Therapists in Rosendale, NY

Photo of Carla J Mazzeo, Psychologist, PhD
Carla J Mazzeo
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Online Only
As a seasoned psychologist, with over 25 years of clinical experience. I will meet you where you are psychologically to help you reach your goals. Having worked in a variety of settings from juvenile justice centers, hospitals, clinics, college counseling centers, and now many years in private practice, I bring a wealth of experience. I have worked with a variety of clinical issues, from severe pathology, acute, chronic, trauma, health, relational conflict, to general life developmental transitions and more. Offering telehealth therapy.
As a seasoned psychologist, with over 25 years of clinical experience. I will meet you where you are psychologically to help you reach your goals. Having worked in a variety of settings from juvenile justice centers, hospitals, clinics, college counseling centers, and now many years in private practice, I bring a wealth of experience. I have worked with a variety of clinical issues, from severe pathology, acute, chronic, trauma, health, relational conflict, to general life developmental transitions and more. Offering telehealth therapy.
(845) 299-2207 View (845) 299-2207
Photo of Amy Jacobson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Amy Jacobson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
Have you ever been in a therapy session where the therapist sits quietly, listens attentively, nods politely an when you leave you're wondering what you got out of the session. You will find me to be highly engaged in your session offering ongoing feedback and dialog as well as positive responses and support to your therapy process. I offer an integrative strength based approach to develop the tools you need to find inner peace and calm in this stressful world we share. I specialize in the areas of anxiety, depression, PTSD, health anxiety and chronic illness and attachment issues.
Have you ever been in a therapy session where the therapist sits quietly, listens attentively, nods politely an when you leave you're wondering what you got out of the session. You will find me to be highly engaged in your session offering ongoing feedback and dialog as well as positive responses and support to your therapy process. I offer an integrative strength based approach to develop the tools you need to find inner peace and calm in this stressful world we share. I specialize in the areas of anxiety, depression, PTSD, health anxiety and chronic illness and attachment issues.
(845) 443-4647 View (845) 443-4647
Photo of Sarah Gugluizza, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Sarah Gugluizza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Our reactions to the world are influenced by our experiences. For me it’s meant transitioning from city life in Brooklyn & NYC to quieter moves upstate in the Hudson Valley; it’s meant growing from a young adult into family life & active mother of 3; and changing gears to be able to support and treat youngsters and adults in a way that best serves each of them. I've spent most of my career servicing children, teens and their families in emotional, behavioral, academic & psychiatric capacities. I've supported kids and teens through mental illness, trauma, developmental delays, learning issues,
Our reactions to the world are influenced by our experiences. For me it’s meant transitioning from city life in Brooklyn & NYC to quieter moves upstate in the Hudson Valley; it’s meant growing from a young adult into family life & active mother of 3; and changing gears to be able to support and treat youngsters and adults in a way that best serves each of them. I've spent most of my career servicing children, teens and their families in emotional, behavioral, academic & psychiatric capacities. I've supported kids and teens through mental illness, trauma, developmental delays, learning issues,
(347) 759-0218 View (347) 759-0218
Photo of Michelle Miller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Michelle Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Online Only
My approach is collaborative and compassionate in nature. I will work with you step by step to create and accomplish realistic and attainable goals that match the vision you have for your life. I want to understand where each of my clients are coming from so that I can work to provide well-informed, culturally sensitive care, unique to each client's individual needs. I am experienced in working with trauma, depression, anxiety, panic disorder, addiction, compulsive behaviors, and many other mental health issues.
My approach is collaborative and compassionate in nature. I will work with you step by step to create and accomplish realistic and attainable goals that match the vision you have for your life. I want to understand where each of my clients are coming from so that I can work to provide well-informed, culturally sensitive care, unique to each client's individual needs. I am experienced in working with trauma, depression, anxiety, panic disorder, addiction, compulsive behaviors, and many other mental health issues.
(845) 547-0311 View (845) 547-0311
Photo of Steve Walko, Counselor, LMHC
Steve Walko
Counselor, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I create a warm therapeutic environment and work to establish a strong and empathic relationship with clients in order to form a safe space to explore their issues. My goal is to help clients gain better self acceptance, insight into their difficulties, and to create better strategies and skills to live in accordance with life values.
I create a warm therapeutic environment and work to establish a strong and empathic relationship with clients in order to form a safe space to explore their issues. My goal is to help clients gain better self acceptance, insight into their difficulties, and to create better strategies and skills to live in accordance with life values.
(845) 443-4465 View (845) 443-4465
Photo of Leah Stern-Helmick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CASAC, CCTP-II
Leah Stern-Helmick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CASAC, CCTP-II
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Finding the right therapist is a crucial step in your journey towards well-being. Whether you are navigating ADHD, anxiety, depression, substance use issues, trauma, life transitions, stress, or seeking personal growth; I am here to work with you to accomplish your goals. You can expect a supportive and collaborative therapeutic relationship. I work with adults 18+ to understand and overcome challenges, develop coping skills, and ultimately improve your overall mental health and well-being. I aim to provide a supportive, understanding, and judgement-free environment.
Finding the right therapist is a crucial step in your journey towards well-being. Whether you are navigating ADHD, anxiety, depression, substance use issues, trauma, life transitions, stress, or seeking personal growth; I am here to work with you to accomplish your goals. You can expect a supportive and collaborative therapeutic relationship. I work with adults 18+ to understand and overcome challenges, develop coping skills, and ultimately improve your overall mental health and well-being. I aim to provide a supportive, understanding, and judgement-free environment.
(516) 260-0413 View (516) 260-0413
Photo of Stephen Larson, Psychologist, PsyD
Stephen Larson
Psychologist, PsyD
Online Only
I have been a Psychologist for approximately 25 years. I provide individual psychotherapy to children and adults. My areas of focus include anxiety, depression, adjustment/life stage transitions, attachment issues including reactive attachment disorder in children and adults, trauma, PTSD, sexual identity, blended families, college student development, career development, and personal growth. Prior to becoming a Psychologist, I had a successful career in the Apparel Industry as a fashion designer. I have found that creativity is an asset in therapy. It's important to think out of the box to facilitate change!
I have been a Psychologist for approximately 25 years. I provide individual psychotherapy to children and adults. My areas of focus include anxiety, depression, adjustment/life stage transitions, attachment issues including reactive attachment disorder in children and adults, trauma, PTSD, sexual identity, blended families, college student development, career development, and personal growth. Prior to becoming a Psychologist, I had a successful career in the Apparel Industry as a fashion designer. I have found that creativity is an asset in therapy. It's important to think out of the box to facilitate change!
(845) 599-8360 View (845) 599-8360

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Alexa Ferst, Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Alexa Ferst
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Serves Area
Hi there! Have you been struggling to manage your emotions? Do you wonder what might be causing you to have difficulty completing tasks? Are you questioning why life doesn't feel as fulfilling as you hoped? It can be challenging to navigate life's obstacles, but you are not alone! It is my mission to foster a space of empathy, respect, and cultural understanding, so you feel truly heard and supported. My clients are often those working through stress and anxiety, coping with grief and loss, or overcoming traumatic events. I have immediate openings for individuals of all backgrounds at any stage in their healing journey!
Hi there! Have you been struggling to manage your emotions? Do you wonder what might be causing you to have difficulty completing tasks? Are you questioning why life doesn't feel as fulfilling as you hoped? It can be challenging to navigate life's obstacles, but you are not alone! It is my mission to foster a space of empathy, respect, and cultural understanding, so you feel truly heard and supported. My clients are often those working through stress and anxiety, coping with grief and loss, or overcoming traumatic events. I have immediate openings for individuals of all backgrounds at any stage in their healing journey!
(646) 718-6444 View (646) 718-6444
Photo of Briana Dashawna Reed, MHC-LP
Briana Dashawna Reed
Verified Verified
Online Only
Anxiety can feel like your brain’s stuck on a hamster wheel—nonstop overthinking, constant what-ifs, and that tight-chest, can’t-breathe kind of stress. Just when one worry chills out, another one pops up like, “hey, miss me?” It’s exhausting. And let’s be real—living in a chaotic, always-online, everything’s-happening-at-once world doesn’t exactly help. It’s like your nervous system never gets a day off. If this feels way too familiar, you’re so not alone. So many of us are dealing with the same mental chaos—it’s not just you.
Anxiety can feel like your brain’s stuck on a hamster wheel—nonstop overthinking, constant what-ifs, and that tight-chest, can’t-breathe kind of stress. Just when one worry chills out, another one pops up like, “hey, miss me?” It’s exhausting. And let’s be real—living in a chaotic, always-online, everything’s-happening-at-once world doesn’t exactly help. It’s like your nervous system never gets a day off. If this feels way too familiar, you’re so not alone. So many of us are dealing with the same mental chaos—it’s not just you.
(607) 360-6110 View (607) 360-6110
Photo of Eddie Schnecker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Eddie Schnecker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Fishkill, NY 12524
I am dedicated to helping individuals navigate life's challenges, improve their mental health, and build stronger, healthier relationships with themselves and others. I work collaboratively with my clients to create a safe, non-judgmental space where they can share and explore their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Whether addressing anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, grief, or life transitions, I am committed to helping clients achieve personal growth and emotional well-being. It can be hard to invest in yourself, but you're not alone. We all develop patterns that keep us stuck.
I am dedicated to helping individuals navigate life's challenges, improve their mental health, and build stronger, healthier relationships with themselves and others. I work collaboratively with my clients to create a safe, non-judgmental space where they can share and explore their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Whether addressing anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, grief, or life transitions, I am committed to helping clients achieve personal growth and emotional well-being. It can be hard to invest in yourself, but you're not alone. We all develop patterns that keep us stuck.
(845) 243-2693 View (845) 243-2693
Photo of Brittany Farrell, Counselor, LMHC, LMSW
Brittany Farrell
Counselor, LMHC, LMSW
Poughkeepsie, NY 12603
We all experience social and emotional challenges throughout our lives. Stress, grief & loss, anxiety & depression, relationship conflict, and difficulty navigating transitions are experienced by all of us across our lifespans. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and trauma may further complicate the way we navigate these challenges. If you are reading this you have already taken the first step by seeking support to work through this challenging time in your life and I look forward to working with you to meet your goals.
We all experience social and emotional challenges throughout our lives. Stress, grief & loss, anxiety & depression, relationship conflict, and difficulty navigating transitions are experienced by all of us across our lifespans. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and trauma may further complicate the way we navigate these challenges. If you are reading this you have already taken the first step by seeking support to work through this challenging time in your life and I look forward to working with you to meet your goals.
(845) 373-3978 View (845) 373-3978
Photo of Peter Darrow Bishop, Psychologist, PhD
Peter Darrow Bishop
Psychologist, PhD
Beacon, NY 12508
Many people create lives which appear to be enviable but are not able to enjoy them. Others appear to have assembled all the pieces for success and happiness but repeatedly sabotage themselves. Why? I believe the answer often involves safety issues that are not understood. While the person is objectively safe, psychologically they are not. And when the brain is presented with a choice between happiness and survival, it chooses survival. The result may be blocked capacity for joy or a penchant for chaotic choices that subvert professional success and loving relationship. The prime mover of these patterns is rooted in personal memory.
Many people create lives which appear to be enviable but are not able to enjoy them. Others appear to have assembled all the pieces for success and happiness but repeatedly sabotage themselves. Why? I believe the answer often involves safety issues that are not understood. While the person is objectively safe, psychologically they are not. And when the brain is presented with a choice between happiness and survival, it chooses survival. The result may be blocked capacity for joy or a penchant for chaotic choices that subvert professional success and loving relationship. The prime mover of these patterns is rooted in personal memory.
(845) 253-5801 View (845) 253-5801
Photo of Emily King, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Emily King
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Life is hard, bad things happen & sometimes you just need somebody to help you sort it all out. That’s where I come in. I’m here to help you work through the hard stuff. In my 11 years as a therapist I have helped my clients; reduce their anxiety, improve their relationships, process grief and loss, find healing from trauma, and more effectively manage & cope with the ongoing stressors of daily life. I feel so strongly that you have the capacity to overcome what you are going through and to truly thrive!
Life is hard, bad things happen & sometimes you just need somebody to help you sort it all out. That’s where I come in. I’m here to help you work through the hard stuff. In my 11 years as a therapist I have helped my clients; reduce their anxiety, improve their relationships, process grief and loss, find healing from trauma, and more effectively manage & cope with the ongoing stressors of daily life. I feel so strongly that you have the capacity to overcome what you are going through and to truly thrive!
(315) 543-6753 View (315) 543-6753
Photo of Elizabeth Lunceford, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Elizabeth Lunceford
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Red Hook, NY 12571
Waitlist for new clients
With growth and change comes challenges. And with challenges, often comes growth and change. Therapy is a tool that can help with this. With over twenty years of experience in the profession and having worked with people of all ages facing various obstacles and difficulties, I have had the honor and privilege to witness this time and time again. Sometimes, we need support as we grow, evolve, learn to more fully connect with ourselves and others, and heal.
With growth and change comes challenges. And with challenges, often comes growth and change. Therapy is a tool that can help with this. With over twenty years of experience in the profession and having worked with people of all ages facing various obstacles and difficulties, I have had the honor and privilege to witness this time and time again. Sometimes, we need support as we grow, evolve, learn to more fully connect with ourselves and others, and heal.
(845) 242-7228 View (845) 242-7228
Photo of Shomari Turner Gallagher, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Shomari Turner Gallagher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Online Only
As social creatures, humans thrive through connection with others. Being truly seen and understood by another person is key to the healing and the personal growth process. I actively listen, identifying concerns and themes and provide feedback derived from a number of sources, to help clients develop greater insight, empowerment and energy to create the change they’d like to have in their lives. While I'm here to offer support and guidance, the work you do outside of our sessions will be key. While life may not always offer comfort, we can learn how to expand our capacity to handle challenges through practice & self-compassion.
As social creatures, humans thrive through connection with others. Being truly seen and understood by another person is key to the healing and the personal growth process. I actively listen, identifying concerns and themes and provide feedback derived from a number of sources, to help clients develop greater insight, empowerment and energy to create the change they’d like to have in their lives. While I'm here to offer support and guidance, the work you do outside of our sessions will be key. While life may not always offer comfort, we can learn how to expand our capacity to handle challenges through practice & self-compassion.
(646) 760-6958 View (646) 760-6958
Photo of Christina Wright, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PLLC
Christina Wright
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PLLC
Kingston, NY 12401
I specialize in helping children and families identify areas of challenge and provide support through a variety of therapy options, including individual sessions for children, family-based sessions, and parent-focused sessions. While I offer expertise in child development and therapy, I deeply value the role of parents as the experts on their own children, and I work collaboratively with families to ensure the most effective treatment. I also offer therapy option for adults. Many adult clients seek my services to help process and resolve trauma memories, and I tailor my approach to meet the unique needs of each individual.
I specialize in helping children and families identify areas of challenge and provide support through a variety of therapy options, including individual sessions for children, family-based sessions, and parent-focused sessions. While I offer expertise in child development and therapy, I deeply value the role of parents as the experts on their own children, and I work collaboratively with families to ensure the most effective treatment. I also offer therapy option for adults. Many adult clients seek my services to help process and resolve trauma memories, and I tailor my approach to meet the unique needs of each individual.
(845) 443-7377 View (845) 443-7377
Photo of Kymberly Kline, Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
Kymberly Kline
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-LP
New Paltz, NY 12561
Hello! My therapeutic approach is person-centered, honoring each individual’s unique needs and goals. Authentic connection and unconditional positive regard are my foundation for fostering acceptance, healing, and self-actualization. I am committed to helping clients improve their overall wellbeing, increase their self-awareness, and realize their self-identified goals. I value creativity and individuality in the counseling process and seek to accommodate my approach to each client’s natural inclinations
Hello! My therapeutic approach is person-centered, honoring each individual’s unique needs and goals. Authentic connection and unconditional positive regard are my foundation for fostering acceptance, healing, and self-actualization. I am committed to helping clients improve their overall wellbeing, increase their self-awareness, and realize their self-identified goals. I value creativity and individuality in the counseling process and seek to accommodate my approach to each client’s natural inclinations
(845) 442-6183 View (845) 442-6183
Photo of Patricia G Thomas - Taconic Counseling Group, Patricia Thomas, PhD, Psychologist, PhD
Hello, I am Patricia Thomas. We, at Taconic, know that finding the right therapist can be a difficult process. We help you find the right match with a member of our group because the match between you and your counselor makes all the difference in your having a good therapy experience. I am one of our 6 psychologists with advanced PhD's and over 30 years of experience. Because each of us has different as well as overlapping specialties, we benefit from our many perspectives as your therapist crafts, with you, a therapy plan that is right for you, in a warm and caring environment.
Hello, I am Patricia Thomas. We, at Taconic, know that finding the right therapist can be a difficult process. We help you find the right match with a member of our group because the match between you and your counselor makes all the difference in your having a good therapy experience. I am one of our 6 psychologists with advanced PhD's and over 30 years of experience. Because each of us has different as well as overlapping specialties, we benefit from our many perspectives as your therapist crafts, with you, a therapy plan that is right for you, in a warm and caring environment.
(845) 827-1018 View (845) 827-1018
Photo of Amanda E landes - Ecdysis Psychology PLLC, Psychologist, PsyD
Ecdysis Psychology PLLC
Psychologist, PsyD
Online Only
Accepting new clients who are motivated for change. Do you recognize that you deserve happiness and are willing to put in the work to find it? Let me help you find your answers. Clients who work with me appreciate my flexible and individualized approach to managing symptoms often associated with anxiety, depression, and the daily stressors we face during life transitions.
Accepting new clients who are motivated for change. Do you recognize that you deserve happiness and are willing to put in the work to find it? Let me help you find your answers. Clients who work with me appreciate my flexible and individualized approach to managing symptoms often associated with anxiety, depression, and the daily stressors we face during life transitions.
(845) 516-8055 View (845) 516-8055
Photo of Todd Anderson, Licensed Psychoanalyst, PhD, PsyD, LP, NCPsyA, CCTP
Todd Anderson
Licensed Psychoanalyst, PhD, PsyD, LP, NCPsyA, CCTP
15 Endorsed
Online Only
Beginning therapy can be scary and is a bold step toward making proactive changes in your life. I provide a warm and relaxed atmosphere to explore your emotional life in a safe and supportive space. Aware of the importance of the body, I experience you as a whole person: your words, life themes, affect, posture, and your presence. By experiencing you in your wholeness, I can contextualize what can feel confusing or fragmentary. I can share what I see and understand, helping you raise your self-awareness. This process can harmonize your thoughts and emotions. Insight alone often is not sufficient for healing.
Beginning therapy can be scary and is a bold step toward making proactive changes in your life. I provide a warm and relaxed atmosphere to explore your emotional life in a safe and supportive space. Aware of the importance of the body, I experience you as a whole person: your words, life themes, affect, posture, and your presence. By experiencing you in your wholeness, I can contextualize what can feel confusing or fragmentary. I can share what I see and understand, helping you raise your self-awareness. This process can harmonize your thoughts and emotions. Insight alone often is not sufficient for healing.
(914) 252-3138 View (914) 252-3138

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Rosendale, NY

< 10

Therapists in Rosendale, NY who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Coping Skills
86% Self Esteem
86% Life Transitions
71% Grief

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
86% Oxford

How Therapists in Rosendale, NY see their clients

86% Online Only
14% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

71% Female
29% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Rosendale?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.