Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

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Photo of David J Jerome, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
David J Jerome
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
Therapy is a great opportunity to rediscover yourself and build a better future. I will help you to facilitate positive change, feelings of satisfaction and improve the overall quality of your life. Let’s work together to understand your needs through effective communication and take that first step towards wellness together.
Therapy is a great opportunity to rediscover yourself and build a better future. I will help you to facilitate positive change, feelings of satisfaction and improve the overall quality of your life. Let’s work together to understand your needs through effective communication and take that first step towards wellness together.
(412) 226-4319 View (412) 226-4319
Photo of Nicole A. Zampini, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Nicole A. Zampini
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSPC, CPRP, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
"I'm not going to tell you to get over it, I'm going to help you get through it." For over 20+ years I have guided individuals on their path towards healing, higher self-awareness, and overall wellness. Many of us struggle with feeling alone, left out, unheard, tired, unconnected, anxious, sad, or fearful. Therapy is a way to change those negative feelings and to address all of the "stuff" we have pushed so far down that we don't know where to start. And you don't have to do it alone.
"I'm not going to tell you to get over it, I'm going to help you get through it." For over 20+ years I have guided individuals on their path towards healing, higher self-awareness, and overall wellness. Many of us struggle with feeling alone, left out, unheard, tired, unconnected, anxious, sad, or fearful. Therapy is a way to change those negative feelings and to address all of the "stuff" we have pushed so far down that we don't know where to start. And you don't have to do it alone.
(412) 520-3925 View (412) 520-3925
Photo of Monique Bivins, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Monique Bivins
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15212  (Online Only)
I recognize that at times life presents significant challenges, and also that there are transitional seasons of life that are very difficult to navigate alone. I would love to work with you to help you identify practical approaches to overcome the obstacles you are currently facing in your life. I am going to meet you where you are, without judgement, and strive to cultivate a safe space that causes you to feel heard, understood and respected, no matter what you say! I believe that my role is to listen, support, and empower you to rediscover the ability that you have inside of yourself to overcome!
I recognize that at times life presents significant challenges, and also that there are transitional seasons of life that are very difficult to navigate alone. I would love to work with you to help you identify practical approaches to overcome the obstacles you are currently facing in your life. I am going to meet you where you are, without judgement, and strive to cultivate a safe space that causes you to feel heard, understood and respected, no matter what you say! I believe that my role is to listen, support, and empower you to rediscover the ability that you have inside of yourself to overcome!
(412) 991-2415 View (412) 991-2415
Photo of Ronald Thomas Curran in Pittsburgh, PA
Ronald Thomas Curran
PhD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15241
Pain, uncertainty, feelings of being lost and a failure emerge as we seek to find our individual path in life. These feelings often indicate it is time to be found, not that you are "mentally ill." They can indicate the need to connect with your inner Self rather than to substitute unfulfilling forms of social adjustment. My approach focuses on you as a unique individual. It recognizes that you have a Self in the sense that there is a unique inner guidance available to you. I will work as a guide in your journey toward conflict resolution and wholeness.
Pain, uncertainty, feelings of being lost and a failure emerge as we seek to find our individual path in life. These feelings often indicate it is time to be found, not that you are "mentally ill." They can indicate the need to connect with your inner Self rather than to substitute unfulfilling forms of social adjustment. My approach focuses on you as a unique individual. It recognizes that you have a Self in the sense that there is a unique inner guidance available to you. I will work as a guide in your journey toward conflict resolution and wholeness.
(412) 212-3801 View (412) 212-3801
Photo of Michele Garon, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Michele Garon
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15228  (Online Only)
Life is constantly changing. It can become so overwhelming at times that we don’t even know where to start meeting those challenges. However, we don’t have to face them alone.
Life is constantly changing. It can become so overwhelming at times that we don’t even know where to start meeting those challenges. However, we don’t have to face them alone.
(412) 851-6034 View (412) 851-6034
Photo of David Mente, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
David Mente
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
I have been working as a psychotherapist for over 30 years. Having a respectful, productive working relationship with my clients is my first priority. This is true whether I am working with an adult individual, a couple, children, adolescents or families. I will encourage you to evaluate whether you are improving in the ways that you desire and will strive to provide you with treatment which suits you. I have intentionally worked in a wide variety of settings and with many different kinds of clients and problems. I welcome any questions you have and offer a free initial consultation.
I have been working as a psychotherapist for over 30 years. Having a respectful, productive working relationship with my clients is my first priority. This is true whether I am working with an adult individual, a couple, children, adolescents or families. I will encourage you to evaluate whether you are improving in the ways that you desire and will strive to provide you with treatment which suits you. I have intentionally worked in a wide variety of settings and with many different kinds of clients and problems. I welcome any questions you have and offer a free initial consultation.
(412) 532-1602 View (412) 532-1602
Photo of Anne Ulizio, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
Anne Ulizio
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15232
Each of us has unique strengths to share with the world. However, others’ influence and ideas of who we should be can shape the stories we tell about ourselves and pull us away from our true selves. Together, we can reclaim your story. We will design our work based on what you want from the counseling experience, and operate within a safe space to process any barriers standing in the way of you living your fullest life.
Each of us has unique strengths to share with the world. However, others’ influence and ideas of who we should be can shape the stories we tell about ourselves and pull us away from our true selves. Together, we can reclaim your story. We will design our work based on what you want from the counseling experience, and operate within a safe space to process any barriers standing in the way of you living your fullest life.
(412) 419-0959 View (412) 419-0959
Photo of Jess Levick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Jess Levick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15208
Waitlist for new clients
We are wired for growth, for healing, and for connection. All of us have an in-built, innate capacity to weather changes, recover from/with pain and loss, and find balance and meaning in our worlds amidst difficulty and change. And still, we can encounter real barriers to living in connection with our strengths. Sometimes habitual thoughts, painful emotions, ineffective patterns of behavior, or stressors, losses and traumas that we meet without the support or stability needed to move through - such challenges can leave us depleted and distrustful of our own capacity for well-being and connection.
We are wired for growth, for healing, and for connection. All of us have an in-built, innate capacity to weather changes, recover from/with pain and loss, and find balance and meaning in our worlds amidst difficulty and change. And still, we can encounter real barriers to living in connection with our strengths. Sometimes habitual thoughts, painful emotions, ineffective patterns of behavior, or stressors, losses and traumas that we meet without the support or stability needed to move through - such challenges can leave us depleted and distrustful of our own capacity for well-being and connection.
(878) 213-4684 View (878) 213-4684
Photo of Cynthia-Dawn Zebley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Cynthia-Dawn Zebley
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15237
It is okay not to be okay! If you are experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, or feeling stuck, I can help. My clients see me because they are experiencing stress, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem or relational/marital conflict. Others see me to gain insight and understanding to a life transition or temporary problem. I provide a safe and warm environment for my clients to feel understood, encouraged, and hopeful. I use evidence-based and goal-directed treatments. I am passionate about working with people to reach their potential and flourish. Therapy within a Christian framework is offered upon request.
It is okay not to be okay! If you are experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, or feeling stuck, I can help. My clients see me because they are experiencing stress, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem or relational/marital conflict. Others see me to gain insight and understanding to a life transition or temporary problem. I provide a safe and warm environment for my clients to feel understood, encouraged, and hopeful. I use evidence-based and goal-directed treatments. I am passionate about working with people to reach their potential and flourish. Therapy within a Christian framework is offered upon request.
(412) 900-2599 View (412) 900-2599
Photo of Rebecca Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Rebecca Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
In my approach, I try and lead my clients to come to their own answers, unearthing solutions and insight that they hold within themselves. My direct approach can often be funny, though empathetic; lighthearted, though deeply emotional. Typically, I find that clients benefit from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, as well as Motivational Interviewing to solve current issues, and can utilize Psychodynamic approaches to delve into more deep rooted issues. In helping clients tell their own story through therapy, I've been able guide clients through finding their own solutions when motivated for change.
In my approach, I try and lead my clients to come to their own answers, unearthing solutions and insight that they hold within themselves. My direct approach can often be funny, though empathetic; lighthearted, though deeply emotional. Typically, I find that clients benefit from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, as well as Motivational Interviewing to solve current issues, and can utilize Psychodynamic approaches to delve into more deep rooted issues. In helping clients tell their own story through therapy, I've been able guide clients through finding their own solutions when motivated for change.
(412) 785-2664 View (412) 785-2664
Photo of Kate Semple, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Kate Semple
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15226  (Online Only)
I love working with adults who want to get curious about the ways their past affects their present. Beginning in childhood, we learned to adapt to our circumstances and adjust our behaviors to maintain safety and security with others. Many of us found along the way that our emotions, needs, or wants were "too much" for the people we turned to for connection and protection. As a result we may have come to believe that we had to hide parts of ourselves in order to be loved or cared for. Over time, this hiding can lead to feelings of distress, anxiety, depression, shame, relationship challenges, and even chronic pain.
I love working with adults who want to get curious about the ways their past affects their present. Beginning in childhood, we learned to adapt to our circumstances and adjust our behaviors to maintain safety and security with others. Many of us found along the way that our emotions, needs, or wants were "too much" for the people we turned to for connection and protection. As a result we may have come to believe that we had to hide parts of ourselves in order to be loved or cared for. Over time, this hiding can lead to feelings of distress, anxiety, depression, shame, relationship challenges, and even chronic pain.
(412) 743-9409 View (412) 743-9409
Photo of Heather Brown LMFT , Marriage & Family Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Heather Brown LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15218
I am a therapist that attempts to see the world from a systemic view. This view may allow me to stay objective enough and thoughtful enough to ask questions about things you might not yet be able to see. This position can often allow me to ask questions and provide space for each client to make sense of their own functioning, to see the systemic process themselves and ultimately gain a better understanding of themselves. This understanding of self may be what allows for changes in relationships, reduction in conflict/stress, a decrease in symptoms, and impacting the multigenerational process in ones family of origin.
I am a therapist that attempts to see the world from a systemic view. This view may allow me to stay objective enough and thoughtful enough to ask questions about things you might not yet be able to see. This position can often allow me to ask questions and provide space for each client to make sense of their own functioning, to see the systemic process themselves and ultimately gain a better understanding of themselves. This understanding of self may be what allows for changes in relationships, reduction in conflict/stress, a decrease in symptoms, and impacting the multigenerational process in ones family of origin.
(412) 775-3634 View (412) 775-3634
Photo of Sharifa Martin, Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Sharifa Martin
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
I specialize in Depression, Anxiety, & Trauma/Substance Use. I introduce therapeutic interventions appropriate for an individual's comfort level, leading to long-term personal growth. I allow you to "take the wheel" and work with you as you define your therapy goals. I encourage you to have a voice, to speak up if an area of your treatment is not working for you, and to ask questions. I am candid in that if there is an answer to a question I do not know, I will research and consult with my supervisor to get you the best answer possible.
I specialize in Depression, Anxiety, & Trauma/Substance Use. I introduce therapeutic interventions appropriate for an individual's comfort level, leading to long-term personal growth. I allow you to "take the wheel" and work with you as you define your therapy goals. I encourage you to have a voice, to speak up if an area of your treatment is not working for you, and to ask questions. I am candid in that if there is an answer to a question I do not know, I will research and consult with my supervisor to get you the best answer possible.
(412) 838-3916 View (412) 838-3916
Photo of Doug Harshberger, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
Doug Harshberger
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15211  (Online Only)
If you have experienced sexual violence in the state of Pennsylvania, ask me about ways to assist with covering costs. As a psychotherapist, I enjoy helping clients implement positive change in their lives, whether it's overcoming trauma, decreasing anxiety or depression, finding new meaning after the loss of a loved one, or making a much needed career change. I believe the purpose of therapy is to enable personal growth that leads to the best version of yourself, and I would be honored to join you on your journey to improved well-being.
If you have experienced sexual violence in the state of Pennsylvania, ask me about ways to assist with covering costs. As a psychotherapist, I enjoy helping clients implement positive change in their lives, whether it's overcoming trauma, decreasing anxiety or depression, finding new meaning after the loss of a loved one, or making a much needed career change. I believe the purpose of therapy is to enable personal growth that leads to the best version of yourself, and I would be honored to join you on your journey to improved well-being.
(412) 435-5186 View (412) 435-5186
Photo of Avellar Warden Psychological Associates, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Avellar Warden Psychological Associates
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
Our skilled doctoral-level therapists offer personalized and comprehensive psychological care. Together, we help with most mood, behavioral, relational, and life transition issues. You will receive an assessment of your psychological health and a personalized plan to fit your unique needs, goals, and life situation. Most importantly, you will develop insights and strategies to take therapy “on the go.”
Our skilled doctoral-level therapists offer personalized and comprehensive psychological care. Together, we help with most mood, behavioral, relational, and life transition issues. You will receive an assessment of your psychological health and a personalized plan to fit your unique needs, goals, and life situation. Most importantly, you will develop insights and strategies to take therapy “on the go.”
(412) 850-2156 View (412) 850-2156
Photo of Amy Raulerson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Amy Raulerson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15235
Amy works with adults looking for support as they navigate symptoms of anxiety, depression and trauma. As a Certified EMDR Therapist, Amy can help clients address past events and experiences they feel are keeping them stuck in old patterns of reacting and managing their feelings. Amy utilizes an educational approach, encouraging client to learn the language and skills of each evidenced-based modality used in session. Clients enjoy the in-session practices and Amy's warm, empathetic approach.
Amy works with adults looking for support as they navigate symptoms of anxiety, depression and trauma. As a Certified EMDR Therapist, Amy can help clients address past events and experiences they feel are keeping them stuck in old patterns of reacting and managing their feelings. Amy utilizes an educational approach, encouraging client to learn the language and skills of each evidenced-based modality used in session. Clients enjoy the in-session practices and Amy's warm, empathetic approach.
(878) 205-2030 View (878) 205-2030
Photo of Michael D Bates, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
Michael D Bates
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15218  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in the treatment of depression and anxiety, including general anxiety, social anxiety, career- and performance-related anxiety, and phobias. My practice also includes marriage and parenting counseling. Using well-known and evidence-based strategies, we focus on basic and uncomplicated aspects of how we think, feel, and act to understand and change our patterns leading to clarity and control in one's life, in our families, and relationships. If you are ready to restore self-confidence, motivation, and resilience, or build these qualities for the first time, I am privileged to provide a skilled hand to help you get there.
I specialize in the treatment of depression and anxiety, including general anxiety, social anxiety, career- and performance-related anxiety, and phobias. My practice also includes marriage and parenting counseling. Using well-known and evidence-based strategies, we focus on basic and uncomplicated aspects of how we think, feel, and act to understand and change our patterns leading to clarity and control in one's life, in our families, and relationships. If you are ready to restore self-confidence, motivation, and resilience, or build these qualities for the first time, I am privileged to provide a skilled hand to help you get there.
(412) 285-1534 View (412) 285-1534
Photo of Kathryn M Lecci LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Kathryn M Lecci LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15226
Please email me for quickest response! My hope and expectation is that my clients come exactly as they are; messiness and all. Life transitions, relationships, and past events can be complicated and hard to piece together on your own. Talking through these issues with another person can bring new perspective and energy. I try to match my approach in order to meet the needs of the client. Some prefer a more directive/guided therapy, whereas others need space to sit with big questions. We will work together to figure out your goals, needs, and areas you would like to heal or explore!
Please email me for quickest response! My hope and expectation is that my clients come exactly as they are; messiness and all. Life transitions, relationships, and past events can be complicated and hard to piece together on your own. Talking through these issues with another person can bring new perspective and energy. I try to match my approach in order to meet the needs of the client. Some prefer a more directive/guided therapy, whereas others need space to sit with big questions. We will work together to figure out your goals, needs, and areas you would like to heal or explore!
(412) 274-7741 View (412) 274-7741
Photo of Julie Barry, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Julie Barry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15222  (Online Only)
Hey there! Certified in perinatal mental health and deeply passionate about supporting women through all stages of life, including fertility challenges, parenting issues, and navigating racial and workplace trauma. Feeling stuck? Wondering why you keep repeating the same patterns or behaviors? Struggling with troubling memories or barriers that are holding you back from finding stability in relationships? Let's tackle these obstacles together! My goal is to empower you to strengthen your focus and deepen your understanding of yourself. Because once we have that clarity, we can create the life you truly want.
Hey there! Certified in perinatal mental health and deeply passionate about supporting women through all stages of life, including fertility challenges, parenting issues, and navigating racial and workplace trauma. Feeling stuck? Wondering why you keep repeating the same patterns or behaviors? Struggling with troubling memories or barriers that are holding you back from finding stability in relationships? Let's tackle these obstacles together! My goal is to empower you to strengthen your focus and deepen your understanding of yourself. Because once we have that clarity, we can create the life you truly want.
(814) 929-3322 View (814) 929-3322
Photo of Daniel B Sager, Pre-Licensed Professional in Pittsburgh, PA
Daniel B Sager
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
Are you ready to take the next steps on your mental health journey? I enjoy working with adults, families, and children, plus assisting families and minors to find solutions to behavioral issues. If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, PTSD, life transitions, or are in need of coping skills for ADHD, I look forward to working with you
Are you ready to take the next steps on your mental health journey? I enjoy working with adults, families, and children, plus assisting families and minors to find solutions to behavioral issues. If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, PTSD, life transitions, or are in need of coping skills for ADHD, I look forward to working with you
(412) 754-7683 View (412) 754-7683

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Highmark
74% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
19% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Pittsburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.