Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Therapists in Brooklyn, NY

Dr. Danov Neuropsychologist P.C.
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11209
Testing provides objective evidence or absence of cognitive and emotional impairment when people claim traumatic brain injury ( TBI) with subsequent cognitive and emotional impairment, PTSD.
Trust highly experienced and patient neuropsychologist to diagnose Autism, memory loss, Attention Deficit, Asperger, dyslexia, ADHD, reading math problems, post brain injury cognitive impairment. Neuropsychological testing provides an objective assessment of learning, cognitive and emotional problems, required documentation for Disability Claim, IEP, private school placement for Learning Disability, test accommodations for SAT. Effective treatment recommendations to help you recover and improve Attention, Memory, Auditory - Visual Processing, Focus, Reading Comprehension, Organization via Cognitive Training with Neurofeedback, Fast ForWord, Metronome. Dr.Danov also provides IME, Expert Witness Evaluation, record review, court testimony, BOE Hearing testimony. OFFICES in SI, QUEENS, NY, BROOKLYN
Testing provides objective evidence or absence of cognitive and emotional impairment when people claim traumatic brain injury ( TBI) with subsequent cognitive and emotional impairment, PTSD.
Trust highly experienced and patient neuropsychologist to diagnose Autism, memory loss, Attention Deficit, Asperger, dyslexia, ADHD, reading math problems, post brain injury cognitive impairment. Neuropsychological testing provides an objective assessment of learning, cognitive and emotional problems, required documentation for Disability Claim, IEP, private school placement for Learning Disability, test accommodations for SAT. Effective treatment recommendations to help you recover and improve Attention, Memory, Auditory - Visual Processing, Focus, Reading Comprehension, Organization via Cognitive Training with Neurofeedback, Fast ForWord, Metronome. Dr.Danov also provides IME, Expert Witness Evaluation, record review, court testimony, BOE Hearing testimony. OFFICES in SI, QUEENS, NY, BROOKLYN
(718) 667-5530 View (718) 667-5530
Photo of Melissa Corpus, Psychologist, PhD
Melissa Corpus
Psychologist, PhD
Serves Area
Neuropsychological evaluations include: memory, ADHD, autism, learning disorders, standardized test accommodations (GRE, LSAT, SAT), and concussion/ TBI.
Additionally, our practice includes psychotherapy services with specialized mental health providers. We proudly provide culturally competent services, as we strive to match the unique needs of our clients with the clinician. Our practice also interfaces with other medical specialties, including psychiatry and neurology, for medication consultation.
Neuropsychological evaluations include: memory, ADHD, autism, learning disorders, standardized test accommodations (GRE, LSAT, SAT), and concussion/ TBI.
Additionally, our practice includes psychotherapy services with specialized mental health providers. We proudly provide culturally competent services, as we strive to match the unique needs of our clients with the clinician. Our practice also interfaces with other medical specialties, including psychiatry and neurology, for medication consultation.
(347) 897-5171 View (347) 897-5171
Photo of Dr. Eleanor Murphy, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Eleanor Murphy
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
It can be useful to identify and differentiate any diagnoses that involve cognitive/memory functioning such as dementia, adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or others seeking testing accommodations for learning disabilities, adult autism testing differential diagnosis, traumatic brain injury and others.
You may feel stuck in a cycle of confusion, frustration, or self-doubt—wondering if there's a deeper reason behind challenges with attention, memory, or mood. If you've spent years pushing through without answers, neuropsychological testing can be a turning point. I specialize in evaluations for adults facing concerns such as ADHD, autism, cognitive decline, or brain injury. My approach is both scientific and compassionate—focused on uncovering meaningful patterns that bring clarity to your experience. Through testing, we'll develop a clearer understanding that informs your next steps and empowers your path forward.
It can be useful to identify and differentiate any diagnoses that involve cognitive/memory functioning such as dementia, adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or others seeking testing accommodations for learning disabilities, adult autism testing differential diagnosis, traumatic brain injury and others.
You may feel stuck in a cycle of confusion, frustration, or self-doubt—wondering if there's a deeper reason behind challenges with attention, memory, or mood. If you've spent years pushing through without answers, neuropsychological testing can be a turning point. I specialize in evaluations for adults facing concerns such as ADHD, autism, cognitive decline, or brain injury. My approach is both scientific and compassionate—focused on uncovering meaningful patterns that bring clarity to your experience. Through testing, we'll develop a clearer understanding that informs your next steps and empowers your path forward.
(646) 956-5067 View (646) 956-5067
Photo of Hannah Rumpf, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Hannah Rumpf
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
I have specialized experience in working with individuals who struggle with panic, anxiety, trauma, traumatic brain injuries, chronic illness, and those within the LGBTQ+ community.
Welcome! Life presents challenges for everyone, and during uncertain or tough times, it’s important to seek support. Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship struggles, trauma, injury, or other obstacles, therapy can provide the tools you need for renewed hope, healing, and transformation. I believe in creating a therapeutic relationship based in kindness, trust, and empathy. In our sessions, I will listen to your unique experience with openness and without judgment. Together, we can create a foundation for real and lasting transformation in your life.
I have specialized experience in working with individuals who struggle with panic, anxiety, trauma, traumatic brain injuries, chronic illness, and those within the LGBTQ+ community.
Welcome! Life presents challenges for everyone, and during uncertain or tough times, it’s important to seek support. Whether you’re dealing with anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship struggles, trauma, injury, or other obstacles, therapy can provide the tools you need for renewed hope, healing, and transformation. I believe in creating a therapeutic relationship based in kindness, trust, and empathy. In our sessions, I will listen to your unique experience with openness and without judgment. Together, we can create a foundation for real and lasting transformation in your life.
(607) 564-4328 View (607) 564-4328
Photo of Zonya Mitchell Neuropsychologist, Psychologist
Zonya Mitchell Neuropsychologist
Psychologist
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Areas of expertise include Autism, ADHD, Alzheimer's Disorder, Dementia, Traumatic Brain Injuries, Learning Disabilities, Dyslexia, Stroke, Multiple Sclerosis, and many other neurological issues.
When conducting neuropsychological testing, my mission is to provide a warm and caring environment and to see the complete person so that you leave feeling like you have been heard. As a trained neuropsychologist I understand neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as attention and learning difficulties and how they affect abilities. Psychological/neuropsychological evaluations include assessment of all brain functioning, academic performance, language, and social/emotional development. My aim is to help determine how you or your child are functioning now and how to best help you move forward.
Areas of expertise include Autism, ADHD, Alzheimer's Disorder, Dementia, Traumatic Brain Injuries, Learning Disabilities, Dyslexia, Stroke, Multiple Sclerosis, and many other neurological issues.
When conducting neuropsychological testing, my mission is to provide a warm and caring environment and to see the complete person so that you leave feeling like you have been heard. As a trained neuropsychologist I understand neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as attention and learning difficulties and how they affect abilities. Psychological/neuropsychological evaluations include assessment of all brain functioning, academic performance, language, and social/emotional development. My aim is to help determine how you or your child are functioning now and how to best help you move forward.
(646) 652-8156 View (646) 652-8156
Photo of Dr. Alyssa Vincentz, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Alyssa Vincentz
Psychologist, PsyD
5 Endorsed
Online Only
I'm experienced in treating adults with a wide range of diagnoses and presenting problems, including anxiety, depression, various traumatic experiences, PTSD, traumatic brain injury, anger and aggression, relationship and interpersonal problems, and substance use disorders.
Healing can happen with the courage to understand one’s own life story. I believe therapy is a collaborative journey toward prioritizing emotional well-being, promoting healthier behaviors and routines, and fostering self-compassion. This journey often includes examining the complex challenges that impact our relationships. As each person presents with a unique set of strengths and challenges, I strive to personalize treatment to meet your personal goals, build upon your strengths, and help you feel in control of your life. Most importantly, I prioritize doing this work in a warm and supportive environment.
I'm experienced in treating adults with a wide range of diagnoses and presenting problems, including anxiety, depression, various traumatic experiences, PTSD, traumatic brain injury, anger and aggression, relationship and interpersonal problems, and substance use disorders.
Healing can happen with the courage to understand one’s own life story. I believe therapy is a collaborative journey toward prioritizing emotional well-being, promoting healthier behaviors and routines, and fostering self-compassion. This journey often includes examining the complex challenges that impact our relationships. As each person presents with a unique set of strengths and challenges, I strive to personalize treatment to meet your personal goals, build upon your strengths, and help you feel in control of your life. Most importantly, I prioritize doing this work in a warm and supportive environment.
(646) 450-3064 View (646) 450-3064
Photo of Agatha Parker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Agatha Parker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Autoimmune disorders, infertility, and traumatic brain injuries are among some of the many conditions that may cause judgement and misunderstanding resulting in emotional distress for the individual.
An invisible illness, especially a newly diagnosed physical or neurological condition, can generate a change in identity or questioning a sense of self. Success within my practice is providing a safe, nonjudgmental space to openly share experiences and promote kindness toward self. I support clients in examining these ideas at their own pace.
Autoimmune disorders, infertility, and traumatic brain injuries are among some of the many conditions that may cause judgement and misunderstanding resulting in emotional distress for the individual.
An invisible illness, especially a newly diagnosed physical or neurological condition, can generate a change in identity or questioning a sense of self. Success within my practice is providing a safe, nonjudgmental space to openly share experiences and promote kindness toward self. I support clients in examining these ideas at their own pace.
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Photo of Desiree Ghisolfi, Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Desiree Ghisolfi
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Online Only
Welcome to the next chapter in your healing story. It takes courage to admit when we are struggling and make that bold first step towards seeking change. I know both personally and through my years of experience counseling others how difficult this can be, and I will guide you through it every step of the way. First and foremost, I provide a warm, genuine, non-judgmental environment for my clients to facilitate healing based on a trusting therapeutic relationship. Fostering a personalized treatment model for each individual client, we collaborate and decide together what style of treatment works best for you.
Welcome to the next chapter in your healing story. It takes courage to admit when we are struggling and make that bold first step towards seeking change. I know both personally and through my years of experience counseling others how difficult this can be, and I will guide you through it every step of the way. First and foremost, I provide a warm, genuine, non-judgmental environment for my clients to facilitate healing based on a trusting therapeutic relationship. Fostering a personalized treatment model for each individual client, we collaborate and decide together what style of treatment works best for you.
(518) 625-8635 View (518) 625-8635
Photo of Hafina Allen - Hafina Allen, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, BC-TMH
Hafina Allen, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, BC-TMH
6 Endorsed
Online Only
You can feel better. I’m here to provide you with the tools. Are you living with depression, anxiety, or worry? Are you struggling with insomnia? Do you wonder why you have been engaging in sabotaging behaviors? Are you struggling with lost opportunities? Do you feel lost in figuring out what comes next for you? We all deserve a sense of peace in our lives. It’s my goal to help you feel better and more centered. For over 20 years, I’ve worked with people on recovery oriented, evidence-based approaches, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
You can feel better. I’m here to provide you with the tools. Are you living with depression, anxiety, or worry? Are you struggling with insomnia? Do you wonder why you have been engaging in sabotaging behaviors? Are you struggling with lost opportunities? Do you feel lost in figuring out what comes next for you? We all deserve a sense of peace in our lives. It’s my goal to help you feel better and more centered. For over 20 years, I’ve worked with people on recovery oriented, evidence-based approaches, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
(929) 299-0764 View (929) 299-0764
Photo of Arlette Barrow, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Arlette Barrow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Online Only
Destigmatizing mental health is one of the biggest challenges we face in todays society. Many individuals are reluctant to seek treatment due to fear of how they may be perceived by their family, friends, and/or any person that plays a significant role in their life. Negative thinking and negative emotions combined with daily stressors is almost certain to lead you down an unhealthy path.
Destigmatizing mental health is one of the biggest challenges we face in todays society. Many individuals are reluctant to seek treatment due to fear of how they may be perceived by their family, friends, and/or any person that plays a significant role in their life. Negative thinking and negative emotions combined with daily stressors is almost certain to lead you down an unhealthy path.
(718) 925-4076 View (718) 925-4076
Photo of Mina Roustayi, PhD, SEP
Mina Roustayi
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11201
Mina Roustayi, PhD, SEP, is a NY State licensed bilingual learning specialist, dual-certified in early childhood general and special education with a specialty in high-functioning autism. She is also trained as a Somatic Experience Practioner to promote self-awareness, self-regulation, and cognitive function in her students. In-home or school-based services are available in 5 languages: English, Spanish, German, Persian, and French. Multi-sensory educational and therapeutic strategies and Natural Environment ABA Teaching are research-based to suit individual children and families. The goal is to spark smart success toward school readiness and social integration.
Mina Roustayi, PhD, SEP, is a NY State licensed bilingual learning specialist, dual-certified in early childhood general and special education with a specialty in high-functioning autism. She is also trained as a Somatic Experience Practioner to promote self-awareness, self-regulation, and cognitive function in her students. In-home or school-based services are available in 5 languages: English, Spanish, German, Persian, and French. Multi-sensory educational and therapeutic strategies and Natural Environment ABA Teaching are research-based to suit individual children and families. The goal is to spark smart success toward school readiness and social integration.
(347) 657-7038 View (347) 657-7038
Photo of Natalie Cazeau, Counselor, LMHC
Natalie Cazeau
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
I enjoy the work that I do and I look forward to helping my clients. It is indeed rewarding to see personal growth throughout sessions as my clients gain control of areas in their life they were most vulnerable. My passion is helping my clients become successful individuals managing and coping with life stressors as they develop the necessary skills to do so. I provide opportunities for my clients, in a supportive atmosphere, to work through pressing issues by engaging in skilled activities that motivates and empowers clients to achieve their personal goals.
I enjoy the work that I do and I look forward to helping my clients. It is indeed rewarding to see personal growth throughout sessions as my clients gain control of areas in their life they were most vulnerable. My passion is helping my clients become successful individuals managing and coping with life stressors as they develop the necessary skills to do so. I provide opportunities for my clients, in a supportive atmosphere, to work through pressing issues by engaging in skilled activities that motivates and empowers clients to achieve their personal goals.
(929) 531-7149 View (929) 531-7149
Photo of Shandelle Hether-Gray, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCPC
Shandelle Hether-Gray
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCPC
Brooklyn, NY 11215
I am trained in using CBT, EMDR, and other evidence-based approaches to help people make lasting changes to their self-image that lead to real changes in their lives. My approach is hands on, goal-oriented, strengths based, and gender/identity affirming. I help clients challenge unrealistic patterns of thinking, deconstruct who they are from who they have learned to be, learn how to feel safe and regulated in their body, identify options for difficult life situations that align with their values, and learn the skills to meet their needs e.g. assertiveness, boundary setting, communication, mindfulness, relaxation and grounding.
I am trained in using CBT, EMDR, and other evidence-based approaches to help people make lasting changes to their self-image that lead to real changes in their lives. My approach is hands on, goal-oriented, strengths based, and gender/identity affirming. I help clients challenge unrealistic patterns of thinking, deconstruct who they are from who they have learned to be, learn how to feel safe and regulated in their body, identify options for difficult life situations that align with their values, and learn the skills to meet their needs e.g. assertiveness, boundary setting, communication, mindfulness, relaxation and grounding.
(347) 269-1706 View (347) 269-1706
Photo of Irene Zelterman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Irene Zelterman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Brooklyn, NY 11215
Contact me if you are an adult who want to feel better. I know you want peace from sadness, anxiety and stress. You feel stuck in patterns you want to change but do not know how to change. You are unhappy with where you are in life, with your personal relationships and/or your work. Therapy offers an opportunity to reset painful parts of the past and learn skills to improve your life. today. Therapy will infuse you with hope, teach you self- care and foster your innate resiliency. The hardest part of therapy is initiating that first contact. When we speak you will see how easy it is to talk to me.
Contact me if you are an adult who want to feel better. I know you want peace from sadness, anxiety and stress. You feel stuck in patterns you want to change but do not know how to change. You are unhappy with where you are in life, with your personal relationships and/or your work. Therapy offers an opportunity to reset painful parts of the past and learn skills to improve your life. today. Therapy will infuse you with hope, teach you self- care and foster your innate resiliency. The hardest part of therapy is initiating that first contact. When we speak you will see how easy it is to talk to me.
(917) 708-8736 View (917) 708-8736
Photo of Michael Spieldenner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Michael Spieldenner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11242
25+ years experience providing psychotherapy to individuals and couples. 15 years experience training and providing supervision to psychotherapists.
25+ years experience providing psychotherapy to individuals and couples. 15 years experience training and providing supervision to psychotherapists.
(646) 600-5129 View (646) 600-5129
Photo of Margo Miller, MSEd, LMHC
Margo Miller
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11242
Do you ever let your anxiety get in the way of achieving the joy or productivity you want? Do you feel stuck? We cannot change what we are not aware of, therefore exploring the roots of our suffering allows us to have the opportunity to create positive change in order to have a better future. I aim to help my patients find awareness of their own suffering and individual ways to lean into it in order to ultimately work on letting go of what is no longer serving them. I cater individually to each and every patient often honing in on strengths-based and solution-oriented perspectives.
Do you ever let your anxiety get in the way of achieving the joy or productivity you want? Do you feel stuck? We cannot change what we are not aware of, therefore exploring the roots of our suffering allows us to have the opportunity to create positive change in order to have a better future. I aim to help my patients find awareness of their own suffering and individual ways to lean into it in order to ultimately work on letting go of what is no longer serving them. I cater individually to each and every patient often honing in on strengths-based and solution-oriented perspectives.
(347) 434-7253 View (347) 434-7253
Photo of Dr. Ashlee Pierson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW, SIP
Dr. Ashlee Pierson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW, SIP
Online Only
I am delighted and committed to working with adults (21+) from all backgrounds and cultures with a non-oppressive or bias approach. I provide a safe, quality, ethical practice, with the highest standards of patient/client-care for working professionals, entrepreneurs, religious/spiritual leaders, law enforcers, first responders, and those who have experienced and survived trauma and other life challenges. I am here to listen, support, and take the healing journey with you. Partner and connect now to begin working on gaining your most meaningful therapeutic outcomes.
I am delighted and committed to working with adults (21+) from all backgrounds and cultures with a non-oppressive or bias approach. I provide a safe, quality, ethical practice, with the highest standards of patient/client-care for working professionals, entrepreneurs, religious/spiritual leaders, law enforcers, first responders, and those who have experienced and survived trauma and other life challenges. I am here to listen, support, and take the healing journey with you. Partner and connect now to begin working on gaining your most meaningful therapeutic outcomes.
(929) 456-5307 View (929) 456-5307
Photo of Ernie Cote, Counselor, PhD, LMHC
Ernie Cote
Counselor, PhD, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I work with adolescents and adults on a wide range of challenges from general counseling and adjustment issues (feeling "stuck") to more clinical issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma and sexual issues. I focus on LGBT clients, particularly in the area of transgender identity, but have a diverse client base overall. I have experience working with clients that have issues related to polyamory, the kink community, and navigating these issues within relationships. I also have interns and supervisees that can see sliding scale clients from various populations.
I work with adolescents and adults on a wide range of challenges from general counseling and adjustment issues (feeling "stuck") to more clinical issues such as depression, anxiety, trauma and sexual issues. I focus on LGBT clients, particularly in the area of transgender identity, but have a diverse client base overall. I have experience working with clients that have issues related to polyamory, the kink community, and navigating these issues within relationships. I also have interns and supervisees that can see sliding scale clients from various populations.
(646) 798-9419 View (646) 798-9419
Photo of Hannah Vestal, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Hannah Vestal
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Brooklyn, NY 11218
I often work with individuals whose past experiences are interfering with their ability to engage in the present. This may be a result of trauma, neglect, abuse, or enduring a major loss in life. I treat adults and teens with issues related to trauma, grief, mood disorders, and borderline personality disorder. I utilize an integrated, evidence-based treatment approach including schema therapy, DBT, narrative therapy, and ERP. I listen to what clients see as most important and use this as a starting point. My hope for you is to feel safe and understood but also challenged.
I often work with individuals whose past experiences are interfering with their ability to engage in the present. This may be a result of trauma, neglect, abuse, or enduring a major loss in life. I treat adults and teens with issues related to trauma, grief, mood disorders, and borderline personality disorder. I utilize an integrated, evidence-based treatment approach including schema therapy, DBT, narrative therapy, and ERP. I listen to what clients see as most important and use this as a starting point. My hope for you is to feel safe and understood but also challenged.
(929) 499-0137 View (929) 499-0137
Photo of Sarah Zlotowitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Sarah Zlotowitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
5 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11215
I work with clients to build insight and skills that help to clarify challenges and maximize joy. Whether you're transitioning into a different phase of life or feeling stuck, I will meet you there with curiosity and compassion. Together, we'll use a variety of techniques to identify both the barriers and the opportunities to lead the kind of life you want. While there is great strength in practicing healthy coping, self-care, and positive self-talk, I know that this is often much easier said than done! Sometimes we just need help developing, prioritizing and applying these skills and awareness in our daily lives.
I work with clients to build insight and skills that help to clarify challenges and maximize joy. Whether you're transitioning into a different phase of life or feeling stuck, I will meet you there with curiosity and compassion. Together, we'll use a variety of techniques to identify both the barriers and the opportunities to lead the kind of life you want. While there is great strength in practicing healthy coping, self-care, and positive self-talk, I know that this is often much easier said than done! Sometimes we just need help developing, prioritizing and applying these skills and awareness in our daily lives.
(917) 909-8598 View (917) 909-8598

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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Therapists

When should someone seek treatment for a traumatic brain injury?

People should seek a diagnosis and treatment after a head injury, especially if they were unconscious, and an early diagnosis can lead to a better recovery. Signs of a concussion include headaches, nausea or vomiting, exhaustion, dizziness, vision problems, sensitivity to light and sound, problems with attention and memory, brain fog, unusual irritability or sadness, and unusual sleep patterns.

What’s the most common treatment for a traumatic brain injury?

Treatment for a traumatic brain injury will be different depending on the severity of the problem. For mild injuries, treatment may involve rest and over-the-counter pain or headache medication. For moderate or severe injuries, treatment may involve stabilization, medication, and rehabilitative therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, cognitive therapy, and counseling.

How long does it take to recover from traumatic brain injury?

The recovery time for a traumatic brain injury depends on the individual and the severity and nature of the injury; the length of time spent unconscious is often an indicator of severity. Recovery time for mild injuries may be a week or two while recovery time for more severe injuries may be six months to two years. Research suggests that the vast majority of recovery occurs in the first two years after an injury; recovery after that time frame is less certain.

What if a traumatic brain injury is left untreated?

If a traumatic brain injury is left untreated, it can lead to long-term physical and mental health problems. Physical problems may include dizziness, headaches, vision, healing, or speech loss, and an elevated risk of dementia. Psychological problems may include impairments of memory, judgment, and decision-making, depression, aggression, poor impulse control, and personality changes.