Therapists in Hopewell, NY

Photo of Leangy Matos-Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Leangy Matos-Smith, Matos, Smith
Leangy Matos-Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Leangy Matos-Smith, Matos, Smith
Serves Area
I deliver confidential and compassionate care designed to promote personal growth and well-being. My services include comprehensive assessments, diagnostic evaluations, psychotherapy, and treatment planning for adults, adolescents and families addressing mental health concerns such as bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, PTSD, ADHD, trauma, and relationship issues. My therapeutic approach is supportive and affirming. I am currently accepting new clients. I provide services in both English and Spanish.. To discuss your needs and determine how I can best support you, I invite you to schedule a 15-minute consultation.
I deliver confidential and compassionate care designed to promote personal growth and well-being. My services include comprehensive assessments, diagnostic evaluations, psychotherapy, and treatment planning for adults, adolescents and families addressing mental health concerns such as bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, PTSD, ADHD, trauma, and relationship issues. My therapeutic approach is supportive and affirming. I am currently accepting new clients. I provide services in both English and Spanish.. To discuss your needs and determine how I can best support you, I invite you to schedule a 15-minute consultation.
(845) 386-7942 View (845) 386-7942
Photo of Beata Vilar de Queiros, Counselor, LMHC-D
Beata Vilar de Queiros
Counselor, LMHC-D
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
You are more than what has happened to you. What you do today matters most. I affirm that every session is a gift the client gives to themselves towards their self-discovery and care. I have over 10 years of experience working with diverse and underserved populations. Working closely with children, adolescents, and adults across the lifespan has provided me with a lens in which I approach the work from a strengths-based focus that is accessible and allows the client to gain small insights over time. My areas of specialty include trauma/abuse, anxiety, life transitions, and relationship issues.
You are more than what has happened to you. What you do today matters most. I affirm that every session is a gift the client gives to themselves towards their self-discovery and care. I have over 10 years of experience working with diverse and underserved populations. Working closely with children, adolescents, and adults across the lifespan has provided me with a lens in which I approach the work from a strengths-based focus that is accessible and allows the client to gain small insights over time. My areas of specialty include trauma/abuse, anxiety, life transitions, and relationship issues.
(914) 350-5418 View (914) 350-5418

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Amanda Bruno, Licensed Master Social Work, LMSW
Amanda Bruno
Licensed Master Social Work, LMSW
3 Endorsed
Fishkill, NY 12524
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges? Seeking a safe space to explore your emotions? As a dedicated mental health counselor, I am passionate about helping individuals navigate life's difficulties and achieve emotional well-being. With a compassionate and empathetic approach, my goal is to create a supportive environment where clients feel heard, understood, and seen. Together, we can work towards healing and personal growth, empowering you to live a fulfilling and balanced life.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges? Seeking a safe space to explore your emotions? As a dedicated mental health counselor, I am passionate about helping individuals navigate life's difficulties and achieve emotional well-being. With a compassionate and empathetic approach, my goal is to create a supportive environment where clients feel heard, understood, and seen. Together, we can work towards healing and personal growth, empowering you to live a fulfilling and balanced life.
(845) 493-2633 View (845) 493-2633
Photo of Nicole M Serini, Counselor, LMHC, PLLC
Nicole M Serini
Counselor, LMHC, PLLC
Marlboro, NY 12542
Let me provide a safe space for you to sort out some of life's challenges, and find inner peace.
Let me provide a safe space for you to sort out some of life's challenges, and find inner peace.
(845) 261-1227 View (845) 261-1227
Photo of Jennifer Drago, Counselor, LMHC, MS
Jennifer Drago
Counselor, LMHC, MS
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Imagine having a space where you don’t have to filter yourself, have it all figured out, or carry everything on your own. You can show up exactly as you are, and that is where our work begins. My areas of expertise include anxiety, relationship issues, grief, and addiction. Many of my clients feel stuck in patterns they cannot break, unsure how to express what is beneath the surface, or pressured to handle everything alone. Together, we slow things down, make sense of what you are experiencing, and begin building a different way forward.
Imagine having a space where you don’t have to filter yourself, have it all figured out, or carry everything on your own. You can show up exactly as you are, and that is where our work begins. My areas of expertise include anxiety, relationship issues, grief, and addiction. Many of my clients feel stuck in patterns they cannot break, unsure how to express what is beneath the surface, or pressured to handle everything alone. Together, we slow things down, make sense of what you are experiencing, and begin building a different way forward.
(914) 293-4077 View (914) 293-4077
Photo of Tara Cocurullo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tara Cocurullo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in New York state. I provide teletherapy for young adults looking to learn skills to work through relationship issues and manage anxiety and stress. Most of my experience includes using CBT to help clients learn skills for managing their symptoms. We will find what works best for you to meet your goals while using evidence-based practices. tend to work with clients who are ready for a change in their life, as CBT is a very goal-oriented therapy.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in New York state. I provide teletherapy for young adults looking to learn skills to work through relationship issues and manage anxiety and stress. Most of my experience includes using CBT to help clients learn skills for managing their symptoms. We will find what works best for you to meet your goals while using evidence-based practices. tend to work with clients who are ready for a change in their life, as CBT is a very goal-oriented therapy.
(914) 530-6178 View (914) 530-6178
Photo of Beth Coons, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Beth Coons
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hurley, NY 12443
Accepting new clients in person, in my Kingston, NY office, and tele-health. I am a seasoned, trauma-informed therapist with over 25 years experience helping children, adolescents and adults to work through life's challenges, thereby living happy, fulfilling lives. I am a passionate believer that we all have inner resources and strengths that enable us to reduce anxiety, depression, heal inner wounds, improve relationships and experience personal growth.
Accepting new clients in person, in my Kingston, NY office, and tele-health. I am a seasoned, trauma-informed therapist with over 25 years experience helping children, adolescents and adults to work through life's challenges, thereby living happy, fulfilling lives. I am a passionate believer that we all have inner resources and strengths that enable us to reduce anxiety, depression, heal inner wounds, improve relationships and experience personal growth.
(914) 350-6769 View (914) 350-6769
Photo of Jennifer Shoemaker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CCM
Jennifer Shoemaker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CCM
6 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you seeking relief from the overwhelm and weight of it all- feeling stuck, anxious, or something deeper? Let’s work through it together. We will listen for what still echoes from the past, untangle old patterns, and move toward balance, peace, and connection. I work with individuals and couples navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, health challenges, and neurodiversity. In our work, you’ll begin to build trust in yourself, strengthen your relationships, and find a steadier rhythm with life’s ebb and flow—awakening your innate resilience and power.
Are you seeking relief from the overwhelm and weight of it all- feeling stuck, anxious, or something deeper? Let’s work through it together. We will listen for what still echoes from the past, untangle old patterns, and move toward balance, peace, and connection. I work with individuals and couples navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, health challenges, and neurodiversity. In our work, you’ll begin to build trust in yourself, strengthen your relationships, and find a steadier rhythm with life’s ebb and flow—awakening your innate resilience and power.
(929) 205-2698 View (929) 205-2698
Photo of Lois M Winston, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lois M Winston
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Rhinebeck, NY 12572
While I have a commitment to those people who are experiencing anxiety and/or depression having to do with disruptive life changes. At the present time the Pandemic has forced the need to change, even so many of the habits that have worked for us. The sense of isolation has exponentially heightened fears and whatever loneliness existed before is exacerbated. This has changed my practice both physically and as it relates to style. Support is so necessary to guide the way to management of fears and management of major transitions. My background includes many years at the Out Patient Unit of the Veterans Hospital Post Traumatic Stress
While I have a commitment to those people who are experiencing anxiety and/or depression having to do with disruptive life changes. At the present time the Pandemic has forced the need to change, even so many of the habits that have worked for us. The sense of isolation has exponentially heightened fears and whatever loneliness existed before is exacerbated. This has changed my practice both physically and as it relates to style. Support is so necessary to guide the way to management of fears and management of major transitions. My background includes many years at the Out Patient Unit of the Veterans Hospital Post Traumatic Stress
(845) 876-2280 View (845) 876-2280
Photo of Cristina Ortega, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MS, LMHC
Cristina Ortega
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MS, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Kingston, NY 12401
Not accepting new clients
Life can throw a lot our way, creating an overwhelming amount of stress. At times, the stress and anxiety of life can get so overwhelming that we feel like there is nothing we can do about it. As your counselor, I aim to work with you in finding healthy and productive methods of coping with what troubles you. My skillset involves various techniques aimed to suit your needs in a way that works best for you and your mental health journey. I value a collaborative therapeutic relationship based on trust, warmth, and comfortability, where the client is an active participant in their counseling.
Life can throw a lot our way, creating an overwhelming amount of stress. At times, the stress and anxiety of life can get so overwhelming that we feel like there is nothing we can do about it. As your counselor, I aim to work with you in finding healthy and productive methods of coping with what troubles you. My skillset involves various techniques aimed to suit your needs in a way that works best for you and your mental health journey. I value a collaborative therapeutic relationship based on trust, warmth, and comfortability, where the client is an active participant in their counseling.
(914) 604-4697 View (914) 604-4697
Photo of Zachary Barbul, LCSW
Zachary Barbul
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
People often come to therapy not because something is “wrong,” but because something no longer feels aligned. Anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship struggles can quietly narrow your world, pulling you out of your body and away from meaningful connection. I work with individuals and couples in NYC who want trauma-informed therapy that honors both emotional depth and lived experience. My work supports healing from trauma, managing anxiety and depression, and rebuilding a sense of safety, agency, and connection, both within yourself and with others.
People often come to therapy not because something is “wrong,” but because something no longer feels aligned. Anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship struggles can quietly narrow your world, pulling you out of your body and away from meaningful connection. I work with individuals and couples in NYC who want trauma-informed therapy that honors both emotional depth and lived experience. My work supports healing from trauma, managing anxiety and depression, and rebuilding a sense of safety, agency, and connection, both within yourself and with others.
(646) 982-3159 View (646) 982-3159
Photo of Brad Schultz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Brad Schultz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Cold Spring, NY 10516
My service – Jungian analysis – covers your concerns about mood, relationships, sex and sexuality, creativity issues, compulsions, coping with change or loss, lack of passion, disorganization, or effects of neglect, abuse or trauma. Whereas counseling covers such concerns by aiming at rehabilitation, improved coping or solving problems in functioning, my service goes deeper, aiming at self-acceptance, clarity, balance and authenticity. We would boldly explore dreams, fantasies or whatever else your soul expresses, sensitive to cruel injustice within society, your work setting, your relationships and especially within your psyche.
My service – Jungian analysis – covers your concerns about mood, relationships, sex and sexuality, creativity issues, compulsions, coping with change or loss, lack of passion, disorganization, or effects of neglect, abuse or trauma. Whereas counseling covers such concerns by aiming at rehabilitation, improved coping or solving problems in functioning, my service goes deeper, aiming at self-acceptance, clarity, balance and authenticity. We would boldly explore dreams, fantasies or whatever else your soul expresses, sensitive to cruel injustice within society, your work setting, your relationships and especially within your psyche.
(646) 461-4949 View (646) 461-4949
Photo of Julie Taft, Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Julie Taft
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Cornwall, NY 12518
My goal as a therapist is to partner with my clients to help them improve their quality of life. I am a licensed mental health counselor, a certified school counselor, and have been trained in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). With over twenty years of experience working in school, agency, and private practice settings, I have extensive familiarity with diverse populations of children, adolescents, and adults. Using a client-centered approach to counseling and therapy, I want my clients to feel supported, empowered, and encouraged to take an active role in their treatment.
My goal as a therapist is to partner with my clients to help them improve their quality of life. I am a licensed mental health counselor, a certified school counselor, and have been trained in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). With over twenty years of experience working in school, agency, and private practice settings, I have extensive familiarity with diverse populations of children, adolescents, and adults. Using a client-centered approach to counseling and therapy, I want my clients to feel supported, empowered, and encouraged to take an active role in their treatment.
(845) 412-8646 View (845) 412-8646
Photo of Rowena Talusan-Dunn, Art Therapist, PhD, ATR, LCAT
Rowena Talusan-Dunn
Art Therapist, PhD, ATR, LCAT
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you a creative person looking for a different approach to self-care? Do you enjoy painting, drawing or creating with your hands? Are you experiencing anxiety or depression? Is your daily stress hard to manage? Are the roles and responsibilities we have difficult to juggle? I offer a creative approach to therapy and self-care. The focus of therapy will be directly guided by your needs, whether short-term or long-standing. The step towards personal growth is always a difficult one to make, but I encourage you to take this moment for yourself, believe you are worth it!
Are you a creative person looking for a different approach to self-care? Do you enjoy painting, drawing or creating with your hands? Are you experiencing anxiety or depression? Is your daily stress hard to manage? Are the roles and responsibilities we have difficult to juggle? I offer a creative approach to therapy and self-care. The focus of therapy will be directly guided by your needs, whether short-term or long-standing. The step towards personal growth is always a difficult one to make, but I encourage you to take this moment for yourself, believe you are worth it!
(646) 846-1609 View (646) 846-1609
Photo of Manuela Mage, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Manuela Mage
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I bring an integrative approach to sessions. My multicultural background and extensive experience in individual and group therapy as well as supervision, have taught me that the relationship is at the core of any successful therapeutic alliance. I have lived in large urban areas and small rural communities and have worked in a variety of settings in this country and other countries. I am told that I bring a warm yet direct approach to the room, wether in person or virtually. I invite you to join me in this adventure called life. I have a large set of tools to draw from, and I adapt my approach to your individual needs.
I bring an integrative approach to sessions. My multicultural background and extensive experience in individual and group therapy as well as supervision, have taught me that the relationship is at the core of any successful therapeutic alliance. I have lived in large urban areas and small rural communities and have worked in a variety of settings in this country and other countries. I am told that I bring a warm yet direct approach to the room, wether in person or virtually. I invite you to join me in this adventure called life. I have a large set of tools to draw from, and I adapt my approach to your individual needs.
(914) 506-5323 View (914) 506-5323
Photo of Kristen Tobias, Psychologist, PhD
Kristen Tobias
Psychologist, PhD
Online Only
I am a psychologist dedicated to helping individuals reduce suffering, enhance wellbeing, and live in closer alignment with their values and aspirations. I practice from a Whole Health perspective, considering the interconnected factors that affect both mind and body. I support adults navigating concerns such as trauma, depression, anxiety, anger, overwhelming emotions, hopelessness, relational challenges, cancer-related distress, and the emotional impact of chronic illness. I also have specialized experience supporting Veterans and first responders navigating trauma, chronic stress, and the demands of high-intensity work.
I am a psychologist dedicated to helping individuals reduce suffering, enhance wellbeing, and live in closer alignment with their values and aspirations. I practice from a Whole Health perspective, considering the interconnected factors that affect both mind and body. I support adults navigating concerns such as trauma, depression, anxiety, anger, overwhelming emotions, hopelessness, relational challenges, cancer-related distress, and the emotional impact of chronic illness. I also have specialized experience supporting Veterans and first responders navigating trauma, chronic stress, and the demands of high-intensity work.
(845) 439-2848 View (845) 439-2848
Photo of Nicole Otis, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CSAT
Nicole Otis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CSAT
Serves Area
Are you struggling with pornography or sexual compulsivity? Is secrecy, broken trust or loss of intimacy hurting your relationship? Or maybe you’re not in crisis, but you know your marriage could be stronger, more connected, more alive? You’re not alone–we have been through these issues personally and know what it’s like. I’m a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT), and Hunter is a Certified Mentor Coach in long-term recovery. Together, we help men break free (porn, sexting, affairs, prostitution, etc) and we help couples rebuild trust and real intimacy.
Are you struggling with pornography or sexual compulsivity? Is secrecy, broken trust or loss of intimacy hurting your relationship? Or maybe you’re not in crisis, but you know your marriage could be stronger, more connected, more alive? You’re not alone–we have been through these issues personally and know what it’s like. I’m a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT), and Hunter is a Certified Mentor Coach in long-term recovery. Together, we help men break free (porn, sexting, affairs, prostitution, etc) and we help couples rebuild trust and real intimacy.
(763) 373-8717 View (763) 373-8717
Photo of Paul Gunser - Psychological Consultation and Therapy Services, Psychologist, PsyD
I specialize in working with adults experiencing stress, anxiety, and depression. They may be having health problems, causing anxiety and depressed feelings. In addition, many of my patients are experiencing chronic pain, and I have helped them cope with reductions in pain levels. I am now offering ADHD Evaluations for adolescents and adults. I offer In-Person (through December) and Virtual telehealth sessions. I provide testing in my office in Millerton, NY, or online. Biofeedback treatments will also be available. I am licensed in NY and Connecticut and registered in Florida.
I specialize in working with adults experiencing stress, anxiety, and depression. They may be having health problems, causing anxiety and depressed feelings. In addition, many of my patients are experiencing chronic pain, and I have helped them cope with reductions in pain levels. I am now offering ADHD Evaluations for adolescents and adults. I offer In-Person (through December) and Virtual telehealth sessions. I provide testing in my office in Millerton, NY, or online. Biofeedback treatments will also be available. I am licensed in NY and Connecticut and registered in Florida.
(914) 559-9577 View (914) 559-9577
Photo of Nicole Fagan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Nicole Fagan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Poughkeepsie, NY 12603
Can I change my life? If this is a question you have asked yourself then you are in the right place. Asking for help is what tells us we are ready for change. If you are affected by symptoms of anxiety, depression, grief or how to manage relationships and daily challenges you are not alone.
Can I change my life? If this is a question you have asked yourself then you are in the right place. Asking for help is what tells us we are ready for change. If you are affected by symptoms of anxiety, depression, grief or how to manage relationships and daily challenges you are not alone.
(845) 599-0774 View (845) 599-0774
Photo of Danielle J Schultz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Danielle J Schultz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Life can feel overwhelming—whether you're navigating anxiety, trauma, identity struggles, or major life transitions. If you’ve been feeling stuck, misunderstood, or weighed down by stress, you're not alone. I work with women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and those facing mental health challenges to help you reconnect with your strengths and feel more grounded. Together, we’ll explore the patterns that hold you back and move toward healing, clarity, and renewed self-trust in a way that’s compassionate, affirming, and centered around you.
Life can feel overwhelming—whether you're navigating anxiety, trauma, identity struggles, or major life transitions. If you’ve been feeling stuck, misunderstood, or weighed down by stress, you're not alone. I work with women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and those facing mental health challenges to help you reconnect with your strengths and feel more grounded. Together, we’ll explore the patterns that hold you back and move toward healing, clarity, and renewed self-trust in a way that’s compassionate, affirming, and centered around you.
(929) 298-3702 View (929) 298-3702

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Hopewell, NY

< 10

Therapists in Hopewell, NY who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Social Anxiety
100% Complex PTSD
100% Health Anxiety
100% Medical Trauma

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% Cigna and Evernorth
100% Carelon Behavioral Health

How Therapists in Hopewell, NY see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Hopewell?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.