Therapists in New York, NY

View neighborhoods in New York
Photo of Ana M. Rodriguez, Psychologist in New York, NY
Ana M. Rodriguez
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
Do you or your child often feel anxious, or find it hard to trust anyone? You can’t stop thinking about what happened and you try to push those thoughts away. You can’t sleep or sleep too much. You worry if you talk about it, you will make things worse. You’ll unravel, start crying and never stop. These are some of the common symptoms associated with traumatic life events. As a nationally recognized expert in trauma treatment, I utilize and train others in evidence based methods to enable individuals and families overcome the impact of painful life experiences or trauma. By reading this now you are taking the first, important step.
Do you or your child often feel anxious, or find it hard to trust anyone? You can’t stop thinking about what happened and you try to push those thoughts away. You can’t sleep or sleep too much. You worry if you talk about it, you will make things worse. You’ll unravel, start crying and never stop. These are some of the common symptoms associated with traumatic life events. As a nationally recognized expert in trauma treatment, I utilize and train others in evidence based methods to enable individuals and families overcome the impact of painful life experiences or trauma. By reading this now you are taking the first, important step.
(646) 941-8185 View (646) 941-8185
Photo of Rebecca Posner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Rebecca Posner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024
'If not now, when?" I work with couples, adults, and adolescents on issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship challenges, and creative blocks. I work together with you to understand the history of patterns of thinking and behavior that are no longer working for you and to gain insight into why they have developed and how to change them. We will work on how to create a more gratifying and better functioning present and future. I also draw on my many years of experience as an artist -working in film, theater, and dance and I approach the therapeutic experience as a creative collaboration.
'If not now, when?" I work with couples, adults, and adolescents on issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma, relationship challenges, and creative blocks. I work together with you to understand the history of patterns of thinking and behavior that are no longer working for you and to gain insight into why they have developed and how to change them. We will work on how to create a more gratifying and better functioning present and future. I also draw on my many years of experience as an artist -working in film, theater, and dance and I approach the therapeutic experience as a creative collaboration.
(646) 798-7975 View (646) 798-7975
Photo of Meridian Mental Health Counseling PLLC, Counselor in New York, NY
Meridian Mental Health Counseling PLLC
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
You may choose therapy for multiple reasons. Whether you are here to resolve relationship conflicts, life transition, loss, or to manage stressors with work, taking this first step can be quite challenging as well as rewarding. Dealing with life problems is often the most challenging aspect of our daily lives; problems often become bigger when you try to ignore them. My goal is to help you understand and overcome these problems. Together, we will work through your vulnerabilities, fears, and beliefs to have a better understanding of how things can be improved.
You may choose therapy for multiple reasons. Whether you are here to resolve relationship conflicts, life transition, loss, or to manage stressors with work, taking this first step can be quite challenging as well as rewarding. Dealing with life problems is often the most challenging aspect of our daily lives; problems often become bigger when you try to ignore them. My goal is to help you understand and overcome these problems. Together, we will work through your vulnerabilities, fears, and beliefs to have a better understanding of how things can be improved.
(347) 334-6638 View (347) 334-6638
Photo of Raffaella Reali, Licensed Master Social Worker in New York, NY
Raffaella Reali
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10003
My dedication lies in empowering individuals to navigate their mental health journey with resilience and self-discovery. I am a therapist passionate about guiding my clients on a journey of soulful nourishment. For me, therapy is more than a process; it's an opportunity to explore, connect, and deeply heal. In sessions, I offer more than just therapeutic techniques; it's an invitation to explore the depths of your being, connect with your inner self, and embark on a profound journey.
My dedication lies in empowering individuals to navigate their mental health journey with resilience and self-discovery. I am a therapist passionate about guiding my clients on a journey of soulful nourishment. For me, therapy is more than a process; it's an opportunity to explore, connect, and deeply heal. In sessions, I offer more than just therapeutic techniques; it's an invitation to explore the depths of your being, connect with your inner self, and embark on a profound journey.
(347) 482-1453 View (347) 482-1453
Photo of Lauren M. Ginsberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Lauren M. Ginsberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
Psychotherapy helps people deal with challenges in relationships, work and in finding purpose and meaning in one's life. Finding a therapist with whom you feel understood and whom you believe can work with you to resolve issues or enhance your quality of life is an important step.
Psychotherapy helps people deal with challenges in relationships, work and in finding purpose and meaning in one's life. Finding a therapist with whom you feel understood and whom you believe can work with you to resolve issues or enhance your quality of life is an important step.
(646) 535-5191 View (646) 535-5191
Photo of Dr. Mallory Sapoff, Psychologist in New York, NY
Dr. Mallory Sapoff
Psychologist, MS, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10128  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach is integrative, inclusive and flexible based on the unique life experience, goals and needs of each individual. Therapy involves taking steps towards understanding yourself, and learning how to navigate your life in healthier and more satisfying ways. Therapy can involve reducing negative thoughts, anxiety and sadness; gaining control over behaviors and relationships you want to change; and facilitating the development of an optimal lifestyle. I work with people to develop a life that better meet one's needs, fostering deeper connections to the self and others and improving quality of life.
My therapeutic approach is integrative, inclusive and flexible based on the unique life experience, goals and needs of each individual. Therapy involves taking steps towards understanding yourself, and learning how to navigate your life in healthier and more satisfying ways. Therapy can involve reducing negative thoughts, anxiety and sadness; gaining control over behaviors and relationships you want to change; and facilitating the development of an optimal lifestyle. I work with people to develop a life that better meet one's needs, fostering deeper connections to the self and others and improving quality of life.
(516) 550-3141 View (516) 550-3141
Photo of Theo Rabke in New York, NY
Theo Rabke
MSEd, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10014
We come to therapy when we feel like our old ways of being in the world are no longer serving us. We may feel trapped by repetitive cycles, overwhelmed by challenges in our personal or professional lives, or curious about what our lives could be like if we were to let the deepest parts of ourselves find expression in our day-to-day. Very often, we are struggling to find the language to communicate who we really are, what we really need, and why we do the things we do. In some cases, we are trying to make sense of experiences that exist beyond the reach of language itself.
We come to therapy when we feel like our old ways of being in the world are no longer serving us. We may feel trapped by repetitive cycles, overwhelmed by challenges in our personal or professional lives, or curious about what our lives could be like if we were to let the deepest parts of ourselves find expression in our day-to-day. Very often, we are struggling to find the language to communicate who we really are, what we really need, and why we do the things we do. In some cases, we are trying to make sense of experiences that exist beyond the reach of language itself.
(929) 284-7813 View (929) 284-7813
Brenda Cheryl Kaplan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10025
I am a licensed psychologist with a background in neuropsychology (brain-behavior relationships). I see children and adults for comprehensive neuropsychological and psycho-educational evaluations. My particular interest is in evaluating and treating the cognitive, emotional and behavioral effects of Learning Disorders, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Brain Injury, or similar issues. I also work with adults in psychotherapy to address cognitive issues related to their diagnosis as well as addressing issues with attention and concentration, memory, organization, abstract thinking and problem solving.
I am a licensed psychologist with a background in neuropsychology (brain-behavior relationships). I see children and adults for comprehensive neuropsychological and psycho-educational evaluations. My particular interest is in evaluating and treating the cognitive, emotional and behavioral effects of Learning Disorders, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Brain Injury, or similar issues. I also work with adults in psychotherapy to address cognitive issues related to their diagnosis as well as addressing issues with attention and concentration, memory, organization, abstract thinking and problem solving.
(646) 351-1784 View (646) 351-1784
Photo of Karen Weinstein, Psychologist in New York, NY
Karen Weinstein
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10128
Karen Weinstein, PhD: A graduate of Smith College and Adelphi U., I specialize in short and longer-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. My background includes leadership positions in public hospitals, treating individuals with severe mental illnesses, on in-patient, prison and outpatient settings as . I work with couples, individuals teens. I serve as a volunteer psychotherapist to A Home Within: an organization that provides free ongoing therapy to foster children who have aged out of care. In addition, I am a therapist organizational consultant to many of New York's leading academic hospitals, treating physicians in crisis.
Karen Weinstein, PhD: A graduate of Smith College and Adelphi U., I specialize in short and longer-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. My background includes leadership positions in public hospitals, treating individuals with severe mental illnesses, on in-patient, prison and outpatient settings as . I work with couples, individuals teens. I serve as a volunteer psychotherapist to A Home Within: an organization that provides free ongoing therapy to foster children who have aged out of care. In addition, I am a therapist organizational consultant to many of New York's leading academic hospitals, treating physicians in crisis.
(646) 600-8235 View (646) 600-8235
Photo of Lex Curry, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Lex Curry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10034  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with folks with stigmatized behaviors and identities, or who are otherwise mistreated and ignored in traditional mental health settings. My therapeutic approach is, above all else, strengths-based and person-centered. You are the expert in your own experience and what you need. If you're learning to safely unmask your neurodivergent self, exploring your gender identity or sexuality, examining your substance use, or navigating non-traditional relationship structures like ethical non-monogamy, polyamory, BDSM, or queerplatonic dynamics, I'd love to work with you!
I specialize in working with folks with stigmatized behaviors and identities, or who are otherwise mistreated and ignored in traditional mental health settings. My therapeutic approach is, above all else, strengths-based and person-centered. You are the expert in your own experience and what you need. If you're learning to safely unmask your neurodivergent self, exploring your gender identity or sexuality, examining your substance use, or navigating non-traditional relationship structures like ethical non-monogamy, polyamory, BDSM, or queerplatonic dynamics, I'd love to work with you!
(646) 759-0595 View (646) 759-0595
Photo of Esther Omisore, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Esther Omisore
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am a Marriage and Family Therapist here at Phoenix Marriage & Family Therapy. My education and experiences have built up my psychological, collaborative, and leadership skills. My services include trauma, emotional wellness, self-care, depression, anxiety, family conflict, and much more servicing BIPOC, all religions and backgrounds, ages 5 to 95. I am determined to end the generational stigmas against going to therapy, especially in the BIPOC and African communities.
Welcome! I am a Marriage and Family Therapist here at Phoenix Marriage & Family Therapy. My education and experiences have built up my psychological, collaborative, and leadership skills. My services include trauma, emotional wellness, self-care, depression, anxiety, family conflict, and much more servicing BIPOC, all religions and backgrounds, ages 5 to 95. I am determined to end the generational stigmas against going to therapy, especially in the BIPOC and African communities.
(929) 416-3523 View (929) 416-3523
Photo of Snehal Kumar, Psychologist in New York, NY
Snehal Kumar
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Are you noticing increased stress in your life? You may have a good group of trusted people who you usually rely on but you may not want to burden them right now because everyone is going through a lot. If you’re looking for a space where you can address workplace stress, life transitions, burnout, anxiety, or depression, I might be a good fit. I view counseling as a collaborative process, where we create a realistic plan to help you listen to yourself and identify strategies to meet your goals.
Are you noticing increased stress in your life? You may have a good group of trusted people who you usually rely on but you may not want to burden them right now because everyone is going through a lot. If you’re looking for a space where you can address workplace stress, life transitions, burnout, anxiety, or depression, I might be a good fit. I view counseling as a collaborative process, where we create a realistic plan to help you listen to yourself and identify strategies to meet your goals.
(917) 740-8155 View (917) 740-8155
Photo of Ruthie Adler, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Ruthie Adler
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSEd, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
Waitlist for new clients
All of us have moments in our lives when we could use a little extra help. Therapy can be that support, whether we’re facing big changes, past traumas, issues in our relationships, ongoing mental health struggles, or burnout from the demands of everyday life. It allows for the time to be heard and seen, to talk things through, to build better coping skills, and reach greater fulfillment. I’ve felt privileged to see and aid in this growth process throughout my time working with adults struggling with anxiety, depression, ADHD, and eating disorders.
All of us have moments in our lives when we could use a little extra help. Therapy can be that support, whether we’re facing big changes, past traumas, issues in our relationships, ongoing mental health struggles, or burnout from the demands of everyday life. It allows for the time to be heard and seen, to talk things through, to build better coping skills, and reach greater fulfillment. I’ve felt privileged to see and aid in this growth process throughout my time working with adults struggling with anxiety, depression, ADHD, and eating disorders.
(332) 239-4607 View (332) 239-4607
Photo of Benedict Heblich in New York, NY
Benedict Heblich
PhD, MSc
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
I support individuals who want to find out and integrate their core values into their lives.
I support individuals who want to find out and integrate their core values into their lives.
(315) 325-3660 View (315) 325-3660
Photo of Lirone Farber, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Lirone Farber
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MCSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
It can be an overwhelming process to find a therapist. It takes a lot of strength to ask for help and it is amazing that you are here. I work with adults, couples, and adolescent navigating relationships, parenthood, career challenges, shame, low self esteem and the infertility/postpartum period. People often come to me during life transitions hoping to form new and healthier patterns. They often describe feeling stuck, unmotivated, anxious or depressed and revert to unsuccessful habits. I will work with you to create a space where we can safely explore your thoughts, overcome obstacles and build a more fulfilling life.
It can be an overwhelming process to find a therapist. It takes a lot of strength to ask for help and it is amazing that you are here. I work with adults, couples, and adolescent navigating relationships, parenthood, career challenges, shame, low self esteem and the infertility/postpartum period. People often come to me during life transitions hoping to form new and healthier patterns. They often describe feeling stuck, unmotivated, anxious or depressed and revert to unsuccessful habits. I will work with you to create a space where we can safely explore your thoughts, overcome obstacles and build a more fulfilling life.
(646) 586-3199 View (646) 586-3199
Photo of Vivien Eva Weiss, Counselor in New York, NY
Vivien Eva Weiss
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
I have been a psychotherapist for over 30 years. Early in my career I co-authored a book called Relationships, which explored how marriages either succeeded or failed. My work on the book helped me formulate a way of working with couples, one that was supportive of struggle in the interest of strengthening the relationship bond. I attempt to help couples not only survive but also to thrive. In addition, I do long- term psychodynamic work with individuals . I have worked with many people struggling with depression, anxiety and post traumatic stress.
I have been a psychotherapist for over 30 years. Early in my career I co-authored a book called Relationships, which explored how marriages either succeeded or failed. My work on the book helped me formulate a way of working with couples, one that was supportive of struggle in the interest of strengthening the relationship bond. I attempt to help couples not only survive but also to thrive. In addition, I do long- term psychodynamic work with individuals . I have worked with many people struggling with depression, anxiety and post traumatic stress.
(413) 274-4187 View (413) 274-4187
Photo of Loveleen Posmentier, Licensed Psychoanalyst in New York, NY
Loveleen Posmentier
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10025
BILINGUAL PSYCHOTHERAPIST.I enjoy my work as a Psychotherapist and Psychoanalyst. My very extensive training at an analytic Institute has prepared me to listen first and then assess the patient's needs. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is an important guide to help face the challenges of love and work in their lives. Symptoms of depression, anxiety phobias and Rage are often indication that something needs to change. I try to help the patient utilize psychotherapy for their personality issues that make it hard to function effectively in the world or be content , feel more whole, and more productive.
BILINGUAL PSYCHOTHERAPIST.I enjoy my work as a Psychotherapist and Psychoanalyst. My very extensive training at an analytic Institute has prepared me to listen first and then assess the patient's needs. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is an important guide to help face the challenges of love and work in their lives. Symptoms of depression, anxiety phobias and Rage are often indication that something needs to change. I try to help the patient utilize psychotherapy for their personality issues that make it hard to function effectively in the world or be content , feel more whole, and more productive.
(212) 595-3325 View (212) 595-3325
Photo of Darcy Sterling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Darcy Sterling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10009
Helping people succeed in love is my life’s work. I’ve dedicated my career to teaching people relationship skills because I know that the quality of your life is determined by the quality of your relationships. We don’t thrive in love by chance. We thrive in love when we’ve mastered relationship skills. None of us are born with them - but all of us can learn them. Because they’re skills. And, as a practicing therapist, I’m licensed to teach those skills. I have a Master’s Degree from Columbia University and a PhD from New York University. I’m also the host of E! Network’s Famously Single and the former Global Ambassador to Tinder.
Helping people succeed in love is my life’s work. I’ve dedicated my career to teaching people relationship skills because I know that the quality of your life is determined by the quality of your relationships. We don’t thrive in love by chance. We thrive in love when we’ve mastered relationship skills. None of us are born with them - but all of us can learn them. Because they’re skills. And, as a practicing therapist, I’m licensed to teach those skills. I have a Master’s Degree from Columbia University and a PhD from New York University. I’m also the host of E! Network’s Famously Single and the former Global Ambassador to Tinder.
(212) 604-0144 View (212) 604-0144
Photo of Molli Ben-Gal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in New York, NY
Molli Ben-Gal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011
Schedule a free consultation easily using this link: calendly.com/mollib Are you looking to deepen your understanding of self, or your connection with others? I am passionate about human connection, and strongly believe in the power of healing through self study. I value the attunement of mind, body and spirit, and rely on this connection to guide the evolution of each individual’s therapeutic path. I believe that therapy is a deeply personal and intimate experience, and lead with the heart to create an open, understanding, collaborative relationship with clients.
Schedule a free consultation easily using this link: calendly.com/mollib Are you looking to deepen your understanding of self, or your connection with others? I am passionate about human connection, and strongly believe in the power of healing through self study. I value the attunement of mind, body and spirit, and rely on this connection to guide the evolution of each individual’s therapeutic path. I believe that therapy is a deeply personal and intimate experience, and lead with the heart to create an open, understanding, collaborative relationship with clients.
(347) 321-9764 View (347) 321-9764
Photo of Shelley Helmig, Pre-Licensed Professional in New York, NY
Shelley Helmig
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016
Considering therapy and finding the right therapist for you can be a nerve-racking experience. As your therapist, I want you to feel my compassion for you in a space where your thoughts and feelings are safe. In this space, you can also explore yourself and share your findings with me as you desire. Working together, my goal is to help you with self-growth and self-acceptance all while keeping the focus on creating a better quality of life.
Considering therapy and finding the right therapist for you can be a nerve-racking experience. As your therapist, I want you to feel my compassion for you in a space where your thoughts and feelings are safe. In this space, you can also explore yourself and share your findings with me as you desire. Working together, my goal is to help you with self-growth and self-acceptance all while keeping the focus on creating a better quality of life.
(646) 713-2717 View (646) 713-2717

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.