Therapists in Columbus, OH

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Photo of Dr. LaTonya Carroll - Dr. LaTonya Carroll, DNP, DNP, PMHNP, FNP, FIAAN
Dr. LaTonya Carroll, DNP
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43219
I am a multi-certified nurse practitioner with over 11 years of experience. I see patients from ages 18 and up. I specialize in medication management for depression, substance use and anxiety disorders, addiction, weight loss as well as primary care disease. I believe in an integrative approach to medicine, in that, everything can be treated under one roof. Presently, I am seeing patients via telemedicine. That means no traffic or taking off time from your family or work. Stay in the comfort of your home. I want to help you stay safe and feel well. Call me for your complimentary phone consultation.
I am a multi-certified nurse practitioner with over 11 years of experience. I see patients from ages 18 and up. I specialize in medication management for depression, substance use and anxiety disorders, addiction, weight loss as well as primary care disease. I believe in an integrative approach to medicine, in that, everything can be treated under one roof. Presently, I am seeing patients via telemedicine. That means no traffic or taking off time from your family or work. Stay in the comfort of your home. I want to help you stay safe and feel well. Call me for your complimentary phone consultation.
(614) 953-2388 View (614) 953-2388
Photo of Andrea Alpers Sikon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Andrea Alpers Sikon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
3 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43206
I am a psychotherapist who is accepting new clients at my private practice in German Village. I have over 20 years of experience working with individuals and couples. My approach to therapy is genuine, authentic, and collaborative. Many of the clients I work with struggle with attachment related issues, are having difficulty navigating relationships, or are struggling with issues related to mood or anxiety. I am trained in a variety of evidence based therapies including CBT, DBT, IFS and EFT. I will use my knowledge and expertise, as well as compassion and warmth, to help you create the life and relationships that you desire.
I am a psychotherapist who is accepting new clients at my private practice in German Village. I have over 20 years of experience working with individuals and couples. My approach to therapy is genuine, authentic, and collaborative. Many of the clients I work with struggle with attachment related issues, are having difficulty navigating relationships, or are struggling with issues related to mood or anxiety. I am trained in a variety of evidence based therapies including CBT, DBT, IFS and EFT. I will use my knowledge and expertise, as well as compassion and warmth, to help you create the life and relationships that you desire.
(614) 682-7036 View (614) 682-7036
Photo of Benny Turner, Licensed Professional Music Therapist, LPMT, MT-BC
Benny Turner
Licensed Professional Music Therapist, LPMT, MT-BC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I work with clients who may be experiencing anxiety, depression, feel placed in a box, or have trauma related to relationships & family. I help clients work through shame and stigma that comes from the "tough" "bootstraps" "hyper-achievement" society. As we build trust, we'll get into your emotional pain and collaborate to create a treatment plan that helps you toward healing. ​
I work with clients who may be experiencing anxiety, depression, feel placed in a box, or have trauma related to relationships & family. I help clients work through shame and stigma that comes from the "tough" "bootstraps" "hyper-achievement" society. As we build trust, we'll get into your emotional pain and collaborate to create a treatment plan that helps you toward healing. ​
(380) 230-3357 View (380) 230-3357
Photo of S. Lorena Shadwick, Marriage & Family Therapist, IMFT-S, LMFT-S, ATR-BC
S. Lorena Shadwick
Marriage & Family Therapist, IMFT-S, LMFT-S, ATR-BC
4 Endorsed
Online Only
I provide Telehealth sessions Mon - Thurs from 10a est - 5p EST. I am focused on working with adults and adolescents. I am a somatic trauma therapist with an attachment focus. I offer a client-centered, affirming, collaborative, relational approach. I support clients struggling with Trauma, PTSD, and Grief & Loss and chronic illness. I am trained in Sensorimotor Psychotherapy (somatic trauma therapy) and Board Certified in Art Therapy. I have training in RLT. I am LGBTQ affirming and open to all sexual, gender and relational identities. I am a Clinical Supervisor and can provide supervision to pre-licensed MFT/ATR trainees.
I provide Telehealth sessions Mon - Thurs from 10a est - 5p EST. I am focused on working with adults and adolescents. I am a somatic trauma therapist with an attachment focus. I offer a client-centered, affirming, collaborative, relational approach. I support clients struggling with Trauma, PTSD, and Grief & Loss and chronic illness. I am trained in Sensorimotor Psychotherapy (somatic trauma therapy) and Board Certified in Art Therapy. I have training in RLT. I am LGBTQ affirming and open to all sexual, gender and relational identities. I am a Clinical Supervisor and can provide supervision to pre-licensed MFT/ATR trainees.
(310) 487-2187 View (310) 487-2187
Photo of Nick Meister, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC-S, CCTP-II, BC-TMH
Nick Meister
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC-S, CCTP-II, BC-TMH
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Do you find yourself struggling to maintain healthy changes, no matter what you try? Trauma often leaves use feeling disconnected from ourselves and others, and can make it incredibly difficulty to return to a full, whole life. It can lead to feeling like you are out of touch with yourself, like your emotions/reactions aren’t in your control and can lead to low self-esteem from shame. I want to help you feel whole, be able to regulate yourself, and to feel you are in control of your life again. Post-traumatic stress can be incredibly difficult to live with, and with the right tools, you can heal and return to who you want to be.
Do you find yourself struggling to maintain healthy changes, no matter what you try? Trauma often leaves use feeling disconnected from ourselves and others, and can make it incredibly difficulty to return to a full, whole life. It can lead to feeling like you are out of touch with yourself, like your emotions/reactions aren’t in your control and can lead to low self-esteem from shame. I want to help you feel whole, be able to regulate yourself, and to feel you are in control of your life again. Post-traumatic stress can be incredibly difficult to live with, and with the right tools, you can heal and return to who you want to be.
(614) 689-0700 View (614) 689-0700
Photo of Lyndsey Pruett, Counselor, LPCC-S
Lyndsey Pruett
Counselor, LPCC-S
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43220
I work primarily with young adults and adults who struggle with eating disorders of all types, but I also have extensive training to treat and support the often co-occurring disorders that can accompany eating disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and past trauma. My clinical work and years of experience have shaped my therapeutic practice in a way that attends to the entire continuum of my patient’s care. From the initial meeting, to the celebration that successful termination brings, I work hard to foster trust and learning as we navigate eating disorder recovery together.
I work primarily with young adults and adults who struggle with eating disorders of all types, but I also have extensive training to treat and support the often co-occurring disorders that can accompany eating disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and past trauma. My clinical work and years of experience have shaped my therapeutic practice in a way that attends to the entire continuum of my patient’s care. From the initial meeting, to the celebration that successful termination brings, I work hard to foster trust and learning as we navigate eating disorder recovery together.
(614) 762-9407 View (614) 762-9407
Photo of Robin Rutan, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, Ms Ed, LPCC-S, LICDCCS
Robin Rutan
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, Ms Ed, LPCC-S, LICDCCS
3 Endorsed
Online Only
I’m a licensed therapist passionate about supporting adults navigating anxiety, life transitions, relationship challenges & identity exploration. My ideal client is seeking clarity, balance, & growth. They want to feel understood & empowered, & they’re ready to explore their inner world to create lasting change. I offer a warm, intuitive space grounded in trust, using CBT, DBT & solution-focused approaches. My goal is to help uncover strengths, build resilience & the confidence to move forward. I believe therapy can be deep, supportive & sometimes even light-hearted because healing doesn’t have to be heavy to be meaningful
I’m a licensed therapist passionate about supporting adults navigating anxiety, life transitions, relationship challenges & identity exploration. My ideal client is seeking clarity, balance, & growth. They want to feel understood & empowered, & they’re ready to explore their inner world to create lasting change. I offer a warm, intuitive space grounded in trust, using CBT, DBT & solution-focused approaches. My goal is to help uncover strengths, build resilience & the confidence to move forward. I believe therapy can be deep, supportive & sometimes even light-hearted because healing doesn’t have to be heavy to be meaningful
(614) 682-6133 View (614) 682-6133
Photo of Charlotte Wyrick, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Charlotte Wyrick
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43215
My approach to therapy is integrative, person centered and aimed at understanding all parts of yourself. I believe that a therapeutic relationship built on trust, authenticity, and acceptance fosters meaningful change, and I offer a safe, supportive space where you can show up fully as yourself. Together, we’ll explore your goals and desired changes, while also examining how past experiences may still be influencing your present.
My approach to therapy is integrative, person centered and aimed at understanding all parts of yourself. I believe that a therapeutic relationship built on trust, authenticity, and acceptance fosters meaningful change, and I offer a safe, supportive space where you can show up fully as yourself. Together, we’ll explore your goals and desired changes, while also examining how past experiences may still be influencing your present.
(614) 858-8430 View (614) 858-8430
Photo of Kate Streim, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Kate Streim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43215
I am a compassionate and dedicated therapist with a special interest in women's health and supporting women through life's challenges. I enjoy working with women from diverse backgrounds navigating health and well-being issues including pregnancy and postpartum challenges, relationship difficulties, managing the mental load of motherhood, and stress management and coping skills.
I am a compassionate and dedicated therapist with a special interest in women's health and supporting women through life's challenges. I enjoy working with women from diverse backgrounds navigating health and well-being issues including pregnancy and postpartum challenges, relationship difficulties, managing the mental load of motherhood, and stress management and coping skills.
(380) 225-5346 View (380) 225-5346
Photo of Emmaly Diller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Emmaly Diller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
My name is Emmaly Diller. My grandmother was named Emma and my mother added the “ly” to form Emmaly. It is a unique spelling but pronounced the same as “Emily”. As an independently licensed clinical social worker, I have been working as a therapist since 2007. I will tailor our dialog and treatment to meet your unique and specific needs. I integrate the tools of a variety of different therapeutic approaches in my work with clients who come to therapy seeking change.
My name is Emmaly Diller. My grandmother was named Emma and my mother added the “ly” to form Emmaly. It is a unique spelling but pronounced the same as “Emily”. As an independently licensed clinical social worker, I have been working as a therapist since 2007. I will tailor our dialog and treatment to meet your unique and specific needs. I integrate the tools of a variety of different therapeutic approaches in my work with clients who come to therapy seeking change.
(440) 482-8082 View (440) 482-8082
Photo of Brad Unruh, Marriage & Family Therapist, IMFT, LMFT
Brad Unruh
Marriage & Family Therapist, IMFT, LMFT
3 Endorsed
Online Only
I am trained to target emotional experiences to activate internal healing and external connection. I assist couples by facilitating an environment that safely moves folks towards security in self and towards one another in vulnerability so that bonding can replace the need for self-preservation. With individuals, I welcome all parts of each person as one establishes security in and expansion of self which helps parts of self recognize: "parts cope, self heals." I view people as "stuck" and not "sick," and therefore I believe just as there is a healer in me, there is a healer in you.
I am trained to target emotional experiences to activate internal healing and external connection. I assist couples by facilitating an environment that safely moves folks towards security in self and towards one another in vulnerability so that bonding can replace the need for self-preservation. With individuals, I welcome all parts of each person as one establishes security in and expansion of self which helps parts of self recognize: "parts cope, self heals." I view people as "stuck" and not "sick," and therefore I believe just as there is a healer in me, there is a healer in you.
(614) 368-0961 View (614) 368-0961
Photo of Amy Collins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Amy Collins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I offer a free 15-minute consultation to ensure that I am the right fit for your needs. With over a decade of psychotherapy experience, I specialize in helping individuals navigate anxiety, depression, life stressors, trauma, and more. I take a compassion-focused, person-centered approach, creating a safe, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings without fear of criticism. I have experience working with individuals of all ages, from children to older adults (75+), and of all abilities.
I offer a free 15-minute consultation to ensure that I am the right fit for your needs. With over a decade of psychotherapy experience, I specialize in helping individuals navigate anxiety, depression, life stressors, trauma, and more. I take a compassion-focused, person-centered approach, creating a safe, non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings without fear of criticism. I have experience working with individuals of all ages, from children to older adults (75+), and of all abilities.
(740) 675-5961 View (740) 675-5961
Photo of Benjamin Gudorf, APRN, CDE
Benjamin Gudorf
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
My ideal client is someone struggling with managing chronic conditions like diabetes, obesity, or sleep apnea. They seek comprehensive, compassionate care and personalized treatment plans. Their goals include improving health outcomes, gaining control over their conditions, and achieving a better quality of life. They value education and support, desiring to understand their health better and make informed decisions. Ultimately, they want to feel empowered, healthier, and supported in their journey towards wellness.
My ideal client is someone struggling with managing chronic conditions like diabetes, obesity, or sleep apnea. They seek comprehensive, compassionate care and personalized treatment plans. Their goals include improving health outcomes, gaining control over their conditions, and achieving a better quality of life. They value education and support, desiring to understand their health better and make informed decisions. Ultimately, they want to feel empowered, healthier, and supported in their journey towards wellness.
(614) 957-7796 View (614) 957-7796
Photo of Karla Lebron-Rivera Spanish-English, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Karla Lebron-Rivera Spanish-English
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Currently accepting new clients- Flexible hours. I know that finding the right therapist could be overwhelming, but allow me to help you in this process that is very important for you. I believe that the connection and collaboration with your therapist is one important piece in a good therapeutic alliance. It is important for me that you feel heard and that you can work toward your personal goals. I am a Bilingual (English/Spanish) therapist offering teletherapy for teens and adults. I work with people that are experiencing relationship issues, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, life transitions, low self esteem and grief.
Currently accepting new clients- Flexible hours. I know that finding the right therapist could be overwhelming, but allow me to help you in this process that is very important for you. I believe that the connection and collaboration with your therapist is one important piece in a good therapeutic alliance. It is important for me that you feel heard and that you can work toward your personal goals. I am a Bilingual (English/Spanish) therapist offering teletherapy for teens and adults. I work with people that are experiencing relationship issues, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, life transitions, low self esteem and grief.
(614) 881-4365 View (614) 881-4365
Photo of Bernadette Graham, Counselor, LPCC
Bernadette Graham
Counselor, LPCC
Online Only
Bernadette Graham, LPCC (OH) - My approach to therapy employs an eclectic model of various interventions unique to the individual client's needs. I find it imperative to address psychological issues and promote emotional well-being. Two of my focus areas of practice are Grief and Bereavement and Veterans. Therapeutic approaches I most utilize in both areas are CBT, Narrative Therapy, Coping and Adjustment Strategies, Trauma Processing, Reintegration back to civilian life, societal/life changes, and support networks.
Bernadette Graham, LPCC (OH) - My approach to therapy employs an eclectic model of various interventions unique to the individual client's needs. I find it imperative to address psychological issues and promote emotional well-being. Two of my focus areas of practice are Grief and Bereavement and Veterans. Therapeutic approaches I most utilize in both areas are CBT, Narrative Therapy, Coping and Adjustment Strategies, Trauma Processing, Reintegration back to civilian life, societal/life changes, and support networks.
(440) 306-7691 View (440) 306-7691
Photo of Raven Moten, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Raven Moten
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Online Only
Hi! My name is Raven-Symone Moten and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) located in Ohio. I earned my Master's in Social Work from Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis. I have 14 years of experience in the field of social work, working with various populations.
Hi! My name is Raven-Symone Moten and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) located in Ohio. I earned my Master's in Social Work from Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis. I have 14 years of experience in the field of social work, working with various populations.
(380) 777-5990 View (380) 777-5990
Photo of Maureen Scelza, Marriage & Family Therapist, IMFT-S
Maureen Scelza
Marriage & Family Therapist, IMFT-S
Columbus, OH 43228
Starting therapy can come with many emotions; fear, sadness, confusion, desperation, or many of the other emotions we all have. Despite that, you are here, and I know the strength it requires make that step. Therapy is a deeply personal and unique process. Together, we will work to establish your goals and we will work at your pace towards resolution. As humans, we all have ups and downs, and I view my role as trying to help you find your way back up. I am free of judgement towards all things that make you, you.
Starting therapy can come with many emotions; fear, sadness, confusion, desperation, or many of the other emotions we all have. Despite that, you are here, and I know the strength it requires make that step. Therapy is a deeply personal and unique process. Together, we will work to establish your goals and we will work at your pace towards resolution. As humans, we all have ups and downs, and I view my role as trying to help you find your way back up. I am free of judgement towards all things that make you, you.
(380) 207-1472 View (380) 207-1472
Photo of Angel Hiles, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Angel Hiles
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Online Only
My name is Angel Hiles, I'm a licensed professional clinical counselor in the states of OH and WV. I specialize in trauma, relationships, ADHD, and behavioral challenges. I have a holistic approach that focuses on the whole person and all areas of health. I strive to create a warm space and foster hope and connection.
My name is Angel Hiles, I'm a licensed professional clinical counselor in the states of OH and WV. I specialize in trauma, relationships, ADHD, and behavioral challenges. I have a holistic approach that focuses on the whole person and all areas of health. I strive to create a warm space and foster hope and connection.
(440) 335-6473 View (440) 335-6473
Photo of Beatriz Moura Lagarto, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Beatriz Moura Lagarto
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43215
My main priority is to offer a safe space where healing can happen at a pace that feels right to you. My counseling style is collaborative and I see you as the expert. My role is to facilitate mindful exploration that will promote increased awareness, sustainable change and meaningful growth. I offer a balanced and whole-person approach that is trauma-informed and culturally sensitive. I see adult clients only (18+) and work with a variety of clinical presentations, including anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, and life transitions.
My main priority is to offer a safe space where healing can happen at a pace that feels right to you. My counseling style is collaborative and I see you as the expert. My role is to facilitate mindful exploration that will promote increased awareness, sustainable change and meaningful growth. I offer a balanced and whole-person approach that is trauma-informed and culturally sensitive. I see adult clients only (18+) and work with a variety of clinical presentations, including anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, and life transitions.
(614) 810-4676 View (614) 810-4676
Photo of Chante Meadows - Meadows Counseling Group , Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Meadows Counseling Group
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Columbus, OH 43221
We are grateful and honored to be a part of your journey. Our goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. We work from a collaborative and person centered approach, integrating theories and techniques from a variety of therapies. We are interested in providing a safe space where you can tell your story, heal, make positive changes, and feel empowered.
We are grateful and honored to be a part of your journey. Our goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. We work from a collaborative and person centered approach, integrating theories and techniques from a variety of therapies. We are interested in providing a safe space where you can tell your story, heal, make positive changes, and feel empowered.
(614) 285-3077 View (614) 285-3077

See more therapy options for Columbus

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Columbus, OH

2,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Columbus, OH who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
71% Trauma and PTSD
65% Stress
64% Self Esteem
61% Relationship Issues
61% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% Aetna
75% Cigna and Evernorth
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Columbus, OH see their clients

50% Online Only
50% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Columbus?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.