Therapists in Centerville, OH

Photo of Starsha Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Starsha Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Centerville, OH 45459
She works extensively with children and adolescents who may be experiencing ADHD, behavioral challenges, or school avoidance, helping both young people and their families develop strategies that foster growth and resilience. She also supports adults through life transitions, grief, and relationship concerns, creating opportunities for healing and stronger connections. Starsha integrates a range of approaches, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Family Therapy, tailoring her care to meet each individual’s unique needs.
She works extensively with children and adolescents who may be experiencing ADHD, behavioral challenges, or school avoidance, helping both young people and their families develop strategies that foster growth and resilience. She also supports adults through life transitions, grief, and relationship concerns, creating opportunities for healing and stronger connections. Starsha integrates a range of approaches, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Family Therapy, tailoring her care to meet each individual’s unique needs.
(937) 688-1956 View (937) 688-1956
Photo of Tiffany M B Chouteau - Heartful Way Counseling, LLC, Counselor, MS, LPCC-S
Heartful Way Counseling, LLC
Counselor, MS, LPCC-S
1 Endorsed
Centerville, OH 45459
There is a waitlist for clients under 18 years of age. My name is Tiffany M. B. Chouteau and my ideal client is someone who is ready to work towards the change they want to see in their lives. I enjoy helping others to empower themselves towards the changes they want to make in their lives. My primary goal is work collaboratively with clients in a supportive, non-judgmental environment.
There is a waitlist for clients under 18 years of age. My name is Tiffany M. B. Chouteau and my ideal client is someone who is ready to work towards the change they want to see in their lives. I enjoy helping others to empower themselves towards the changes they want to make in their lives. My primary goal is work collaboratively with clients in a supportive, non-judgmental environment.
(937) 400-1932 View (937) 400-1932
Photo of Stephen B Fortson, Counselor, EdD, PCC-S
Stephen B Fortson
Counselor, EdD, PCC-S
2 Endorsed
Centerville, OH 45459
Hello, my name is Dr. Stephen Fortson and I specialize in treating couples, families, and individuals with professional clinical counseling services. I have been a licensed clinical professional counselor for 29 years. I am also retired associate professor and chair of the Department of Human Services at Wright State University where I oversaw the counselor preparation program 20 years. If you are in need of personalized couples, family or individual counseling, please contact me. I am currently accepting new clients.
Hello, my name is Dr. Stephen Fortson and I specialize in treating couples, families, and individuals with professional clinical counseling services. I have been a licensed clinical professional counselor for 29 years. I am also retired associate professor and chair of the Department of Human Services at Wright State University where I oversaw the counselor preparation program 20 years. If you are in need of personalized couples, family or individual counseling, please contact me. I am currently accepting new clients.
(937) 265-4780 View (937) 265-4780
Photo of Suzanne Gord, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, MSEd, MA, CCATP
Suzanne Gord
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, MSEd, MA, CCATP
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in helping adults manage anxiety, navigate life transitions, and build healthier relationships. My approach weaves together traditional talk therapy with somatic practices such as mindfulness, movement, and breath work—powerful tools for calming the body and easing emotional discomfort. Before becoming a counselor, I spent many years in academic and professional settings. My path to counseling was not a straight line, and that experience continues to shape my understanding of identity, transition, purpose, and personal growth.
I specialize in helping adults manage anxiety, navigate life transitions, and build healthier relationships. My approach weaves together traditional talk therapy with somatic practices such as mindfulness, movement, and breath work—powerful tools for calming the body and easing emotional discomfort. Before becoming a counselor, I spent many years in academic and professional settings. My path to counseling was not a straight line, and that experience continues to shape my understanding of identity, transition, purpose, and personal growth.
(937) 909-0930 View (937) 909-0930
Patti Schwarztrauber
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Centerville, OH 45459
Patti Schwarztrauber, LISW-S, is dedicated to supporting individuals across Ohio in achieving emotional well-being and personal growth. She works with adolescents, young adults, and adults of all ages, providing individualized care tailored to their unique needs. Patti creates a compassionate and non-judgmental environment where clients feel empowered to explore challenges and develop effective strategies for improvement. Whether navigating life transitions, managing symptoms of anxiety or depression, or addressing concerns related to grief or trauma, Patti helps clients build resilience and foster meaningful change.
Patti Schwarztrauber, LISW-S, is dedicated to supporting individuals across Ohio in achieving emotional well-being and personal growth. She works with adolescents, young adults, and adults of all ages, providing individualized care tailored to their unique needs. Patti creates a compassionate and non-judgmental environment where clients feel empowered to explore challenges and develop effective strategies for improvement. Whether navigating life transitions, managing symptoms of anxiety or depression, or addressing concerns related to grief or trauma, Patti helps clients build resilience and foster meaningful change.
(937) 954-2768 View (937) 954-2768
Photo of Emily Broad, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LISW-S
Emily Broad
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LISW-S
Centerville, OH 45459
Emily Broad is a Licensed Independent Social Worker Supervisor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2013. Emily helps clients manage and regulate difficult emotions by using DBT informed skills, CBT, MI, and a solution focused approach. She empowers clients with a client centered approach. Emily helps clients process trauma and cope with the effects of trauma using a trauma informed approach and EMDR. Emily loves her dog, volunteering to help dogs who are looking for forever homes, and a good night at home relaxing and watching tv or a movie.
Emily Broad is a Licensed Independent Social Worker Supervisor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2013. Emily helps clients manage and regulate difficult emotions by using DBT informed skills, CBT, MI, and a solution focused approach. She empowers clients with a client centered approach. Emily helps clients process trauma and cope with the effects of trauma using a trauma informed approach and EMDR. Emily loves her dog, volunteering to help dogs who are looking for forever homes, and a good night at home relaxing and watching tv or a movie.
(937) 858-6273 View (937) 858-6273
Photo of Paige Erdman, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Paige Erdman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
1 Endorsed
Centerville, OH 45459
At Ellie Mental Health, we strive to transform the culture of mental health by making care more accessible and providing individualized care that meets the client where they are. I work with clients 14 years and older, helping by walking alongside them in their journeys of finding their strengths and taking back control of their life. I have experience working with individuals presenting with challenges such as depression, anxiey, trauma, OCD, life transition issues, grief, among many others.
At Ellie Mental Health, we strive to transform the culture of mental health by making care more accessible and providing individualized care that meets the client where they are. I work with clients 14 years and older, helping by walking alongside them in their journeys of finding their strengths and taking back control of their life. I have experience working with individuals presenting with challenges such as depression, anxiey, trauma, OCD, life transition issues, grief, among many others.
(937) 858-6992 View (937) 858-6992
Photo of Barbara Ann High-Daniels, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC, NCC
Barbara Ann High-Daniels
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC, NCC
Centerville, OH 45459
With 15 years of practicing therapy, I understand that therapy is a unique experience for everyone. Because of that, there is not a one size fits all approach. You and I will work together to take a comprehensive look at factors in your life that contribute to what has lead you to reach out. As a certified EMDR therapist, pulling largely from the cognitive and somatic dance, I meet clients where they are at in a person-centered approach. In your work with me, we will carefully look for the ways you can come Full Circle and close those loops that may be keeping you stuck.
With 15 years of practicing therapy, I understand that therapy is a unique experience for everyone. Because of that, there is not a one size fits all approach. You and I will work together to take a comprehensive look at factors in your life that contribute to what has lead you to reach out. As a certified EMDR therapist, pulling largely from the cognitive and somatic dance, I meet clients where they are at in a person-centered approach. In your work with me, we will carefully look for the ways you can come Full Circle and close those loops that may be keeping you stuck.
(937) 984-1844 View (937) 984-1844
Photo of Dr. Tricha Weeks, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Tricha Weeks
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I support high-achieving adults and professionals who appear 'fine', while continuing to perform with integrity despite personal sacrifices. If this sounds familiar, you may realize that the same traits that helped you succeed now leave you depleted, disconnected, or conflicted between your roles and deepest values. Meaningful success doesn’t have to come at the expense of your health, relationships, or integrity.
I support high-achieving adults and professionals who appear 'fine', while continuing to perform with integrity despite personal sacrifices. If this sounds familiar, you may realize that the same traits that helped you succeed now leave you depleted, disconnected, or conflicted between your roles and deepest values. Meaningful success doesn’t have to come at the expense of your health, relationships, or integrity.
(937) 231-3960 View (937) 231-3960
Photo of Shu-Huei Miller, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Shu-Huei Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Centerville, OH 45459
Are you currently finding it difficult exploring your emotions? Anger? Fear? Shame? Sadness? Sometimes, does it seem that wondering about these emotions causes some anxiety and stress? Do you feel family, friends, and others don't understand? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you likely can benefit from addressing those thoughts through therapy where there is Confidentiality, Support, and No Judgement.
Are you currently finding it difficult exploring your emotions? Anger? Fear? Shame? Sadness? Sometimes, does it seem that wondering about these emotions causes some anxiety and stress? Do you feel family, friends, and others don't understand? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you likely can benefit from addressing those thoughts through therapy where there is Confidentiality, Support, and No Judgement.
(937) 716-2756 View (937) 716-2756
Photo of Laura Rozier, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MSEd, LPCC-S, LSW
Laura Rozier
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MSEd, LPCC-S, LSW
Centerville, OH 45459
I do this work because I genuinely care about getting it right. Not just following a model or checking the boxes-actually understanding you, your situation, and what you need. I take my time with people. That's not something I was taught. It's just who I am. Hi, I'm Laura- a licensed clinical counselor with 20+ years of experience working with teens, adults, couples, and families, including complex, court-involved situations. I bring straight talk, some humor, and real investment to work that is often anything but easy. I'm not here for the version of you that has it together. I'm here for the real you.
I do this work because I genuinely care about getting it right. Not just following a model or checking the boxes-actually understanding you, your situation, and what you need. I take my time with people. That's not something I was taught. It's just who I am. Hi, I'm Laura- a licensed clinical counselor with 20+ years of experience working with teens, adults, couples, and families, including complex, court-involved situations. I bring straight talk, some humor, and real investment to work that is often anything but easy. I'm not here for the version of you that has it together. I'm here for the real you.
(937) 821-8215 View (937) 821-8215
Photo of Ken Knoechel - Ken - Desirable Mind, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Ken - Desirable Mind
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Online Only
You end up in the same situation with different people. You react before you think, shut down when you want to stay open. You manage everyone's emotions, three steps ahead, but internally barely holding it together. You believe the right things but still struggle with anxiety or self-control; wondering if your faith isn't strong enough. Attachment patterns and nervous system responses operate beneath what can you see, creating disconnection. Relationship anxiety, emotional shutdown, repeating conflicts: these are the patterns that need reconditioning. I understand what it feels like being stuck in patterns you can't interrupt.
You end up in the same situation with different people. You react before you think, shut down when you want to stay open. You manage everyone's emotions, three steps ahead, but internally barely holding it together. You believe the right things but still struggle with anxiety or self-control; wondering if your faith isn't strong enough. Attachment patterns and nervous system responses operate beneath what can you see, creating disconnection. Relationship anxiety, emotional shutdown, repeating conflicts: these are the patterns that need reconditioning. I understand what it feels like being stuck in patterns you can't interrupt.
(937) 729-2707 View (937) 729-2707
Photo of Eileen M Miller, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, MSEd, LPCC
Eileen M Miller
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, MSEd, LPCC
Centerville, OH 45459
“…maybe it’s about the wonderful things that may happen if you break the ropes that are holding you.” (Mary Oliver) Are you ready to break free of what’s holding you and allow your true self to emerge? I address the whole person - mind, body, spirit – drawing on your strengths and adding to your skills repertoire. With a background in psychology as well as counseling to address issues such as anxiety and depression, I bring my additional training and experience with grief/loss, life transitions, and spirituality – each enhancing the other.
“…maybe it’s about the wonderful things that may happen if you break the ropes that are holding you.” (Mary Oliver) Are you ready to break free of what’s holding you and allow your true self to emerge? I address the whole person - mind, body, spirit – drawing on your strengths and adding to your skills repertoire. With a background in psychology as well as counseling to address issues such as anxiety and depression, I bring my additional training and experience with grief/loss, life transitions, and spirituality – each enhancing the other.
(937) 756-0096 View (937) 756-0096
Photo of Jeremy Vanderpool, Licensed Professional Counselor, LCP
Jeremy Vanderpool
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCP
Centerville, OH 45459
Jeremy Vanderpool is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2016. He obtained his Master's degree in Counseling and Human Relations from Lindsey Wilson College. He also holds a Bachelor's degree in Professional Counseling and Human and Social Services from Lindsey Wilson College. He also obtained an Associate's degree in Chemical Dependency Counseling from Southern State Community College. Jeremy has been working in inpatient and outpatient treatment centers treating clients for substance use disorders as well as mental health disorders. His experience is in working with adults.
Jeremy Vanderpool is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2016. He obtained his Master's degree in Counseling and Human Relations from Lindsey Wilson College. He also holds a Bachelor's degree in Professional Counseling and Human and Social Services from Lindsey Wilson College. He also obtained an Associate's degree in Chemical Dependency Counseling from Southern State Community College. Jeremy has been working in inpatient and outpatient treatment centers treating clients for substance use disorders as well as mental health disorders. His experience is in working with adults.
(937) 975-2299 View (937) 975-2299
Photo of Amy Roley, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Amy Roley
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Centerville, OH 45459
Amy Roley helps adults and seniors across Ohio gain clarity, build resilience, and improve their overall mental health through compassionate, evidence-based therapy. At LifeStance Health, she provides individual therapy for those experiencing anxiety, depression, and trauma-related concerns. Her style is warm, grounded, and approachable, creating a space where clients feel comfortable exploring challenges while developing practical strategies for meaningful change. Amy focuses on helping clients better understand the connection between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Amy Roley helps adults and seniors across Ohio gain clarity, build resilience, and improve their overall mental health through compassionate, evidence-based therapy. At LifeStance Health, she provides individual therapy for those experiencing anxiety, depression, and trauma-related concerns. Her style is warm, grounded, and approachable, creating a space where clients feel comfortable exploring challenges while developing practical strategies for meaningful change. Amy focuses on helping clients better understand the connection between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
(937) 884-2662 View (937) 884-2662
Photo of Gwen Ashby, Counselor, MS, LPCC, NCC
Gwen Ashby
Counselor, MS, LPCC, NCC
Centerville, OH 45459
Do you repeat self-defeating behaviors but don't know how to stop? Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship conflict, or unresolved trauma? Maybe you just feel overwhelmed and can't even name what is wrong. I can help you make sense of the senseless, make peace with shame and blame, and gain the happiness you thought impossible. I provide compassionate, inclusive care for adults, teens (13+), couples, and families. I am LGBTQ+ and multicultural sensitive, offer telehealth, and am accepting new clients. My approach is holistic and client-centered.
Do you repeat self-defeating behaviors but don't know how to stop? Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship conflict, or unresolved trauma? Maybe you just feel overwhelmed and can't even name what is wrong. I can help you make sense of the senseless, make peace with shame and blame, and gain the happiness you thought impossible. I provide compassionate, inclusive care for adults, teens (13+), couples, and families. I am LGBTQ+ and multicultural sensitive, offer telehealth, and am accepting new clients. My approach is holistic and client-centered.
(937) 230-8763 View (937) 230-8763
Photo of Jay Wainscot, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC-S, LICDC-S
Jay Wainscot
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC-S, LICDC-S
Centerville, OH 45459
Part of "being in the solution" when times are difficult is what you are doing right now: looking for answers and the support to find them. Everyone is challenged by life events. The path to self-awareness and personal growth is not an easy one. I accompany my clients as they discover their potential and deal with the barriers that prevent them from reaching it. My approach is holistic, meaning that I pay attention to all aspects of a person's experience including their physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual well being.
Part of "being in the solution" when times are difficult is what you are doing right now: looking for answers and the support to find them. Everyone is challenged by life events. The path to self-awareness and personal growth is not an easy one. I accompany my clients as they discover their potential and deal with the barriers that prevent them from reaching it. My approach is holistic, meaning that I pay attention to all aspects of a person's experience including their physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual well being.
(937) 912-4192 View (937) 912-4192
Photo of Jessica C. Nye, Counselor, MS, LPCC-S, CSAT
Jessica C. Nye
Counselor, MS, LPCC-S, CSAT
3 Endorsed
Centerville, OH 45459
I specialize in sexual addiction, partner betrayal trauma, and PTSD. I am a certified sexual addiction therapist (CSAT) and EMDR certified. I am also trained in Internal Family Systems (IFS).
I specialize in sexual addiction, partner betrayal trauma, and PTSD. I am a certified sexual addiction therapist (CSAT) and EMDR certified. I am also trained in Internal Family Systems (IFS).
(937) 526-2061 View (937) 526-2061
Photo of Jessica Owens, Counselor, MAEd, LPCC
Jessica Owens
Counselor, MAEd, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Centerville, OH 45459
Waitlist for new clients
I have worked with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I have facilitated several groups including topics such as self-esteem, healthy relationships, social skills, and creative journaling. I believe in tailoring therapy to each unique individual, drawing from a wide range of theories. I work collaboratively to identify what my clients want out of therapy and develop strength based goals. Using my creativity, I design interventions that will benefit clients in achieving their goals as well as have a little fun. Various forms of art and play are often incorporated into sessions.
I have worked with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I have facilitated several groups including topics such as self-esteem, healthy relationships, social skills, and creative journaling. I believe in tailoring therapy to each unique individual, drawing from a wide range of theories. I work collaboratively to identify what my clients want out of therapy and develop strength based goals. Using my creativity, I design interventions that will benefit clients in achieving their goals as well as have a little fun. Various forms of art and play are often incorporated into sessions.
(937) 679-4173 View (937) 679-4173
Photo of Heath Stratton, Counselor, MEd, LPCC
Heath Stratton
Counselor, MEd, LPCC
Centerville, OH 45459
Heath specializes in helping individuals manage anxiety, depression, and trauma-related concerns. He understands how these challenges can affect relationships, school performance, work, self-esteem, and overall quality of life. Through a patient-centered approach, he works alongside individuals to develop effective coping strategies, improve emotional regulation, and build confidence in navigating life's difficulties. His therapeutic style combines evidence-based practices with genuine empathy and understanding.
Heath specializes in helping individuals manage anxiety, depression, and trauma-related concerns. He understands how these challenges can affect relationships, school performance, work, self-esteem, and overall quality of life. Through a patient-centered approach, he works alongside individuals to develop effective coping strategies, improve emotional regulation, and build confidence in navigating life's difficulties. His therapeutic style combines evidence-based practices with genuine empathy and understanding.
(937) 872-4407 View (937) 872-4407

See more therapy options for Centerville

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Centerville, OH

100+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Centerville, OH who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
94% Social Anxiety
94% Health Anxiety
94% Driving Anxiety
91% Depression
77% Trauma and PTSD
77% Complex PTSD

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
72% Optum
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Centerville, OH see their clients

83% In Person and Online
17% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Centerville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.