this, you may feel scared, confused, overwhelmed, or all of the above. However you feel, know you are brave for getting this far. I strive to help my clients in their walk with anxiety, trauma, depression, and grief with a variety of evidence-based techniques. For each client, we co-create a treatment plan that holistically addresses their individual needs. I enjoy working with individuals, couples, families and am a proud ally of the LGBT+ community. I believe that each person deserves to feel safe, confident, and at peace in their own mind and body, including you!
As you read this, you may feel scared, confused, overwhelmed, or all of the above. However you feel, know you are brave for getting this far. I strive to help my clients in their walk with anxiety, trauma, depression, and grief with a variety of evidence-based techniques. For each client, we co-create a treatment plan that holistically addresses their individual needs. I enjoy working with individuals, couples, families and am a proud ally of the LGBT+ community. I believe that each person deserves to feel safe, confident, and at peace in their own mind and body, including you!
Marysa Williams
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221
Dr. Williams provides therapeutic services to children, adolescents, adults, caregivers and families exhibiting a diversity of emotional and behavioral health concerns, including but not limited to, depression, self-esteem, anger, anxiety, divorce, adjustment disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder/trauma, ADHD, learning disorders, behavioral disorders, and parent/caregiver concerns. Dr. Williams strives to build hope and resilience in her clients, while working collaboratively and fostering independence so that her clients no longer need the support of therapy. Schedule now at effectivecounseling.org
Dr. Williams provides therapeutic services to children, adolescents, adults, caregivers and families exhibiting a diversity of emotional and behavioral health concerns, including but not limited to, depression, self-esteem, anger, anxiety, divorce, adjustment disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder/trauma, ADHD, learning disorders, behavioral disorders, and parent/caregiver concerns. Dr. Williams strives to build hope and resilience in her clients, while working collaboratively and fostering independence so that her clients no longer need the support of therapy. Schedule now at effectivecounseling.org
Holly Timberlake
Psychologist, PhD, DCEP
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44223
Waitlist for new clients
Are you aware that some issues/patterns from the past are robbing you of a healthy feeling of well-being, self-confidence, of more fulfilling relationships & life experience? Maybe you want to go deeper in your healing work than you have been able to previously with other therapies? If so, I invite you to begin individual therapy or personal/executive coaching with me. Overcome anxiety, heal PTSD, improve your relationships and your ability to be fully present and alive in this amazing world! It could likely be one of the best choices you've ever made.
Are you aware that some issues/patterns from the past are robbing you of a healthy feeling of well-being, self-confidence, of more fulfilling relationships & life experience? Maybe you want to go deeper in your healing work than you have been able to previously with other therapies? If so, I invite you to begin individual therapy or personal/executive coaching with me. Overcome anxiety, heal PTSD, improve your relationships and your ability to be fully present and alive in this amazing world! It could likely be one of the best choices you've ever made.
Anderson R Hawes
Counselor, LPCC, LICDC, LSW
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44223
Finding a compassionate and non-judgmental therapist is the first step to improve your quality of life and help you achieve outcomes that meet both present and future goals! I am an experienced Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, Licensed Social Worker & Licensed Independent Chemical Dependency Counselor - with advanced professional training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Clinical Hypnosis, Gestalt Therapy, Mindfulness, Trauma Recovery & Addictions - providing specialized psycho-social assessment, substance abuse assessments & effective treatments: addictions (heroin, opioid, rx drugs, alcohol, DUI, smoking, gambling, compulsive disorders), mental health, bi-polar, trauma recovery, depression, anxiety, family/couples/divorce, personality, emotional & adjustment problems. Free phone consultation!
Finding a compassionate and non-judgmental therapist is the first step to improve your quality of life and help you achieve outcomes that meet both present and future goals! I am an experienced Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, Licensed Social Worker & Licensed Independent Chemical Dependency Counselor - with advanced professional training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Clinical Hypnosis, Gestalt Therapy, Mindfulness, Trauma Recovery & Addictions - providing specialized psycho-social assessment, substance abuse assessments & effective treatments: addictions (heroin, opioid, rx drugs, alcohol, DUI, smoking, gambling, compulsive disorders), mental health, bi-polar, trauma recovery, depression, anxiety, family/couples/divorce, personality, emotional & adjustment problems. Free phone consultation!
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Andrew Linder
Counselor, MAEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221 (Online Only)
You want to appear successful & like you have it “all together” but deep down are struggling to feel confident in who you are or cope with challenging experiences that have occurred in your life. Instead you just watch Star Wars, The Office, Friends, Big Bang, or any other things you've seen, done or played a million times. I get it. But you are ready to stop feeling numb and disassociating. You're ready to stop letting those intrusive negative thoughts dictate your life. You're ready to dig deep and change those "default settings" into something positive that you create.
You want to appear successful & like you have it “all together” but deep down are struggling to feel confident in who you are or cope with challenging experiences that have occurred in your life. Instead you just watch Star Wars, The Office, Friends, Big Bang, or any other things you've seen, done or played a million times. I get it. But you are ready to stop feeling numb and disassociating. You're ready to stop letting those intrusive negative thoughts dictate your life. You're ready to dig deep and change those "default settings" into something positive that you create.
Alyssa R Hernandez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221
Have you been feeling "off"? Perhaps you have been feeling chronically stressed, or hopeless things will get better. If so, you are not alone, and I am here to offer support. My passion is working with people who struggle with anxiety, depression, trauma, interpersonal, stress and adjustment issues. I have an eclectic theoretical orientation that I tailor to my clients needs and goals for treatment. The primary theories I operate from are Cognitive Behavioral, Dialectical Behavioral, and Solution-Focused theories.
Have you been feeling "off"? Perhaps you have been feeling chronically stressed, or hopeless things will get better. If so, you are not alone, and I am here to offer support. My passion is working with people who struggle with anxiety, depression, trauma, interpersonal, stress and adjustment issues. I have an eclectic theoretical orientation that I tailor to my clients needs and goals for treatment. The primary theories I operate from are Cognitive Behavioral, Dialectical Behavioral, and Solution-Focused theories.
Mary Beth Stevens
Counselor, MEd, LPCC, BCN
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44223
Waitlist for new clients
The human brain is shaped by experience. Sometimes those experiences can be overwhelming, leaving us at a loss for how to integrate them into the greater context of our lives. No matter how much we talk about it, we can often still feel stuck, sometimes even after years of talk therapy! Through a powerful combination of trauma-informed approaches, it is possible for these patterns to be reversed. I hold out tremendous hope for change because I have seen the power of the brain to heal from deep wounding.
The human brain is shaped by experience. Sometimes those experiences can be overwhelming, leaving us at a loss for how to integrate them into the greater context of our lives. No matter how much we talk about it, we can often still feel stuck, sometimes even after years of talk therapy! Through a powerful combination of trauma-informed approaches, it is possible for these patterns to be reversed. I hold out tremendous hope for change because I have seen the power of the brain to heal from deep wounding.
Kimberlee Barrella
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MEd, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221
I have a soft spot for working with adolescents and young adults, especially young women and individuals from the LGBTQ+ community. We collaboratively work together to identify goals and to create a plan to move toward them. In counseling, we work on enhancing self-esteem, self-worth, and independence by targeting negative beliefs. Clients and I have worked through a host of concerns including anxiety, depression, OCD, adjusting through life transitions, breakups, and identity issues.
I have a soft spot for working with adolescents and young adults, especially young women and individuals from the LGBTQ+ community. We collaboratively work together to identify goals and to create a plan to move toward them. In counseling, we work on enhancing self-esteem, self-worth, and independence by targeting negative beliefs. Clients and I have worked through a host of concerns including anxiety, depression, OCD, adjusting through life transitions, breakups, and identity issues.
Mary (Molly) Catherine Martin
Marriage & Family Therapist, IMFT-S, BCBA, COBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221
"Who can take away suffering without entering it?" - Henri Nouwen. Many of the people who come to see me are suffering in some way, be it big or small, and are searching for a way to make sense of what is happening to them. Whether it is figuring out how to deal with your emotions, building better boundaries with the people you love, or finding your way towards healing after having been hurt, I am here to cheer you on and help you get where you want to be.
"Who can take away suffering without entering it?" - Henri Nouwen. Many of the people who come to see me are suffering in some way, be it big or small, and are searching for a way to make sense of what is happening to them. Whether it is figuring out how to deal with your emotions, building better boundaries with the people you love, or finding your way towards healing after having been hurt, I am here to cheer you on and help you get where you want to be.
Emily Linder
Counselor, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221 (Online Only)
You're sitting on the couch trying to motivate yourself to get up and moving. You have so much to do and all of it important but you just... can't. You feel overwhelmed and you don't know where to start. You're exhausted and it's time for a change. You want to get through your day without becoming overwhelmed and shutting down. You'd like to tackle your day to day tasks without that little voice in the back of your head being so critical. You think it would also feel wonderful to actually enjoy life and take time for yourself without feeling guilty or selfish. I can help you get there.
You're sitting on the couch trying to motivate yourself to get up and moving. You have so much to do and all of it important but you just... can't. You feel overwhelmed and you don't know where to start. You're exhausted and it's time for a change. You want to get through your day without becoming overwhelmed and shutting down. You'd like to tackle your day to day tasks without that little voice in the back of your head being so critical. You think it would also feel wonderful to actually enjoy life and take time for yourself without feeling guilty or selfish. I can help you get there.
Laurie A Spenik
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S, EMDR, CIT
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221
Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, substance use, or have daily life challenges, I am here to help you learn how to be your best self! Life presents many challenges and never be afraid to ask for help. Many children and adults have struggled due to social isolation, due to COVID. Many of my current clients have struggled with addiction, depression, and anxiety because of past trauma. It may be sexual abuse as a child, witnessing violence, being involved in an accident, struggling just to get out of bed for the day. Don't give up on yourself, you deserve to live your best life. Just remember today is the day!
Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, substance use, or have daily life challenges, I am here to help you learn how to be your best self! Life presents many challenges and never be afraid to ask for help. Many children and adults have struggled due to social isolation, due to COVID. Many of my current clients have struggled with addiction, depression, and anxiety because of past trauma. It may be sexual abuse as a child, witnessing violence, being involved in an accident, struggling just to get out of bed for the day. Don't give up on yourself, you deserve to live your best life. Just remember today is the day!
Anthony DelSignore
Counselor, MEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221 (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am a graduate of Kent State University with a Master’s of Education in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. I have had many years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families as both a counselor and a case manager. I have worked both in private practice settings and community agency settings as well. I am trained in EMDR, DBT, LGBTQIA+ inclusion, Adventure Therapy and Structured Sensory Interventions for Traumatized Children, Adolescents and Parents. I am able to assist with a variety of concerns including: trauma, anxiety, depression, parenting, adoption and fostering, grief and loss, and gender identity.
I am a graduate of Kent State University with a Master’s of Education in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. I have had many years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families as both a counselor and a case manager. I have worked both in private practice settings and community agency settings as well. I am trained in EMDR, DBT, LGBTQIA+ inclusion, Adventure Therapy and Structured Sensory Interventions for Traumatized Children, Adolescents and Parents. I am able to assist with a variety of concerns including: trauma, anxiety, depression, parenting, adoption and fostering, grief and loss, and gender identity.
Cultivate Counseling & Consulting
Counselor
Verified Verified
Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44223
2023 is here...Does that sound exciting or completely overwhelming? Does it feel like your life is less manageable? Are you struggling to express your wants and needs? If you need guidance finding your way through a challenging period in your life, we would like to help. Our time together can be short and solution-focused or much longer, depending on the nature of your concerns and your progress in therapy. We use several approaches to therapy which include modalities such as trauma informed, DBT, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational interviewing. Our staff are accepting new Medicaid clients as early as next week!
2023 is here...Does that sound exciting or completely overwhelming? Does it feel like your life is less manageable? Are you struggling to express your wants and needs? If you need guidance finding your way through a challenging period in your life, we would like to help. Our time together can be short and solution-focused or much longer, depending on the nature of your concerns and your progress in therapy. We use several approaches to therapy which include modalities such as trauma informed, DBT, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational interviewing. Our staff are accepting new Medicaid clients as early as next week!
See more therapy options for Cuyahoga Falls
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in Cuyahoga Falls, OH
90+
Average cost per session
$130
Therapists in Cuyahoga Falls, OH who prioritize treating:
94% | Anxiety |
89% | Depression |
80% | Trauma and PTSD |
76% | Self Esteem |
75% | Coping Skills |
75% | Stress |
72% | Relationship Issues |
Average years in practice
8 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
92% | Medical Mutual |
78% | Anthem | Elevance |
75% | UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH |
How Therapists in Cuyahoga Falls, OH see their clients
82% | In Person and Online | |
18% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
85% | Female | |
15% | Male |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in Cuyahoga Falls?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.