Therapists in Fairborn, OH

Photo of Michelle Jenkins - LifeStance Health, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
LifeStance Health
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Fairborn, OH 45324
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
(937) 764-2688 View (937) 764-2688
Photo of Dr. Stephanie Little, Psychologist, PhD, PsyD
Dr. Stephanie Little
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD
Fairborn, OH 45324
Stephanie Little is a Psychologist in Ohio who has been practicing since 2016. She obtained her Bachelor’s Degree from Smith College, her M.S. and PhD from Vanderbilt University, and completed her pre-doctoral internship at Vanderbilt’s Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Stephanie has extensive training in diagnosis; thus, she is able to assess psychological disorders fully and accurately in youth. She utilizes evidence-based interventions, including cognitive-behavioral, family, humanistic, psychodynamic, and play therapies, while considering each client’s unique characteristics and situation.
Stephanie Little is a Psychologist in Ohio who has been practicing since 2016. She obtained her Bachelor’s Degree from Smith College, her M.S. and PhD from Vanderbilt University, and completed her pre-doctoral internship at Vanderbilt’s Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Stephanie has extensive training in diagnosis; thus, she is able to assess psychological disorders fully and accurately in youth. She utilizes evidence-based interventions, including cognitive-behavioral, family, humanistic, psychodynamic, and play therapies, while considering each client’s unique characteristics and situation.
(937) 880-2996 View (937) 880-2996
Photo of Sherry Greene, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LISW
Sherry Greene
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LISW
Fairborn, OH 45324
Sherry Greene, LISW Sherry Greene is a licensed independent social worker. She earned a Bachelor's degree in social work from Wright State University, graduating summa cum laude, with a minor in Psychology. She went on to obtain a Master's degree in social work from a combined Miami University Oxford and Wright State University. Her work experience includes 7 years with a foster care agency and over 2 years with Lifestance. During this time, her clinical experience included: Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Foster Care, Telehealth, and Outpatient Mental Health Services.
Sherry Greene, LISW Sherry Greene is a licensed independent social worker. She earned a Bachelor's degree in social work from Wright State University, graduating summa cum laude, with a minor in Psychology. She went on to obtain a Master's degree in social work from a combined Miami University Oxford and Wright State University. Her work experience includes 7 years with a foster care agency and over 2 years with Lifestance. During this time, her clinical experience included: Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Foster Care, Telehealth, and Outpatient Mental Health Services.
(937) 358-6207 View (937) 358-6207
Photo of Ann Scalero, Counselor, MS, LPCC-S
Ann Scalero
Counselor, MS, LPCC-S
Fairborn, OH 45324
Ann Marie Scalero, LPCC, is a compassionate therapist serving individuals across Ohio. With over two decades of experience, she provides a supportive, non-judgmental space for clients to explore their thoughts and feelings and navigate life's challenges. Ann Marie works with adolescents, young adults, and adults, helping them process difficulties and develop strategies for personal growth. Ann Marie specializes in treating ADHD, anxiety, depression, PTSD, childhood behavior issues, and women’s issues.
Ann Marie Scalero, LPCC, is a compassionate therapist serving individuals across Ohio. With over two decades of experience, she provides a supportive, non-judgmental space for clients to explore their thoughts and feelings and navigate life's challenges. Ann Marie works with adolescents, young adults, and adults, helping them process difficulties and develop strategies for personal growth. Ann Marie specializes in treating ADHD, anxiety, depression, PTSD, childhood behavior issues, and women’s issues.
(937) 761-3505 View (937) 761-3505
Saidee Purcell
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MEd, LPCC
Fairborn, OH 45324
Waitlist for new clients
Within this journey of life, we face many challenges and adversities. Some experience situations and life events that are completely out of their control. In going through traumatic experiences, our mind and body sometimes responds in ways we never expected. As a counselor, I hold passion towards helping those who suffer from traumatic stress of the mind and body. I hold space for my clients to navigate ways through life's circumstances so they can find a functional mindset and coping strategies towards their automatic responses.
Within this journey of life, we face many challenges and adversities. Some experience situations and life events that are completely out of their control. In going through traumatic experiences, our mind and body sometimes responds in ways we never expected. As a counselor, I hold passion towards helping those who suffer from traumatic stress of the mind and body. I hold space for my clients to navigate ways through life's circumstances so they can find a functional mindset and coping strategies towards their automatic responses.
(937) 588-6807 View (937) 588-6807
Photo of Michelle Jenkins, Counselor, MA, LPCC
Michelle Jenkins
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Fairborn, OH 45324
Michelle Jenkins earned her master’s degree in mental health counseling from the University of Cincinnati and her bachelor’s degree from Wright State University. She is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor with 14 years of experience, working with children, adolescents and adults, ages 9-65. Her specialty areas include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, grief and loss, depression, anger management, as well as social, emotional or behavioral concerns for children and teens.
Michelle Jenkins earned her master’s degree in mental health counseling from the University of Cincinnati and her bachelor’s degree from Wright State University. She is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor with 14 years of experience, working with children, adolescents and adults, ages 9-65. Her specialty areas include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, grief and loss, depression, anger management, as well as social, emotional or behavioral concerns for children and teens.
(937) 787-5259 View (937) 787-5259
Photo of Charles J Shaffer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Charles J Shaffer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Online Only
Starting therapy can feel like a big step—especially if you’ve been dealing with anxiety, stress, or feeling stuck for a while. Many of the people I work with come in feeling overwhelmed or unsure of how to move forward, and that’s okay. We try to take it one step at a time. I specialize in working with adults who experience depression, anxiety, substance use, & PTSD using trauma-informed therapeutic approaches. My work draws from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), harm-reduction principles, and psychotherapy; depending on what fits best for you.
Starting therapy can feel like a big step—especially if you’ve been dealing with anxiety, stress, or feeling stuck for a while. Many of the people I work with come in feeling overwhelmed or unsure of how to move forward, and that’s okay. We try to take it one step at a time. I specialize in working with adults who experience depression, anxiety, substance use, & PTSD using trauma-informed therapeutic approaches. My work draws from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), harm-reduction principles, and psychotherapy; depending on what fits best for you.
(513) 601-9651 View (513) 601-9651
Photo of Michelle Ybarra, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Michelle Ybarra
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Online Only
I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 10 years of experience in helping others. I have served children, adults, couples, military members and their families. I am trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and have seen great results when using this method with my clients. I am a veteran, retired military spouse, and have dealt with grief on a personal level, which I believe helps me to be more empathetic for my clients.
I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 10 years of experience in helping others. I have served children, adults, couples, military members and their families. I am trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and have seen great results when using this method with my clients. I am a veteran, retired military spouse, and have dealt with grief on a personal level, which I believe helps me to be more empathetic for my clients.
(937) 745-3266 View (937) 745-3266
Photo of Jason M. Hale, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Jason M. Hale
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Fairborn, OH 45324
Welcome, thank you for your interest in our services. Regardless of what it is that you may be seeking assistance with today, I want to assure you that you are not alone. I know that there are times and situations in life that can feel frustrating, uncertain, or even overwhelming. It can be easy to feel "stuck" at some of these points in life that we all face at times, and it is then that having the help of an experienced guide can make a big difference.
Welcome, thank you for your interest in our services. Regardless of what it is that you may be seeking assistance with today, I want to assure you that you are not alone. I know that there are times and situations in life that can feel frustrating, uncertain, or even overwhelming. It can be easy to feel "stuck" at some of these points in life that we all face at times, and it is then that having the help of an experienced guide can make a big difference.
(937) 588-6685 View (937) 588-6685
Photo of Sarah Rhodes, Counselor, MA, LPCC-S
Sarah Rhodes
Counselor, MA, LPCC-S
Fairborn, OH 45324
Sarah Rhodes, LPCC-S, offers compassionate mental health care to individuals and families throughout Ohio. With a deep understanding of the emotional challenges her clients face, she provides personalized support to help them manage anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders. Sarah also offers couples and family therapy, guiding individuals and loved ones through relationship challenges, life transitions, and trauma recovery. Whether working with clients in person or through virtual sessions, her goal is to foster emotional resilience and promote meaningful change.
Sarah Rhodes, LPCC-S, offers compassionate mental health care to individuals and families throughout Ohio. With a deep understanding of the emotional challenges her clients face, she provides personalized support to help them manage anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders. Sarah also offers couples and family therapy, guiding individuals and loved ones through relationship challenges, life transitions, and trauma recovery. Whether working with clients in person or through virtual sessions, her goal is to foster emotional resilience and promote meaningful change.
(937) 764-9447 View (937) 764-9447
Photo of Linda Hylton, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Linda Hylton
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Online Only
Many people reach out for therapy when life starts to feel overwhelming, confusing, or heavier than usual. You might be dealing with anxiety that won't quiet down, feeling stuck in depression, processing trauma, or trying to adjust to a major life change. Whatever brings you here you don't have to navigate it alone. I believe therapy works best when you can feel comfortable being yourself. My goal is to create a space where you can talk openly without feeling judged or pressured. Together, we can explore what you're going through, make sense of difficult emotions, and find practical ways to move forward.
Many people reach out for therapy when life starts to feel overwhelming, confusing, or heavier than usual. You might be dealing with anxiety that won't quiet down, feeling stuck in depression, processing trauma, or trying to adjust to a major life change. Whatever brings you here you don't have to navigate it alone. I believe therapy works best when you can feel comfortable being yourself. My goal is to create a space where you can talk openly without feeling judged or pressured. Together, we can explore what you're going through, make sense of difficult emotions, and find practical ways to move forward.
(937) 884-4278 View (937) 884-4278
Photo of Allie Rowlette, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Allie Rowlette
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Fairborn, OH 45324
Allie Rowlette is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in Ohio who has been practicing since 2011. She completed her undergraduate degree in Family Studies at Miami University and completed her graduate program, receiving her MSW from University of Cincinnati. Allie provides a holistic approach to helping clients work through and cope with anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, and life stressors preventing them from reaching their life goals. Allie believes individuals and couples become their best selves through development of coping skills and self-confidence.
Allie Rowlette is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in Ohio who has been practicing since 2011. She completed her undergraduate degree in Family Studies at Miami University and completed her graduate program, receiving her MSW from University of Cincinnati. Allie provides a holistic approach to helping clients work through and cope with anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, and life stressors preventing them from reaching their life goals. Allie believes individuals and couples become their best selves through development of coping skills and self-confidence.
(513) 654-1137 View (513) 654-1137
Photo of Shane Everett Harphant, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LSW, LICDC
Shane Everett Harphant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LSW, LICDC
1 Endorsed
Fairborn, OH 45324
My ideal client is someone who is ready to make sense of their story and move toward healing, even if they don’t yet know where to start. They may be carrying the weight of anxiety, loss, trauma, or self-doubt, and want to feel grounded, capable, and connected again. As a therapist and social worker, and as someone who has walked through my own difficult seasons, I understand that growth often begins in the moments we feel most uncertain. My goal is to help clients rediscover their strength, gain clarity, and create meaningful change that allows them to move beyond survival into a life of purpose and self-acceptance.
My ideal client is someone who is ready to make sense of their story and move toward healing, even if they don’t yet know where to start. They may be carrying the weight of anxiety, loss, trauma, or self-doubt, and want to feel grounded, capable, and connected again. As a therapist and social worker, and as someone who has walked through my own difficult seasons, I understand that growth often begins in the moments we feel most uncertain. My goal is to help clients rediscover their strength, gain clarity, and create meaningful change that allows them to move beyond survival into a life of purpose and self-acceptance.
(937) 860-1739 View (937) 860-1739
Photo of Jennifer Hudson, Counselor, MS, LPCC-S, LICDC
Jennifer Hudson
Counselor, MS, LPCC-S, LICDC
Fairborn, OH 45324
Jennie Hudson is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2009. She has an undergraduate degree in Sociology and a Master’s degree in Counseling with a focus of Marriage and Family, family systems. Jennie has worked in the field of counseling for mental health and addiction recovery since 2009 in nonprofit community settings. She has found her work to be incredibly rewarding and is honored to work with so many people of such diverse and challenging backgrounds as they work their way through recovery in one form or another.
Jennie Hudson is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2009. She has an undergraduate degree in Sociology and a Master’s degree in Counseling with a focus of Marriage and Family, family systems. Jennie has worked in the field of counseling for mental health and addiction recovery since 2009 in nonprofit community settings. She has found her work to be incredibly rewarding and is honored to work with so many people of such diverse and challenging backgrounds as they work their way through recovery in one form or another.
(937) 887-4517 View (937) 887-4517
Photo of Rebecca Manville, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LISW
Rebecca Manville
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LISW
Fairborn, OH 45324
Rebecca believes every client should feel like he/she/they have been heard. She is a generalist practitioner who works with clients ages 13 years and older, and feels treatment should be client focused and driven to help the client achieve his/her/their goals. In her free time, Rebecca enjoys antiquing and flea market shopping.
Rebecca believes every client should feel like he/she/they have been heard. She is a generalist practitioner who works with clients ages 13 years and older, and feels treatment should be client focused and driven to help the client achieve his/her/their goals. In her free time, Rebecca enjoys antiquing and flea market shopping.
(937) 446-6415 View (937) 446-6415
Photo of Ronald L DeBlanc - Girls/Guys Off Drugs (GOD) Program, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, DMin, DD, MA-Psy, ThB, BS
Girls/Guys Off Drugs (GOD) Program
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, DMin, DD, MA-Psy, ThB, BS
1 Endorsed
Fairborn, OH 45324
CURRENTLY ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS. Cast all your care upon Him, for He careth for you. I Pet.5:7. Looking for a new life. Tire of alcohol & other drugs controlling your life. Depression, worry, fear & anger. We can help!! Individual, couples, group and family therapy.
CURRENTLY ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS. Cast all your care upon Him, for He careth for you. I Pet.5:7. Looking for a new life. Tire of alcohol & other drugs controlling your life. Depression, worry, fear & anger. We can help!! Individual, couples, group and family therapy.
(937) 405-1743 View (937) 405-1743
Photo of Andrew Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Andrew Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Fairborn, OH 45324
Andy is especially passionate about working with individuals dealing with depression, anxiety, and gender identity issues. He understands the profound impact these concerns can have on a person's well-being and is committed to offering support that is both empathetic and effective. Whether clients are struggling with relationship troubles, anger management, or navigating their identity, Andy tailors his approach to meet each client's unique needs, fostering a sense of understanding and growth.Andy is especially passionate about working with individuals dealing with depression, anxiety, and gender identity issues. He understands the
Andy is especially passionate about working with individuals dealing with depression, anxiety, and gender identity issues. He understands the profound impact these concerns can have on a person's well-being and is committed to offering support that is both empathetic and effective. Whether clients are struggling with relationship troubles, anger management, or navigating their identity, Andy tailors his approach to meet each client's unique needs, fostering a sense of understanding and growth.Andy is especially passionate about working with individuals dealing with depression, anxiety, and gender identity issues. He understands the
(937) 887-2802 View (937) 887-2802
Photo of Caroline Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Caroline Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in helping clients navigate life transitions, stress, and personal growth with compassion. If you are feeling overwhelmed or ready for a change, I'm here to support you every step of the way. Clients often leave feeling more grounded, heard, validated and empowered. Together, we'll work together to identify patterns, build on your strengths and develop practical tools you can use in your everyday life. My goal is to create a space where you feel safe to share, grow and move forward with meaningful change - at a pace that works for you.
I specialize in helping clients navigate life transitions, stress, and personal growth with compassion. If you are feeling overwhelmed or ready for a change, I'm here to support you every step of the way. Clients often leave feeling more grounded, heard, validated and empowered. Together, we'll work together to identify patterns, build on your strengths and develop practical tools you can use in your everyday life. My goal is to create a space where you feel safe to share, grow and move forward with meaningful change - at a pace that works for you.
(937) 210-4530 View (937) 210-4530
Photo of Sarah Presley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Sarah Presley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Online Only
You don’t have to figure everything out alone. If you're a teen or young adult feeling overwhelmed, anxious, stuck in painful patterns, or carrying the weight of past experiences, therapy can be the place where you can be 100% authentically yourself, without worry of shame or judgment. I specialize in working with teens and young adults navigating trauma, anxiety, depression, and major life transitions. The idea of therapy can be scary, especially for teenagers, and I hear ya! I take pride in my ability to easily build rapport and lessen some of the initial "stress" that comes with sharing parts of your life with a stranger.
You don’t have to figure everything out alone. If you're a teen or young adult feeling overwhelmed, anxious, stuck in painful patterns, or carrying the weight of past experiences, therapy can be the place where you can be 100% authentically yourself, without worry of shame or judgment. I specialize in working with teens and young adults navigating trauma, anxiety, depression, and major life transitions. The idea of therapy can be scary, especially for teenagers, and I hear ya! I take pride in my ability to easily build rapport and lessen some of the initial "stress" that comes with sharing parts of your life with a stranger.
(380) 205-8877 View (380) 205-8877
Photo of Cheryl B Levine, Psychologist, PsyD
Cheryl B Levine
Psychologist, PsyD
Fairborn, OH 45324
My primary passion is helping people heal from trauma as an EMDR therapist. I am so moved by the courage of my clients. I am amazed at our capacity for healing and am profoundly honored to assist in a process that is both so deeply painful and so joyful in recovery. I also work with clients on other issues like depression, anxiety, women's issues, life transitions, boundaries, communication and relationships. I have completed my Level III Board Certification in Telehealth because I want to be able to help people all across Ohio, not just those who can come to my office in person.
My primary passion is helping people heal from trauma as an EMDR therapist. I am so moved by the courage of my clients. I am amazed at our capacity for healing and am profoundly honored to assist in a process that is both so deeply painful and so joyful in recovery. I also work with clients on other issues like depression, anxiety, women's issues, life transitions, boundaries, communication and relationships. I have completed my Level III Board Certification in Telehealth because I want to be able to help people all across Ohio, not just those who can come to my office in person.
(937) 900-9214 View (937) 900-9214

See more therapy options for Fairborn

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Fairborn, OH

40+

Average cost per session

$109

Therapists in Fairborn, OH who prioritize treating:

98% Anxiety
98% Social Anxiety
98% Health Anxiety
98% Driving Anxiety
94% Depression
85% Trauma and PTSD
85% Complex PTSD

Average years in practice

6 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

93% Aetna
70% Cigna and Evernorth
70% Anthem

How Therapists in Fairborn, OH see their clients

58% Online Only
42% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

74% Female
26% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Fairborn?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.