Therapists in 19th Ward, Rochester, NY

Photo of Katherine Potvin, LMSW
Katherine Potvin
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619
One of my favorite things a patient has said to me is “Thank you for being part of my journey”. That’s what life is to me – a journey we are all on together. What I want for everyone is that they can overcome any barriers they may have so they can tune into their whole selves and live life to its fullest. I use a mixed relational approach pulling from person-centered therapy, existential therapy, DBT and more. I am committed to providing you a safe, sex positive, non-judgmental space for trust and growth to happen. I work with people from all walks of life on issues like anxiety, ADHD, family history, and relationships, etc.
One of my favorite things a patient has said to me is “Thank you for being part of my journey”. That’s what life is to me – a journey we are all on together. What I want for everyone is that they can overcome any barriers they may have so they can tune into their whole selves and live life to its fullest. I use a mixed relational approach pulling from person-centered therapy, existential therapy, DBT and more. I am committed to providing you a safe, sex positive, non-judgmental space for trust and growth to happen. I work with people from all walks of life on issues like anxiety, ADHD, family history, and relationships, etc.
(585) 460-5484 View (585) 460-5484
Photo of Rocco Hagen, MS, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rocco Hagen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619  (Online Only)
Feeling lost, stuck, or nothing at all? Wondering how you got to this point or how you can get past it? Let's start with this assumption: All people -at any point in time- are doing the best that they can with the resources available to them. Starting in infancy we develop ways to express our feelings and meet our needs, which can have a profound impact on how we interact with people and go through the world. Often skills that we developed at these early stages in our lives can become unhelpful as we transition to new stages. In therapy we can explore the question: “How is the past playing out in the present?” in a safe space.
Feeling lost, stuck, or nothing at all? Wondering how you got to this point or how you can get past it? Let's start with this assumption: All people -at any point in time- are doing the best that they can with the resources available to them. Starting in infancy we develop ways to express our feelings and meet our needs, which can have a profound impact on how we interact with people and go through the world. Often skills that we developed at these early stages in our lives can become unhelpful as we transition to new stages. In therapy we can explore the question: “How is the past playing out in the present?” in a safe space.
(585) 460-1328 View (585) 460-1328
Photo of Jeannette Connolly, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jeannette Connolly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619  (Online Only)
Talk therapy is one of the best ways we can improve our mental health and quality of life. I have expertise in working with several life challenges. My clients typically struggle with depression, anxiety, life transitions, relationship issues, the emotional and psychological impact of managing illness, such as Types 1 and 2 diabetes, and several men's issues such as anger management and communication skills. Life comes with challenges for everyone and I'm happy to help manage you those difficulties.
Talk therapy is one of the best ways we can improve our mental health and quality of life. I have expertise in working with several life challenges. My clients typically struggle with depression, anxiety, life transitions, relationship issues, the emotional and psychological impact of managing illness, such as Types 1 and 2 diabetes, and several men's issues such as anger management and communication skills. Life comes with challenges for everyone and I'm happy to help manage you those difficulties.
(585) 699-1081 View (585) 699-1081
Photo of Stephanie Jackman, LCSW-R, MS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stephanie Jackman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, MS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619
One of my greatest rewards as a therapist is helping clients to change their lives for the better. I have almost 20 years of individual and family therapy experience. I take pride in providing a respectful, non-judgmental setting, with active listening and offering questions to support the process of self awareness.
One of my greatest rewards as a therapist is helping clients to change their lives for the better. I have almost 20 years of individual and family therapy experience. I take pride in providing a respectful, non-judgmental setting, with active listening and offering questions to support the process of self awareness.
(585) 937-3212 View (585) 937-3212
Photo of Ivan A Matthew, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ivan A Matthew
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619  (Online Only)
Greetings, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 15 years of experience helping individuals and families overcome life challenges. My goal is to assist individuals to explore choices for making changes in life that will enhance relationships and improve the overall quality of their lives. When working with clients, I utilize a comprehensive approach that focuses on interpersonal aspects of their lives. I specifically utilize strength-based and cognitive behavior therapies while integrating specific techniques tailored to the unique needs of the individual.
Greetings, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 15 years of experience helping individuals and families overcome life challenges. My goal is to assist individuals to explore choices for making changes in life that will enhance relationships and improve the overall quality of their lives. When working with clients, I utilize a comprehensive approach that focuses on interpersonal aspects of their lives. I specifically utilize strength-based and cognitive behavior therapies while integrating specific techniques tailored to the unique needs of the individual.
(585) 986-5350 View (585) 986-5350
Photo of Jamie Lee Viavattine, LMHC, Counselor
Jamie Lee Viavattine
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619  (Online Only)
I believe in building a healthy therapeutic relationship in order to understand the needs and strengths of my clients. I strive to show compassion and empathy to individuals while challenging areas in which they identify they would like grow and change. I focus on using DBT skills such as mindfulness, emotions regulation, interpersonal effectiveness and distress tolerance in order to help patients change problematic behaviors. I work to help patients utilize their strengths in order to overcome barriers that interfere with their goals.
I believe in building a healthy therapeutic relationship in order to understand the needs and strengths of my clients. I strive to show compassion and empathy to individuals while challenging areas in which they identify they would like grow and change. I focus on using DBT skills such as mindfulness, emotions regulation, interpersonal effectiveness and distress tolerance in order to help patients change problematic behaviors. I work to help patients utilize their strengths in order to overcome barriers that interfere with their goals.
(585) 541-3539 View (585) 541-3539
Photo of Ross Griswold, LCSW, CCTP-II, CCS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ross Griswold
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP-II, CCS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619
Not accepting new clients
Therapy is most meaningful when you have a clear understanding of the work being done, and can see how a specific approach aligns with your values and goals. Since there are no one-size-fits-all solutions, we'll try and track approaches tailored to your individual needs, keep the ones that help, and avoid painful repetition of strategies that don't help. Together, we will aim to build a process that works, and move at a mutually agreed upon pace and direction toward clarity, understanding, and change.
Therapy is most meaningful when you have a clear understanding of the work being done, and can see how a specific approach aligns with your values and goals. Since there are no one-size-fits-all solutions, we'll try and track approaches tailored to your individual needs, keep the ones that help, and avoid painful repetition of strategies that don't help. Together, we will aim to build a process that works, and move at a mutually agreed upon pace and direction toward clarity, understanding, and change.
(585) 440-3867 View (585) 440-3867
Photo of Latoya Nicole Brooks - Brooks Counseling LLC, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brooks Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619
Welcome to Brooks Counseling, My name is Latoya Brooks, LMSW, Seeking therapy takes bravery and courage. You may have many questions or thoughts as you begin your journey to harmony. Take a moment to ask yourself the following question. Am I struggling with issues that are related to trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, or a major life change? If so, then you are in the right place. My style as a therapist is to meet you where you are in your journey to harmony. My role is to provide unconditional support and guidance as there comes a time when we all may need help with navigating all the challenges that life throws our way.
Welcome to Brooks Counseling, My name is Latoya Brooks, LMSW, Seeking therapy takes bravery and courage. You may have many questions or thoughts as you begin your journey to harmony. Take a moment to ask yourself the following question. Am I struggling with issues that are related to trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, or a major life change? If so, then you are in the right place. My style as a therapist is to meet you where you are in your journey to harmony. My role is to provide unconditional support and guidance as there comes a time when we all may need help with navigating all the challenges that life throws our way.
(585) 449-9505 View (585) 449-9505
Photo of Karla L Hatley - Essential Conversations Counseling Services, EdD, LMSW
Essential Conversations Counseling Services
Licensed Master Social Worker, EdD, LMSW
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619  (Online Only)
Essential Conversations Counseling Services offers specialized support for individuals working through life transitions. Our goal is to help you grow from your struggles, heal from your pain, and move forward to where you want to be in your life. Dr. Hatley is able to create an atmosphere of trust, compassion and hope, while exploring strategies to address various life challenges.
Essential Conversations Counseling Services offers specialized support for individuals working through life transitions. Our goal is to help you grow from your struggles, heal from your pain, and move forward to where you want to be in your life. Dr. Hatley is able to create an atmosphere of trust, compassion and hope, while exploring strategies to address various life challenges.
(585) 710-7280 View (585) 710-7280
Photo of Cacilda Pinto, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cacilda Pinto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619  (Online Only)
Hi, my name is Cacilda Pinto and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. My clients describe me as compassionate, understanding, and insightful. I specialize in working with people who feel overwhelmed and unappreciated. I am passionate about leading them through their healing and growth. I help working professionals who feel stuck on the job or held back by how their brain functions, and people with challenging relationships. My clients include people with attention deficit disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression.
Hi, my name is Cacilda Pinto and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. My clients describe me as compassionate, understanding, and insightful. I specialize in working with people who feel overwhelmed and unappreciated. I am passionate about leading them through their healing and growth. I help working professionals who feel stuck on the job or held back by how their brain functions, and people with challenging relationships. My clients include people with attention deficit disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression.
(929) 552-3419 View (929) 552-3419
Photo of Amy Stolberg Lcsw P.c., LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amy Stolberg Lcsw P.c.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619  (Online Only)
"ACCEPT WHAT IS", "LET GO OF WHAT WAS" AND "HAVE FAITH IN WHAT WILL BE". "LIVE WELL", "LAUGH OFTEN", "LOVE MUCH".
"ACCEPT WHAT IS", "LET GO OF WHAT WAS" AND "HAVE FAITH IN WHAT WILL BE". "LIVE WELL", "LAUGH OFTEN", "LOVE MUCH".
(585) 471-6413 View (585) 471-6413
Photo of Frank Barone, LCSW-R, MSW, BCD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Frank Barone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, MSW, BCD
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619  (Online Only)
I am a psychotherapist specializing in growth-oriented counseling with adults & couples. My clients typically work to increase awareness of their present life patterns which lead to various forms of emotional distress. This pain often causes significant disruption in their social, work, physical lives or intimate relationships. Early life experiences influence how we all experience our lives today. Insights and associations during talk therapy often bring previously unseen dynamics to light leading to healthier choices and increased fulfillment. Sessions take place weekly over the course of many months or more for lasting growth.
I am a psychotherapist specializing in growth-oriented counseling with adults & couples. My clients typically work to increase awareness of their present life patterns which lead to various forms of emotional distress. This pain often causes significant disruption in their social, work, physical lives or intimate relationships. Early life experiences influence how we all experience our lives today. Insights and associations during talk therapy often bring previously unseen dynamics to light leading to healthier choices and increased fulfillment. Sessions take place weekly over the course of many months or more for lasting growth.
(585) 271-0350 View (585) 271-0350
Photo of Maria R Hall, LMHC, Counselor
Maria R Hall
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619
Hello! My name is Maria R. Hall, and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with many years of experience as a therapist. I am fluent both in English and Spanish, and take pride in my ability to relate to people from all walks of life in a caring and healing way. I encourage self compassion and mindfulness as part of self care.
Hello! My name is Maria R. Hall, and I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with many years of experience as a therapist. I am fluent both in English and Spanish, and take pride in my ability to relate to people from all walks of life in a caring and healing way. I encourage self compassion and mindfulness as part of self care.
(585) 376-5126 View (585) 376-5126
Photo of Deborah Hudson, LCSW-R, PhD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Deborah Hudson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, PhD
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619
My mission is to provide effective therapy in the interest of empowering my clients to experience optimum well-being and quality of life. I specialize in client concerns pertaining to relational and sexual health; parenting; assisting families to thrive during times of life transition (such as adolescence, young adulthood, and divorce); and to facilitate the healthy self-esteem, development, and functioning of individuals, couples, and families. My approach takes into account the whole person, including emotional, physical, relational, and spiritual factors.
My mission is to provide effective therapy in the interest of empowering my clients to experience optimum well-being and quality of life. I specialize in client concerns pertaining to relational and sexual health; parenting; assisting families to thrive during times of life transition (such as adolescence, young adulthood, and divorce); and to facilitate the healthy self-esteem, development, and functioning of individuals, couples, and families. My approach takes into account the whole person, including emotional, physical, relational, and spiritual factors.
(585) 302-4604 View (585) 302-4604
Photo of Kelly M. Erbland, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kelly M. Erbland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619  (Online Only)
I believe in working cooperatively with people to help them achieve balance, personal growth, and to reach their personal goals. Many people feel isolated and their anxiety or depression prevent them from being their best self. We all have the ability to learn, grow and reach our highest potential, and we cannot do it alone. Together we can identify strengths, work through challenges, and develop the skills to achieve a higher level of peace and contentment.
I believe in working cooperatively with people to help them achieve balance, personal growth, and to reach their personal goals. Many people feel isolated and their anxiety or depression prevent them from being their best self. We all have the ability to learn, grow and reach our highest potential, and we cannot do it alone. Together we can identify strengths, work through challenges, and develop the skills to achieve a higher level of peace and contentment.
(585) 636-3478 View (585) 636-3478
Photo of Barbara Hicks Shapiro, LCSW-R, MSW, MS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Barbara Hicks Shapiro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, MSW, MS
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619
Not accepting new clients
Understanding ourselves allows us to make choices that otherwise might be out of our reach. Acknowledging how we feel opens the way to understanding. When we repress our feelings we can shut down not only how we experience ourselves but how we connect to others. Ignoring our feelings often leads to depression and anxiety and interferes with our ability to know ourselves and trust ourselves. We may feel at times that others are in control and that we are helpless. We are the ones responsible for the choices we make and recognizing this is empowering and builds self-esteem.
Understanding ourselves allows us to make choices that otherwise might be out of our reach. Acknowledging how we feel opens the way to understanding. When we repress our feelings we can shut down not only how we experience ourselves but how we connect to others. Ignoring our feelings often leads to depression and anxiety and interferes with our ability to know ourselves and trust ourselves. We may feel at times that others are in control and that we are helpless. We are the ones responsible for the choices we make and recognizing this is empowering and builds self-esteem.
(585) 286-3539 View (585) 286-3539
Photo of Julia A. Parker, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julia A. Parker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619
Not accepting new clients
I am currently not accepting new clients as my caseload is full. If you’d like, please contact me for recommendations of other therapists that specialize in the same areas as myself. I am dedicated and passionate about walking with clients on their journey to healing. The resilience of the human spirit humbles me. I am client-centered in my approach and strive to create a therapeutic environment and relationship that is founded in trust, genuineness and positive regard. I work closely with clients to help them connect with the moment and their values to gain insight, understanding and self-compassion.
I am currently not accepting new clients as my caseload is full. If you’d like, please contact me for recommendations of other therapists that specialize in the same areas as myself. I am dedicated and passionate about walking with clients on their journey to healing. The resilience of the human spirit humbles me. I am client-centered in my approach and strive to create a therapeutic environment and relationship that is founded in trust, genuineness and positive regard. I work closely with clients to help them connect with the moment and their values to gain insight, understanding and self-compassion.
(585) 270-7783 View (585) 270-7783
Photo of Tara Nolan-DeRose, LMHC, Counselor
Tara Nolan-DeRose
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619  (Online Only)
We all have thoughts about who we want to be or things in our lives that we want to be different. Often times though, past events or current factors leave us feeling stuck and struggling to turn our thoughts into action. My primary goal is to provide you an environment of safety, the opportunity to lighten the weight you carry and to support and guide you in your journey to optimal wellbeing.
We all have thoughts about who we want to be or things in our lives that we want to be different. Often times though, past events or current factors leave us feeling stuck and struggling to turn our thoughts into action. My primary goal is to provide you an environment of safety, the opportunity to lighten the weight you carry and to support and guide you in your journey to optimal wellbeing.
(585) 366-0268 View (585) 366-0268
Photo of Joseph Weber, LCSW-R, MSW, MDiv, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joseph Weber
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, MSW, MDiv
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619  (Online Only)
I am a psychotherapist specializing in growth-oriented counseling with adults & couples. My clients typically work to increase emotional awareness of their present choices or patterns which lead to various forms of distress. This pain often causes significant disruption in their social, work, physical lives or intimate relationships. Early childhood experiences influence how we all experience our lives today. Insights and associations during talk therapy often bring previously unseen options to light that lead to healthier choices and decreased stress and pain. These sessions take place weekly over the course of many months or more to provide the foundation of lasting growth.
I am a psychotherapist specializing in growth-oriented counseling with adults & couples. My clients typically work to increase emotional awareness of their present choices or patterns which lead to various forms of distress. This pain often causes significant disruption in their social, work, physical lives or intimate relationships. Early childhood experiences influence how we all experience our lives today. Insights and associations during talk therapy often bring previously unseen options to light that lead to healthier choices and decreased stress and pain. These sessions take place weekly over the course of many months or more to provide the foundation of lasting growth.
(585) 271-5610 View (585) 271-5610
Photo of Joseph Magliocco, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joseph Magliocco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
19th Ward, Rochester, NY 14619
Not accepting new clients
Many of us were never helped to identify and experience our full range of emotions. When emotions are not understood and put into words they get discharged through action, usually in ways which are detrimental to our wellbeing. Depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and addiction are some of the harmful ways these emotions get enacted. My goal is to create a relationship with the client in which these emotions can be explored and integrated, which results in greater freedom to meet life's challenges and enjoy life's gifts.
Many of us were never helped to identify and experience our full range of emotions. When emotions are not understood and put into words they get discharged through action, usually in ways which are detrimental to our wellbeing. Depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and addiction are some of the harmful ways these emotions get enacted. My goal is to create a relationship with the client in which these emotions can be explored and integrated, which results in greater freedom to meet life's challenges and enjoy life's gifts.
(585) 476-3255 View (585) 476-3255
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 19th Ward, Rochester, NY

30+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in 19th Ward, Rochester, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Relationship Issues
91% Anxiety
88% Depression
85% Coping Skills
82% Self Esteem
76% Peer Relationships
73% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
75% Excellus BlueCross BlueShield
58% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 19th Ward, Rochester, NY see their clients

52% In Person and Online
48% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
24% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 19th Ward, Rochester?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.