Therapists in Grand Central, New York, NY

Photo of Seema Shifer, Counselor, LMHC-D, LPC
Seema Shifer
Counselor, LMHC-D, LPC
Grand Central, New York, NY 10017
Accepting New Clients —————— As a mental health counselor, I strive to create a therapeutic environment that is both welcoming and encouraging for all clients. Often times, individuals may feel hesitant about beginning therapy, however, my approach to therapy provides each client with an individualized treatment plan in accordance with their preferred pace, as well as establishing a secure and trusting environment. I am passionate in sharing my knowledge within the field, as well as providing the tools necessary for my clients to achieve their therapeutic goals through a collaborative and personalized relationship.
Accepting New Clients —————— As a mental health counselor, I strive to create a therapeutic environment that is both welcoming and encouraging for all clients. Often times, individuals may feel hesitant about beginning therapy, however, my approach to therapy provides each client with an individualized treatment plan in accordance with their preferred pace, as well as establishing a secure and trusting environment. I am passionate in sharing my knowledge within the field, as well as providing the tools necessary for my clients to achieve their therapeutic goals through a collaborative and personalized relationship.
(929) 249-5494 View (929) 249-5494
Photo of Crystal Chen, PhD, MA
Crystal Chen
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Grand Central, New York, NY 10017
I specialize in helping adults with intense emotions, relationship/attachment difficulties, and trauma. I understand how overwhelming feelings can get and will help you navigate them with empathy and practical support. It can feel like a paradox–you're attuned to others' feelings but struggle with your own. You want to better understand and accept yourself, but are afraid of what might come up. You want to connect, feel seen, and understood, but pull away when others get close. We'll work together to make sense of your experiences, explore how things came to be, and develop more effective ways moving forward.
I specialize in helping adults with intense emotions, relationship/attachment difficulties, and trauma. I understand how overwhelming feelings can get and will help you navigate them with empathy and practical support. It can feel like a paradox–you're attuned to others' feelings but struggle with your own. You want to better understand and accept yourself, but are afraid of what might come up. You want to connect, feel seen, and understood, but pull away when others get close. We'll work together to make sense of your experiences, explore how things came to be, and develop more effective ways moving forward.
(929) 528-5327 x2 View (929) 528-5327 x2
Photo of Kristie Doheny, Psychologist, PsyD, LMSW, LMHC, RPT-S
Kristie Doheny
Psychologist, PsyD, LMSW, LMHC, RPT-S
1 Endorsed
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, we will unearth long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I look forward to working with you to achieve your goals.
While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, we will unearth long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I look forward to working with you to achieve your goals.
(347) 756-5019 View (347) 756-5019
Photo of Leslie Lewis, LMSW
Leslie Lewis
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
If you’re feeling like you’re constantly on edge, stuck in old patterns, or battling an inner critic that never quiets down, therapy can offer a way to start fresh. I specialize in working with people who feel trapped by ADHD, anxiety, depression, addiction (drugs, alcohol or food), or the sense that they’re always “on edge.” Perhaps a life transition has thrown you off balance, and also brought up some issues from the past that you’d hoped had faded away. Let me help you heal and find your way to balance and calm!
If you’re feeling like you’re constantly on edge, stuck in old patterns, or battling an inner critic that never quiets down, therapy can offer a way to start fresh. I specialize in working with people who feel trapped by ADHD, anxiety, depression, addiction (drugs, alcohol or food), or the sense that they’re always “on edge.” Perhaps a life transition has thrown you off balance, and also brought up some issues from the past that you’d hoped had faded away. Let me help you heal and find your way to balance and calm!
(646) 718-4639 View (646) 718-4639
Photo of Matthew M Aboulafia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Matthew M Aboulafia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
If only everyone could achieve personal growth to enhance their quality of life, as I have seen through psychotherapy. With over 43 years of experience helping people, it has been profoundly rewarding to guide countless individuals toward positive changes: growth, happiness, less stress and anxiety, and overcoming sadness. Supporting people daily as they work toward a more fulfilling life is my greatest reward. Witnessing such transformations and knowing many still underestimate how much therapy can improve and uplift their lives makes me a passionate advocate for it. Please, find your growth and greater life fulfillment.
If only everyone could achieve personal growth to enhance their quality of life, as I have seen through psychotherapy. With over 43 years of experience helping people, it has been profoundly rewarding to guide countless individuals toward positive changes: growth, happiness, less stress and anxiety, and overcoming sadness. Supporting people daily as they work toward a more fulfilling life is my greatest reward. Witnessing such transformations and knowing many still underestimate how much therapy can improve and uplift their lives makes me a passionate advocate for it. Please, find your growth and greater life fulfillment.
(646) 604-2607 View (646) 604-2607
Photo of Rebecca Weiser, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Rebecca Weiser
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
Hi, I’m Rebecca Weiser, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. Since 2017, I’ve been helping adults navigate trauma, anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, grief, OCD, relationship concerns, mood and personality disorders. I’m passionate about walking alongside individuals as they move through life’s challenges toward healing and personal growth.
Hi, I’m Rebecca Weiser, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. Since 2017, I’ve been helping adults navigate trauma, anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, grief, OCD, relationship concerns, mood and personality disorders. I’m passionate about walking alongside individuals as they move through life’s challenges toward healing and personal growth.
(646) 718-6962 View (646) 718-6962
Photo of Dr. Sandy M Krohn, Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Dr. Sandy M Krohn
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
1 Endorsed
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
Finding the right therapist can be overwhelming! To help with this, I will spend a generous amount of time during your initial visit listening to your concerns and hearing about what you are experiencing. Following this assessment, I can determine whether I, or someone in my practice (City Psychology Group), can help to address your specific concerns and the reasons you are coming into therapy. I have found people benefit most from therapy when they feel understood by their therapist and treated with techniques that are tailored to their specific needs and goals. My practice is rooted in science, yet always guided by empathy.
Finding the right therapist can be overwhelming! To help with this, I will spend a generous amount of time during your initial visit listening to your concerns and hearing about what you are experiencing. Following this assessment, I can determine whether I, or someone in my practice (City Psychology Group), can help to address your specific concerns and the reasons you are coming into therapy. I have found people benefit most from therapy when they feel understood by their therapist and treated with techniques that are tailored to their specific needs and goals. My practice is rooted in science, yet always guided by empathy.
(646) 808-3810 View (646) 808-3810
Photo of Stan Royzman, Psychologist, PsyD, MSEd
Stan Royzman
Psychologist, PsyD, MSEd
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
Stan Royzman, Psy.D., M.S.Ed., established Pediatric & Young Adult Psychological Services of New York to empower children, adolescents, and young adults. His second goal was to ensure that families have the tools and resources that they require to navigate the complex systems of education and mental health. Dr. Royzman has been working in the field of mental health for over fifteen years. He has expertise in a number of evidence-based interventions, in addition to evaluative services. He is also the creator of Show and Spell - three games that promote social-emotional learning (learn more at www.psychservicenyc.com).
Stan Royzman, Psy.D., M.S.Ed., established Pediatric & Young Adult Psychological Services of New York to empower children, adolescents, and young adults. His second goal was to ensure that families have the tools and resources that they require to navigate the complex systems of education and mental health. Dr. Royzman has been working in the field of mental health for over fifteen years. He has expertise in a number of evidence-based interventions, in addition to evaluative services. He is also the creator of Show and Spell - three games that promote social-emotional learning (learn more at www.psychservicenyc.com).
(718) 612-7041 View (718) 612-7041
Photo of Nicole Trister, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Nicole Trister
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
16 Endorsed
Grand Central, New York, NY 10017
Nicole is a passionate therapist with years of experience treating teens and adults. She works collaboratively and with intention, helping clients move from insight to action in a structured, goal-oriented, and deeply supportive way. Trained in CBT and DBT - some of the most effective therapies - Nicole helps clients identify unhelpful thought and behavioral patterns, build practical coping skills, and take clear steps toward the life they want. She has advanced training in OCD and treats anxiety, depression, panic, phobias, trauma, eating disorders, substance use, relationship distress, burnout, perfectionism, and life transitions.
Nicole is a passionate therapist with years of experience treating teens and adults. She works collaboratively and with intention, helping clients move from insight to action in a structured, goal-oriented, and deeply supportive way. Trained in CBT and DBT - some of the most effective therapies - Nicole helps clients identify unhelpful thought and behavioral patterns, build practical coping skills, and take clear steps toward the life they want. She has advanced training in OCD and treats anxiety, depression, panic, phobias, trauma, eating disorders, substance use, relationship distress, burnout, perfectionism, and life transitions.
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Photo of Javier Ballesteros, Psychologist, PsyD
Javier Ballesteros
Psychologist, PsyD
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
Welcome! I am a licensed clinical psychologist specialized in the treatment of anxiety, depression, OCD, and related disorders. I really enjoy this work. Psychotherapy is offered both in English and in Spanish either via video or in my office conveniently located in midtown Manhattan. Treatment is primarily CBT/ERP, with adjuncts of other modalities when appropriate. Within the context of a caring and warm relationship, I work with you to identify your personal goals and to develop a plan for reaching them. Please feel free to go to my website http://centeranxietyocd.com/ to learn more about me. *CURRENTLY ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS*
Welcome! I am a licensed clinical psychologist specialized in the treatment of anxiety, depression, OCD, and related disorders. I really enjoy this work. Psychotherapy is offered both in English and in Spanish either via video or in my office conveniently located in midtown Manhattan. Treatment is primarily CBT/ERP, with adjuncts of other modalities when appropriate. Within the context of a caring and warm relationship, I work with you to identify your personal goals and to develop a plan for reaching them. Please feel free to go to my website http://centeranxietyocd.com/ to learn more about me. *CURRENTLY ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS*
(646) 798-2756 View (646) 798-2756
Photo of Sylvia Huang, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sylvia Huang
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
Hi, I’m Sylvia Huang, a bilingual licensed clinical social worker offering therapy in both English and Mandarin Chinese. I work with children, teens, and adults dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, cultural stress, relationship difficulties and life transitions.
Hi, I’m Sylvia Huang, a bilingual licensed clinical social worker offering therapy in both English and Mandarin Chinese. I work with children, teens, and adults dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma, cultural stress, relationship difficulties and life transitions.
(646) 718-3857 View (646) 718-3857
Photo of Baruch Fishman - Cognitive Therapy Center of Manhattan, Psychologist, PhD
Cognitive Therapy Center of Manhattan
Psychologist, PhD
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
The Cognitive Therapy Center of Manhattan (CTCM) is a treatment and training center specializing in the full range of Cognitive and Behavioral psychotherapies (CBT). It provides treatment for patients with emotional and behavioral problems, as well as advanced Post-Doctoral training for psychologists and psychiatrists. In addition to the primary location in midtown Manhattan, services are also provided in Scarsdale, NY. The therapists at both locations are Doctoral level clinicians who are specializing in advanced Cognitive Therapy techniques.
The Cognitive Therapy Center of Manhattan (CTCM) is a treatment and training center specializing in the full range of Cognitive and Behavioral psychotherapies (CBT). It provides treatment for patients with emotional and behavioral problems, as well as advanced Post-Doctoral training for psychologists and psychiatrists. In addition to the primary location in midtown Manhattan, services are also provided in Scarsdale, NY. The therapists at both locations are Doctoral level clinicians who are specializing in advanced Cognitive Therapy techniques.
(646) 362-8676 View (646) 362-8676
Photo of Bradley Levine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Bradley Levine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Grand Central, New York, NY 10017
I work with adults, young adults, and teens to treat various issues, including depression, work/life balance, relational conflict, stagnation, and communication challenges. As a specialist, I have particular expertise in OCD, anxiety disorders, intrusive/unwanted thoughts, perfectionism, and issues pertaining to men, artists, and the LGBTQ community. In our work, I will strive to create a compassionate, judgment-free space that, over time, becomes a haven for exploring intimate, complex, or traditionally taboo topics.
I work with adults, young adults, and teens to treat various issues, including depression, work/life balance, relational conflict, stagnation, and communication challenges. As a specialist, I have particular expertise in OCD, anxiety disorders, intrusive/unwanted thoughts, perfectionism, and issues pertaining to men, artists, and the LGBTQ community. In our work, I will strive to create a compassionate, judgment-free space that, over time, becomes a haven for exploring intimate, complex, or traditionally taboo topics.
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Photo of Charles Sangueza, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Charles Sangueza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
Hi, I’m Charles Sangueza, a therapist with nearly a decade of experience in the mental health field, including five years as an individual psychotherapist. I work with clients facing anxiety, depression, trauma, interpersonal challenges, work or academic stress, and patterns of behavior they’re ready to change. I aim to provide a supportive, nonjudgmental space where you can better understand yourself and make lasting progress.
Hi, I’m Charles Sangueza, a therapist with nearly a decade of experience in the mental health field, including five years as an individual psychotherapist. I work with clients facing anxiety, depression, trauma, interpersonal challenges, work or academic stress, and patterns of behavior they’re ready to change. I aim to provide a supportive, nonjudgmental space where you can better understand yourself and make lasting progress.
(646) 693-9705 View (646) 693-9705
Photo of Dr. Alex Seife, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Alex Seife
Psychologist, PsyD
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
Welcome. If you’re here, I imagine you may be feeling stuck or uncertain about how to move forward in your life. I would like to help you take the next steps. In our work together, we will find ways for you to more meaningfully connect with yourself and with those who are important to you. This work may include facing something from your past, gaining new awareness of repetitive cycles of behavior, navigating a difficult life transition, or the opportunity to freely discover and playfully explore your own subjectivity and imagination.
Welcome. If you’re here, I imagine you may be feeling stuck or uncertain about how to move forward in your life. I would like to help you take the next steps. In our work together, we will find ways for you to more meaningfully connect with yourself and with those who are important to you. This work may include facing something from your past, gaining new awareness of repetitive cycles of behavior, navigating a difficult life transition, or the opportunity to freely discover and playfully explore your own subjectivity and imagination.
(646) 490-1703 View (646) 490-1703
Photo of Sam Gelman, LMSW
Sam Gelman
Verified Verified
Grand Central, New York, NY 10017
Hi, I am Sam. I work with young adults and adults who may feel anxious, stuck, disconnected from themselves, or caught between different versions of who they are. Many of my clients are navigating relationship challenges, family dynamics, identity exploration, or life transitions while trying to better understand themselves with more compassion and clarity. I also have a particular interest in working with men who want to deepen their emotional awareness and feel more connected in their relationships. Together, we create space to slow down, reflect, and make sense of patterns that may no longer be serving you.
Hi, I am Sam. I work with young adults and adults who may feel anxious, stuck, disconnected from themselves, or caught between different versions of who they are. Many of my clients are navigating relationship challenges, family dynamics, identity exploration, or life transitions while trying to better understand themselves with more compassion and clarity. I also have a particular interest in working with men who want to deepen their emotional awareness and feel more connected in their relationships. Together, we create space to slow down, reflect, and make sense of patterns that may no longer be serving you.
(646) 759-0442 View (646) 759-0442
Photo of Daniel R. Trager, Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Daniel R. Trager
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
Accepting new patients in 2026. Offering confidential video or phone sessions to help you navigate life’s challenges with ease. With over 25 years of experience, I provide an interactive, collaborative, and nonjudgmental space for adults of all ages. You’ll feel comfortable sharing your most personal thoughts as we work together to build a clear path forward. Whether you’re facing stress, major transitions, or seeking deeper personal growth, I invite you to reach out today. Let’s start with an initial appointment to see how we can create the positive change you deserve.
Accepting new patients in 2026. Offering confidential video or phone sessions to help you navigate life’s challenges with ease. With over 25 years of experience, I provide an interactive, collaborative, and nonjudgmental space for adults of all ages. You’ll feel comfortable sharing your most personal thoughts as we work together to build a clear path forward. Whether you’re facing stress, major transitions, or seeking deeper personal growth, I invite you to reach out today. Let’s start with an initial appointment to see how we can create the positive change you deserve.
(212) 534-7099 View (212) 534-7099
Photo of Erica K Rosenthal, Psychologist, PhD
Erica K Rosenthal
Psychologist, PhD
6 Endorsed
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
As a licensed clinical psychologist practicing in New York City with many years of clinical training and experience, I conduct psychotherapy with adults and adolescents who are looking to make significant and lasting changes in their lives. I work from a psychodynamic foundation and utilize CBT and DBT techniques to target symptoms and improve overall well-being.
As a licensed clinical psychologist practicing in New York City with many years of clinical training and experience, I conduct psychotherapy with adults and adolescents who are looking to make significant and lasting changes in their lives. I work from a psychodynamic foundation and utilize CBT and DBT techniques to target symptoms and improve overall well-being.
(347) 482-0745 View (347) 482-0745
Photo of Orly Sofer, Psychologist, PsyD
Orly Sofer
Psychologist, PsyD
Grand Central, New York, NY 10170
I am a licensed psychologist with over twenty years of experience treating adults in private practice, community mental health centers, and hospital settings. I have helped individuals with depression, anxiety, relationship and intimacy issues, cultural and migration adjustment, and trauma survivors.
I am a licensed psychologist with over twenty years of experience treating adults in private practice, community mental health centers, and hospital settings. I have helped individuals with depression, anxiety, relationship and intimacy issues, cultural and migration adjustment, and trauma survivors.
(917) 310-5462 View (917) 310-5462
Photo of Carl Jung - New York Association for Analytical Psychology, Licensed Psychoanalyst
New York Association for Analytical Psychology
Licensed Psychoanalyst
Grand Central, New York, NY 10016
Jungian analysis and psychotherapy treat a wide range of life's concerns and issues. Treatment focuses on resolving current difficulties or life changes, exploring relationship patterns or work conflicts, on understanding one's personal history more deeply, and more generally, on personal meaning and an enhanced quality of life. Certified Jungian analysts and psychotherapists are located in the greater New York area, including Westchester, Connecticut and New Jersey. Referrals can also be made to Jungian analysts in the wider United States and many countries throughout the world.
Jungian analysis and psychotherapy treat a wide range of life's concerns and issues. Treatment focuses on resolving current difficulties or life changes, exploring relationship patterns or work conflicts, on understanding one's personal history more deeply, and more generally, on personal meaning and an enhanced quality of life. Certified Jungian analysts and psychotherapists are located in the greater New York area, including Westchester, Connecticut and New Jersey. Referrals can also be made to Jungian analysts in the wider United States and many countries throughout the world.

See more therapy options for Grand Central, New York

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Grand Central, New York, NY

1,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Grand Central, New York, NY who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
95% Social Anxiety
95% Health Anxiety
95% Driving Anxiety
89% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
82% Relationship Anxiety

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aetna
61% Cigna and Evernorth
55% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Grand Central, New York, NY see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Grand Central?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.