Christian Therapists in Beavercreek, OH

Photo of Thurman Drake, Licensed Professional Counselor in Beavercreek, OH
Thurman [T.l.] Drake
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC, BSN, RN
Verified Verified
Beavercreek, OH 45434
I am Professional Clinical Counselor with over 30 years experience. I provide Christian and Mental Health counseling for inividuals, couples and families. I listen carefully to my clients and work closely with them to develop treatment plans that are individualized for them. I am a retired military leader, Nurse and Clinical Counselor. I understand Veteran's issues. I am also retired from the Dayton VA as the former Director of Mental Health nursing. I am a member of the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC).
I am Professional Clinical Counselor with over 30 years experience. I provide Christian and Mental Health counseling for inividuals, couples and families. I listen carefully to my clients and work closely with them to develop treatment plans that are individualized for them. I am a retired military leader, Nurse and Clinical Counselor. I understand Veteran's issues. I am also retired from the Dayton VA as the former Director of Mental Health nursing. I am a member of the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC).
(937) 954-2895 View (937) 954-2895
Photo of Heather Howard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Beavercreek, OH
Heather Howard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Beavercreek, OH 45431
I am a Christian, who will incorporate a Biblical perspective, if desired.
Immediate Openings! Welcome! Are you a woman who has experienced trauma, is grieving, or having relationship issues? Are you experiencing anxiety-related symptoms such as excessive worry, intrusive/obsessive thoughts, panic attacks, social anxiety, or phobias? I am passionate about helping others heal and provide a warm, caring, and relaxed environment in order to help clients feel safe and comfortable in addressing their needs. I believe in a holistic approach to treatment and starting where the client is.
I am a Christian, who will incorporate a Biblical perspective, if desired.
Immediate Openings! Welcome! Are you a woman who has experienced trauma, is grieving, or having relationship issues? Are you experiencing anxiety-related symptoms such as excessive worry, intrusive/obsessive thoughts, panic attacks, social anxiety, or phobias? I am passionate about helping others heal and provide a warm, caring, and relaxed environment in order to help clients feel safe and comfortable in addressing their needs. I believe in a holistic approach to treatment and starting where the client is.
(937) 442-8089 View (937) 442-8089
Photo of Trajectory Counseling LLC, Counselor in Beavercreek, OH
Trajectory Counseling LLC
Counselor, MS, LPCC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Beavercreek, OH 45440
For those who prefer Christian counseling I provide many of these techniques from a Christian perspective.
Hello! I have been counseling for 10 years. I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, Ordained Minister and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. I have open availability M-W and even some counseling slots Sunday from 2-5pm. If you want counseling for PTSD or Trauma related problems, depressions or anxiety. I see people in Akron from my home in-person but the initial assessment is online.
For those who prefer Christian counseling I provide many of these techniques from a Christian perspective.
Hello! I have been counseling for 10 years. I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, Ordained Minister and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. I have open availability M-W and even some counseling slots Sunday from 2-5pm. If you want counseling for PTSD or Trauma related problems, depressions or anxiety. I see people in Akron from my home in-person but the initial assessment is online.
(330) 521-3742 View (330) 521-3742
Photo of Matt Pavlik, Counselor in Beavercreek, OH
Matt Pavlik
Counselor, MA, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Beavercreek, OH 45430
Along with the truth of the Bible and a Christian worldview, your God-given identity is your most prized possession.
Are you ready to experience hopeful-assurance from a confident identity? No matter how discouraged you are or how much you feel beaten down by life, you can overcome. You don’t have to live with insecurity, anxiety, or a constant sense of panic. You can discover who you are and become empowered to pursue your purpose. I provide insight-oriented talk therapy to help you grow in awareness, understanding, and acceptance of who God made you to be. I’ll help you confront emotional wounds and false beliefs that rob you of the joy of living. You can experience peace in the present and hope for the future even when life has been harsh.
Along with the truth of the Bible and a Christian worldview, your God-given identity is your most prized possession.
Are you ready to experience hopeful-assurance from a confident identity? No matter how discouraged you are or how much you feel beaten down by life, you can overcome. You don’t have to live with insecurity, anxiety, or a constant sense of panic. You can discover who you are and become empowered to pursue your purpose. I provide insight-oriented talk therapy to help you grow in awareness, understanding, and acceptance of who God made you to be. I’ll help you confront emotional wounds and false beliefs that rob you of the joy of living. You can experience peace in the present and hope for the future even when life has been harsh.
(937) 353-1171 View (937) 353-1171
Photo of Erinn Heymann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Beavercreek, OH
Erinn Heymann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Beavercreek, OH 45431  (Online Only)
With a Christian point of view and 12 plus years of mental health experience I assist my clients with life transitions including, grief and loss, stages of intimate relationships (intimacy , marriage and divorce) , sexual health, job and career counseling, caregiving support.
The Lord is close to the brokenhearted and saves those who are crushed in spirit" Psalm 34:18 - As your therapist I will guide you in your journey to seek healing and support you in your progress along the way.
With a Christian point of view and 12 plus years of mental health experience I assist my clients with life transitions including, grief and loss, stages of intimate relationships (intimacy , marriage and divorce) , sexual health, job and career counseling, caregiving support.
The Lord is close to the brokenhearted and saves those who are crushed in spirit" Psalm 34:18 - As your therapist I will guide you in your journey to seek healing and support you in your progress along the way.
(937) 889-2528 View (937) 889-2528
Mark Stobie
Counselor, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
Beavercreek, OH 45434  (Online Only)
Mind and Spirit Counseling and Education Services works from a holistic approach providing both evidence-based counseling interventions, and Christian-centered counseling interventions for individuals who are seeking relief from what seem to be overwhelming issues.
If you are feeling overwhelmed and alone, depressed or anxious, Mind and Spirit Counseling can help, by offering you a strengths-based and spiritually uplifting counseling experience. In this world of fast-paced lifestyles and worldly bombardments, it is important for "God's children to know that he never intended for you to take on so much on your own. I can help you find your own God-given strengths, and the knowledge that it's okay to share them and gain strength and peace from the one who demonstrated the ultimate expression of love for us. I invite you to tap into, discover, or rediscover your faith as a healing tool.
Mind and Spirit Counseling and Education Services works from a holistic approach providing both evidence-based counseling interventions, and Christian-centered counseling interventions for individuals who are seeking relief from what seem to be overwhelming issues.
If you are feeling overwhelmed and alone, depressed or anxious, Mind and Spirit Counseling can help, by offering you a strengths-based and spiritually uplifting counseling experience. In this world of fast-paced lifestyles and worldly bombardments, it is important for "God's children to know that he never intended for you to take on so much on your own. I can help you find your own God-given strengths, and the knowledge that it's okay to share them and gain strength and peace from the one who demonstrated the ultimate expression of love for us. I invite you to tap into, discover, or rediscover your faith as a healing tool.
(937) 688-4226 View (937) 688-4226
Photo of Nate D Ellis, Counselor in Beavercreek, OH
Nate D Ellis
Counselor, MAEd, LPCC, CGT, CSAT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Beavercreek, OH 45434
Hello! I specialize in working with couples and those struggling with compulsive sexual behavior. If you are desiring to heal and rebuild trust after infidelity, I would love to offer you compassionate and comprehensive guidance. I also help partners better manage conflict and reawaken their friendship and intimacy. If you are seeking individual therapy for sex/pornography addiction, I have effective strategies for regaining control when lost in the cycle of addiction. Perhaps you are battling anxiety or depression and looking for a listening ear and peaceful place to process. Please reach out!
Hello! I specialize in working with couples and those struggling with compulsive sexual behavior. If you are desiring to heal and rebuild trust after infidelity, I would love to offer you compassionate and comprehensive guidance. I also help partners better manage conflict and reawaken their friendship and intimacy. If you are seeking individual therapy for sex/pornography addiction, I have effective strategies for regaining control when lost in the cycle of addiction. Perhaps you are battling anxiety or depression and looking for a listening ear and peaceful place to process. Please reach out!
(937) 358-8108 View (937) 358-8108
Photo of Kylee Masiya, Counselor in Beavercreek, OH
Kylee Masiya
Counselor, LPCC-S, LICDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Beavercreek, OH 45440
Are you feeling stressed, overwhelmed or like you're just going through the motions? Struggling with worry, insecurities, or self doubt? Do you put yourself on the back burner, seek to please others and prioritize others' needs before your own? Sometimes painful memories from the past overwhelm you and you feel like those traumatic events are happening again. The past is affecting your present more than you'd like and you want to be able to move forward in life. You find yourself feeling stuck and discouraged. You feel scared to trust others as you've been hurt. Things can get better. The rest of your story is still unwritten.
Are you feeling stressed, overwhelmed or like you're just going through the motions? Struggling with worry, insecurities, or self doubt? Do you put yourself on the back burner, seek to please others and prioritize others' needs before your own? Sometimes painful memories from the past overwhelm you and you feel like those traumatic events are happening again. The past is affecting your present more than you'd like and you want to be able to move forward in life. You find yourself feeling stuck and discouraged. You feel scared to trust others as you've been hurt. Things can get better. The rest of your story is still unwritten.
(937) 821-6158 View (937) 821-6158
Photo of Dr. Tasha Ford ❥ Intentional Bliss Wellness Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Beavercreek, OH
Dr. Tasha Ford ❥ Intentional Bliss Wellness Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Beavercreek, OH 45440  (Online Only)
Welcome to your healing space and thank you for choosing to take the time to read about me and the services I offer. I firmly believe that your journey to mental/emotional/spiritual wellness is a very personal decision that must be scripted by you. Sometimes the decisions of other people impact our lives in ways that leave us having to pick up the pieces. No matter where you have been or what you have been through, with a little intention and shift in how you move, healing and wholeness can be yours not just for the moment, but as a permanent way of existing.
Welcome to your healing space and thank you for choosing to take the time to read about me and the services I offer. I firmly believe that your journey to mental/emotional/spiritual wellness is a very personal decision that must be scripted by you. Sometimes the decisions of other people impact our lives in ways that leave us having to pick up the pieces. No matter where you have been or what you have been through, with a little intention and shift in how you move, healing and wholeness can be yours not just for the moment, but as a permanent way of existing.
(440) 218-8064 View (440) 218-8064
Photo of Debra Cypryla — Lighthouse Of Healing Counseling Services Llc, Counselor in Beavercreek, OH
Debra Cypryla — Lighthouse Of Healing Counseling Services Llc
Counselor, MS, LPCC-S, CCTP, CIMHP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Beavercreek, OH 45431
Self-awareness to know when to contact a counselor for therapy is the first step to reaching your goal. Are you seeking help with coping skills and relief from intrusive mental thoughts you are unable to escape? Are you someone dealing with intrusive mental health issues that are impeding your ability to function in your daily life? Do you seek help to learn healthy ways of dealing with stress, anxiety, and gain emotional regulation? I would like to work with individuals who want to be accepted, who want to be met where they are, and who need help to get to where they want to be.
Self-awareness to know when to contact a counselor for therapy is the first step to reaching your goal. Are you seeking help with coping skills and relief from intrusive mental thoughts you are unable to escape? Are you someone dealing with intrusive mental health issues that are impeding your ability to function in your daily life? Do you seek help to learn healthy ways of dealing with stress, anxiety, and gain emotional regulation? I would like to work with individuals who want to be accepted, who want to be met where they are, and who need help to get to where they want to be.
(937) 468-4299 View (937) 468-4299
Photo of Bonita Ashe, EMDR Intensive Therapy, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Beavercreek, OH
Bonita Ashe, EMDR Intensive Therapy
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, EMDRIA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Beavercreek, OH 45431
You’re a high-achieving adult aged 25 or over. You’re also overwhelmed and exhausted. You feel confused about who you’ve become and wondering what happened to your identity and strong sense of self? You’ve asked yourself one or more of these questions: “why am I not good enough?”, “what is wrong with me?” “how can I be a better partner/spouse/daughter/son/friend or coworker?” You’ve searched the Internet endlessly looking for answers or support for your “problems”. You’ve even considered medication. Pause! EMDR in standard or Intensive format can help. Now is the time to face the distorted self-beliefs and get back to you.
You’re a high-achieving adult aged 25 or over. You’re also overwhelmed and exhausted. You feel confused about who you’ve become and wondering what happened to your identity and strong sense of self? You’ve asked yourself one or more of these questions: “why am I not good enough?”, “what is wrong with me?” “how can I be a better partner/spouse/daughter/son/friend or coworker?” You’ve searched the Internet endlessly looking for answers or support for your “problems”. You’ve even considered medication. Pause! EMDR in standard or Intensive format can help. Now is the time to face the distorted self-beliefs and get back to you.
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Photo of Putnam Counseling, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Beavercreek, OH
Putnam Counseling
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor , LMHC, LPC-S, LPCC, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Beavercreek, OH 45430
When a difficult situation crops up in life, we often feel like we are alone in our struggles. I am here to tell you that you are not alone, and it is ok to reach out. After months or even years of living with stress, anxiety, PTSD, or a marriage that is no longer serving your needs, it is easy to feel hopeless. I can give you the skills that you need to get through this challenging time. I am here to teach, help, encourage, and empower you to take back your life. There is always hope!
When a difficult situation crops up in life, we often feel like we are alone in our struggles. I am here to tell you that you are not alone, and it is ok to reach out. After months or even years of living with stress, anxiety, PTSD, or a marriage that is no longer serving your needs, it is easy to feel hopeless. I can give you the skills that you need to get through this challenging time. I am here to teach, help, encourage, and empower you to take back your life. There is always hope!
(937) 705-6040 View (937) 705-6040
Photo of Sheila Chapman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Beavercreek, OH
Sheila Chapman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Beavercreek, OH 45430
Do you struggle with feelings of sadness, depression, grief, anxiety, or loneliness ? Do you have difficulty parenting, or have relationship issues? Would you like to talk with someone about the struggles? Would you like to have someone listen to you and come up with some solutions together? I am a solution, focused therapist and strength based. I work closely with my clients to create a plan towards the future concentrating on your strengths. My husband and I have been married 50 years and raised for strong-willed children together, surviving many ups and downs I believe for every problem in our life there are solutions.
Do you struggle with feelings of sadness, depression, grief, anxiety, or loneliness ? Do you have difficulty parenting, or have relationship issues? Would you like to talk with someone about the struggles? Would you like to have someone listen to you and come up with some solutions together? I am a solution, focused therapist and strength based. I work closely with my clients to create a plan towards the future concentrating on your strengths. My husband and I have been married 50 years and raised for strong-willed children together, surviving many ups and downs I believe for every problem in our life there are solutions.
(937) 777-3481 View (937) 777-3481
Photo of Danielle Deike, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Beavercreek, OH
Danielle Deike
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Beavercreek, OH 45434
Waitlist for new clients
The most important relationship you have is the one with yourself. We all have a story. Telling your story to an attuned listener can be transformational. Healing is a collaborative endeavor. As you share your experiences and I listen, you can become more connected to yourself. I work best with clients looking to address symptoms of trauma, depression, anxiety, stress management, relationship issues, and parenting problems. I believe digging deep into ourselves and learning how our early relationships in life impact our present coping strategies and feelings can help us move towards the future we want.
The most important relationship you have is the one with yourself. We all have a story. Telling your story to an attuned listener can be transformational. Healing is a collaborative endeavor. As you share your experiences and I listen, you can become more connected to yourself. I work best with clients looking to address symptoms of trauma, depression, anxiety, stress management, relationship issues, and parenting problems. I believe digging deep into ourselves and learning how our early relationships in life impact our present coping strategies and feelings can help us move towards the future we want.
(937) 882-5454 View (937) 882-5454
Photo of Tracy Hunt MSEd, LPCC at Turning Inward LLC , Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Beavercreek, OH
Tracy Hunt MSEd, LPCC at Turning Inward LLC
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MSEd
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Beavercreek, OH 45434  (Online Only)
I work with high functioning adults who are: experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, navigating life changes, or coping with grief or loss. My clients come from many walks of life and know that although they are functioning, things could be better and they are ready for change. I have lived experience with many of the issues I help my clients with and I know what it's like to be high functioning while masking what's going on internally.
I work with high functioning adults who are: experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, navigating life changes, or coping with grief or loss. My clients come from many walks of life and know that although they are functioning, things could be better and they are ready for change. I have lived experience with many of the issues I help my clients with and I know what it's like to be high functioning while masking what's going on internally.
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Photo of Elizabeth N Wood, Psychologist in Beavercreek, OH
Elizabeth N Wood
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Beavercreek, OH 45440
When self-help or talking to a friend has not been enough—not enough to overcome your lack of drive, tangled thoughts and emotions, tension, conflict or disconnection—it shows resourcefulness to reach beyond these bounds. At Heartspace Psychological Services, you and I will make space for hope and for understanding. Together we will move at your pace, allowing for the possibility of both quick relief and the steady building of trust over time. I believe you have within you the means for healing, connection, and growth, and we will aim to uncover and aid these processes.
When self-help or talking to a friend has not been enough—not enough to overcome your lack of drive, tangled thoughts and emotions, tension, conflict or disconnection—it shows resourcefulness to reach beyond these bounds. At Heartspace Psychological Services, you and I will make space for hope and for understanding. Together we will move at your pace, allowing for the possibility of both quick relief and the steady building of trust over time. I believe you have within you the means for healing, connection, and growth, and we will aim to uncover and aid these processes.
(937) 912-1716 View (937) 912-1716
Photo of Alexis M Reed Counseling, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Beavercreek, OH
Alexis M Reed Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Beavercreek, OH 45305
Alexis earned her master’s degree in clinical mental health counseling from Northwestern University and is currently working towards expanding her work in counseling within the Dayton community. Alexis has a background in nutrition and a variety of movement forms (dance, yoga, and Pilates) and is passionate about facilitating wellness with her clients. Alexis enjoys supporting teens and young adults who are exploring life transitions, adults and older adults from a variety of backgrounds with differing needs, as well as couples and families.
Alexis earned her master’s degree in clinical mental health counseling from Northwestern University and is currently working towards expanding her work in counseling within the Dayton community. Alexis has a background in nutrition and a variety of movement forms (dance, yoga, and Pilates) and is passionate about facilitating wellness with her clients. Alexis enjoys supporting teens and young adults who are exploring life transitions, adults and older adults from a variety of backgrounds with differing needs, as well as couples and families.
(937) 806-5338 View (937) 806-5338
Photo of Dr. Nicole Walton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Beavercreek, OH
Dr. Nicole Walton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Beavercreek, OH 45434
I believe therapy can be a beneficial tool to assist those who are hurting, dissatisfied, or filled with uncertainty. Sometimes we find ourselves struggling in our relationships. We may have persistent sadness or worries that get in the way of life. We may have losses that are too difficult to process on our own. Or we may feel our life has just gotten off track. There are many reasons to seek therapy. Do you want to learn and try new coping skills? Do you want to improve a relationship? Do you want help working through a problem in your life? I can help. I offer therapy in-person or online and have evening availability.
I believe therapy can be a beneficial tool to assist those who are hurting, dissatisfied, or filled with uncertainty. Sometimes we find ourselves struggling in our relationships. We may have persistent sadness or worries that get in the way of life. We may have losses that are too difficult to process on our own. Or we may feel our life has just gotten off track. There are many reasons to seek therapy. Do you want to learn and try new coping skills? Do you want to improve a relationship? Do you want help working through a problem in your life? I can help. I offer therapy in-person or online and have evening availability.
(937) 358-8351 View (937) 358-8351
Photo of Lynn R Harris, Counselor in Beavercreek, OH
Lynn R Harris
Counselor, MSEd, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Beavercreek, OH 45430
Our mission is to make getting mental health care the norm. And while we know that going to therapy and being vulnerable with someone you just met can seem scary, we do everything we can to make each session as comfortable and fun as possible. As your professional secret keepers, we aim to walk along this journey with you and provide you with a safe place to talk, decompress, and heal.
Our mission is to make getting mental health care the norm. And while we know that going to therapy and being vulnerable with someone you just met can seem scary, we do everything we can to make each session as comfortable and fun as possible. As your professional secret keepers, we aim to walk along this journey with you and provide you with a safe place to talk, decompress, and heal.
(937) 787-6780 View (937) 787-6780
Photo of Danielle M. Washington, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Beavercreek, OH
Danielle M. Washington
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Beavercreek, OH 45430
Therapy can be beneficial to those struggling and facing a variety of challenging life situations. You may be struggling with a relationship, struggling with a physical or mental health issue or have persistent sadness or worries that are getting in the way of your life. Working with a therapist can help you process issues that may be too difficult to work through on your own. I am currently accepting new in-person clients and also offer teletherapy. Additionally, I currently have evening availability.
Therapy can be beneficial to those struggling and facing a variety of challenging life situations. You may be struggling with a relationship, struggling with a physical or mental health issue or have persistent sadness or worries that are getting in the way of your life. Working with a therapist can help you process issues that may be too difficult to work through on your own. I am currently accepting new in-person clients and also offer teletherapy. Additionally, I currently have evening availability.
(937) 882-5881 View (937) 882-5881

Christian Therapists

Why is it important for a therapist to be culturally sensitive?

Therapists and clients don’t need to share the same belief system or background to be able to work effectively together, but a therapist whose training includes a focus on cultural competence may be better able to form a therapeutic bond with individuals from a range of backgrounds, as they will have experience in tailoring their approach to each client—and will be prepared to acknowledge and consider the effects of culture, religion, and other factors on each individual.

Why is it important to find a therapist sensitive to Christian values?

Each person brings a unique history and background to therapy, making it important to find a licensed therapist who is trained in a broad range of treatment modalities. In addition, for people who grow up in a faith tradition that strongly influences the way they conduct their everyday life, finding a therapist who understands or shares that background can ease the disclosure of sensitive information and facilitate the therapeutic process. For some clients, a Christian therapist is likely to incorporate faith-based principles into emotional healing techniques.

How do I recognize an effective Christian therapist?

Christian therapists are licensed mental health professionals—holding a master’s or doctoral degree in medicine, nursing, psychology, counseling, social work, or marriage and family therapy—who are also familiar with Christian beliefs and values. They have an understanding of the importance that Christian principles play in the lives of individuals and families, which allows them to be especially sensitive to the kinds of struggles that can affect daily functioning. Like all effective therapists, a Christian therapist will have undergone training and certification in a variety of treatment modalities that help people through crises and enable them to master the challenges of life.

Why might someone feel comfortable with a Christian therapist?

While training, qualifications, and experience are always important, research has long established that a strong alliance between client and therapist is a major contributor to therapeutic success. An alliance is likely to be strengthened with a therapist who not only is responsive to questions and concerns but also shares a client’s faith and values. Sensitivity to spiritual matters as well as to everyday struggles can provide a welcome sense of safety and contribute to the bond between client and therapist, both of which support the therapeutic process.

Who is included in Psychology Today’s directory of Christian therapists?

The directory of Christian therapists includes professionals who have shared their background in their profiles. However, not all therapists choose to disclose this information, and they may not appear in search results for this reason. The directory also shows therapists who indicate that they have extensive experience working with Christian clients, regardless of their own background or religious affiliation.