Therapists in Reno, NV

View neighborhoods in Reno
Photo of Kelly North, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kelly North
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Does your mind seem constantly full of worries? Have you reached a point in your life where you feel stuck? Is there something in your past that keeps you from moving forward? Enrolling in therapy may help you work through some of life's many challenges in productive and healthy ways. I believe everyone has the ability to have a good life. I take a warm, nonjudgmental approach that is personalized to meet your needs.  I can help you find meaning in pain and overcome obstacles to living an authentic, fulfilling life.
Does your mind seem constantly full of worries? Have you reached a point in your life where you feel stuck? Is there something in your past that keeps you from moving forward? Enrolling in therapy may help you work through some of life's many challenges in productive and healthy ways. I believe everyone has the ability to have a good life. I take a warm, nonjudgmental approach that is personalized to meet your needs.  I can help you find meaning in pain and overcome obstacles to living an authentic, fulfilling life.
(775) 341-6064 View (775) 341-6064
Photo of Annie Fuller, CPC, Counselor
Annie Fuller
Counselor, CPC
Verified Verified
Online Only
We are all on this “spectrum” of humanness. Sometimes being a human is hard. Sometimes it is joyful, sometimes it is exhilarating, sometimes it is liberating, and sometimes it can be devastating. Welcome to your journey within the human condition. Reaching out can be difficult, but part of the human condition is that we are social creatures, and we need the tribe to survive. I believe that with the right resources and internal strengths, empowerment and guidance, we can be our best selves and learn to love the self that we are or have become, or who we have been – regardless of our past, current, or future circumstances.
We are all on this “spectrum” of humanness. Sometimes being a human is hard. Sometimes it is joyful, sometimes it is exhilarating, sometimes it is liberating, and sometimes it can be devastating. Welcome to your journey within the human condition. Reaching out can be difficult, but part of the human condition is that we are social creatures, and we need the tribe to survive. I believe that with the right resources and internal strengths, empowerment and guidance, we can be our best selves and learn to love the self that we are or have become, or who we have been – regardless of our past, current, or future circumstances.
(775) 618-0488 View (775) 618-0488
Photo of Jim Freeland, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jim Freeland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
Why am I a therapist? There are many reasons I am in this field. The initial draw was curiosity about people. I find people fascinating, each person has their own story, their own journey, their own struggles, and their own triumphs. I find it to be a humbling experience that a person I am working with in therapy is willing to trust me with the intimate details of the things they are seeking help for. I remain cognizant of the courage it takes to seek therapy, to seek recovery, to work on making changes. The resiliency that people are capable of never ceases to amaze me.
Why am I a therapist? There are many reasons I am in this field. The initial draw was curiosity about people. I find people fascinating, each person has their own story, their own journey, their own struggles, and their own triumphs. I find it to be a humbling experience that a person I am working with in therapy is willing to trust me with the intimate details of the things they are seeking help for. I remain cognizant of the courage it takes to seek therapy, to seek recovery, to work on making changes. The resiliency that people are capable of never ceases to amaze me.
(775) 431-2767 View (775) 431-2767
Photo of Alexa Katharina Waldmann - Inner Solutions Psychotherapy, LLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Inner Solutions Psychotherapy, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89501
Inner Solutions is a small group practice that focuses on helping you connect with your wise mind and your internal therapist, which is wiser and smarter than any other therapist. We will provide an atmosphere and relationship that is conducive for gaining self-awareness, self-acceptance and provide you with concrete skills that help make your life work for you, not against you. We will uncover systems and pathways that lead to difficulties, and introduce changes. Being invited into your life is a privilege and is treated as that. We are successful when you are successful and will put everything we have towards this goal with you.
Inner Solutions is a small group practice that focuses on helping you connect with your wise mind and your internal therapist, which is wiser and smarter than any other therapist. We will provide an atmosphere and relationship that is conducive for gaining self-awareness, self-acceptance and provide you with concrete skills that help make your life work for you, not against you. We will uncover systems and pathways that lead to difficulties, and introduce changes. Being invited into your life is a privilege and is treated as that. We are successful when you are successful and will put everything we have towards this goal with you.
(775) 245-3710 View (775) 245-3710
Photo of Jennifer Jayde Gilmore, LCSW, LCADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Jayde Gilmore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89509
Immediate openings! Now offering individual and group Therapeutically Applied Role Playing Games. I draw from a wide range of treatment methods to create your customized treatment plan to help with ADHD, trauma symptoms, depression, addictions, and/or anxiety. I have specialized training and shared life experience with ADHD both as a parent and having ADHD myself. I have experience working with clients have experienced simple or complex traumas, those who identify with an LGBTQ+ identity, clients with legal concerns, as well as those with substance and alcohol abuse.
Immediate openings! Now offering individual and group Therapeutically Applied Role Playing Games. I draw from a wide range of treatment methods to create your customized treatment plan to help with ADHD, trauma symptoms, depression, addictions, and/or anxiety. I have specialized training and shared life experience with ADHD both as a parent and having ADHD myself. I have experience working with clients have experienced simple or complex traumas, those who identify with an LGBTQ+ identity, clients with legal concerns, as well as those with substance and alcohol abuse.
(775) 258-7195 View (775) 258-7195
Photo of Yuni Gardner - Holistic Integrated Therapy with Dr Yuni, PhD, CPC, CHT, MAC, Counselor
Holistic Integrated Therapy with Dr Yuni
Counselor, PhD, CPC, CHT, MAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89521
Waitlist for new clients
Dr Yuni offfers Holistic Integrated Therapy (HIT) to help to Unlock Your Mind & Body's Potential to Healing & Wellness. Using several unique techniques to embody healing and wellness and to clear the energetic blocks that are holding you back from living a healthy and satisfying life! ​Liberate & Clear the root causes of old unconscious & subconscious programs, habits, and patterns that have been stored on a cellular, epigenetic & energetic-level to live your true life's purpose!
Dr Yuni offfers Holistic Integrated Therapy (HIT) to help to Unlock Your Mind & Body's Potential to Healing & Wellness. Using several unique techniques to embody healing and wellness and to clear the energetic blocks that are holding you back from living a healthy and satisfying life! ​Liberate & Clear the root causes of old unconscious & subconscious programs, habits, and patterns that have been stored on a cellular, epigenetic & energetic-level to live your true life's purpose!
(775) 846-8304 View (775) 846-8304
Photo of Maryellen Ruffing - Emerald Psychotherapy, LPCC
Emerald Psychotherapy
LPCC
Verified Verified
Online Only
I, (MaryEllen Ruffing), offer an individualized and collaborative therapeutic process. This process generates clarity, direction, and empowerment for transformative healing to those facing obstacles or challenges with life transitions. I have experience with individuals, couples, and groups addressing anxiety, depression, grief and loss, PTSD, trauma, addictions, and relational dynamics. Therapy can bring about a sense of peace, restoration, and control in the stressful environments many face today. I support with online/tele-therapy at this time. Call for a free initial consultation.
I, (MaryEllen Ruffing), offer an individualized and collaborative therapeutic process. This process generates clarity, direction, and empowerment for transformative healing to those facing obstacles or challenges with life transitions. I have experience with individuals, couples, and groups addressing anxiety, depression, grief and loss, PTSD, trauma, addictions, and relational dynamics. Therapy can bring about a sense of peace, restoration, and control in the stressful environments many face today. I support with online/tele-therapy at this time. Call for a free initial consultation.
(775) 256-9892 View (775) 256-9892
Photo of Madelyn Wargowski, MA, LCPC-I
Madelyn Wargowski
Clinical Professional Counselor Intern, MA, LCPC-I
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
My ideal client is curious to explore their stuck-points, challenge their internal narratives, and make meaningful change to work towards their personal goals. I understand this process is not easy or comfortable and I encourage clients to engage in it with self-compassion and non-judgement. I believe the process of change is rooted in curiosity and learning and in celebrating moments where we stumble as opportunities to observe, learn, and grow from our experiences.
My ideal client is curious to explore their stuck-points, challenge their internal narratives, and make meaningful change to work towards their personal goals. I understand this process is not easy or comfortable and I encourage clients to engage in it with self-compassion and non-judgement. I believe the process of change is rooted in curiosity and learning and in celebrating moments where we stumble as opportunities to observe, learn, and grow from our experiences.
(775) 256-7097 View (775) 256-7097
Photo of Frank Flores, CPC, LADC
Frank Flores
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, CPC, LADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89502
Waitlist for new clients
Life can be stressful and unpredictable. I seek to provide counseling to individuals, couples, and families who are looking for support in their times of need. We each have stories that our minds create in order to make sense of things. These stories speak to our identities, abilities, competencies, actions, relationships, achievements, fears and failures. I wish to hear the life narratives that my clients are struggling with and assist them in constructing new positive stories about themselves and the struggles they are facing.
Life can be stressful and unpredictable. I seek to provide counseling to individuals, couples, and families who are looking for support in their times of need. We each have stories that our minds create in order to make sense of things. These stories speak to our identities, abilities, competencies, actions, relationships, achievements, fears and failures. I wish to hear the life narratives that my clients are struggling with and assist them in constructing new positive stories about themselves and the struggles they are facing.
(775) 581-4390 View (775) 581-4390
Photo of Nalini Channapatna Prasanna, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nalini Channapatna Prasanna
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89501
I specialize in helping adults, teens and couples heal from childhood trauma and grief. My clients grapple with daily tasks that can feel overwhelming and connecting with others often becomes a challenge. Fear of judgment or rejection can lead to withdrawal, resulting in feelings of loneliness and isolation. Symptoms such as low self-esteem, trust issues and intense emotional dysregulation make it difficult to reach out. Sleep is often disrupted by nightmares and flashbacks can bring back painful memories. Healing from trauma symptoms is possible and you don’t have to do this alone. With the right support you can reclaim your life.
I specialize in helping adults, teens and couples heal from childhood trauma and grief. My clients grapple with daily tasks that can feel overwhelming and connecting with others often becomes a challenge. Fear of judgment or rejection can lead to withdrawal, resulting in feelings of loneliness and isolation. Symptoms such as low self-esteem, trust issues and intense emotional dysregulation make it difficult to reach out. Sleep is often disrupted by nightmares and flashbacks can bring back painful memories. Healing from trauma symptoms is possible and you don’t have to do this alone. With the right support you can reclaim your life.
(775) 251-8823 View (775) 251-8823
Photo of Melisa Heckathorn - Inner Solutions Psychotherapy, LLC, CSW-I, Pre-Licensed Professional
Inner Solutions Psychotherapy, LLC
Pre-Licensed Professional, CSW-I
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89501
Hello there. My name is Melisa Heckathorn. I am a dedicated psychotherapist/intern with a Master's degree in Social Work from the University of Nevada, Reno. As a psychotherapist, I am committed to providing high-quality mental health services to my clients. I utilize my knowledge and skills to help individuals navigate through various emotional and psychological challenges.
Hello there. My name is Melisa Heckathorn. I am a dedicated psychotherapist/intern with a Master's degree in Social Work from the University of Nevada, Reno. As a psychotherapist, I am committed to providing high-quality mental health services to my clients. I utilize my knowledge and skills to help individuals navigate through various emotional and psychological challenges.
(775) 257-7003 View (775) 257-7003
Photo of Bernadette Hinojos, PsyD, Psychologist
Bernadette Hinojos
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Online Only
I believe my role as a therapist, is the greatest form of advocacy that I can engage in. My approach to therapy is an integrative approach of Feminist and Narrative therapies, combining empowerment & social justice. I have a lengthy history of working with diverse clients from various intersections of identities, diagnoses, & presenting concerns. My clinical focuses include but are not limited to: identity exploration, trauma, sex work, body image, racism, & gender issues. I am also an LGBTQIA2+/kink/poly knowledgeable/ affirming therapist.
I believe my role as a therapist, is the greatest form of advocacy that I can engage in. My approach to therapy is an integrative approach of Feminist and Narrative therapies, combining empowerment & social justice. I have a lengthy history of working with diverse clients from various intersections of identities, diagnoses, & presenting concerns. My clinical focuses include but are not limited to: identity exploration, trauma, sex work, body image, racism, & gender issues. I am also an LGBTQIA2+/kink/poly knowledgeable/ affirming therapist.
(775) 254-8621 View (775) 254-8621
Photo of Becky Ermann, LCPC, RPT, Counselor
Becky Ermann
Counselor, LCPC, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89501
Are you facing difficulties within your family? Struggling to bridge the communication gap between parents and children? I'm here to offer effective solutions. Using the power of play, I guide families through the process of problem-solving and growth, helping you discover new paths toward harmony and understanding. I have experience and training in providing therapy for individuals of all ages who have symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma responses and grief.
Are you facing difficulties within your family? Struggling to bridge the communication gap between parents and children? I'm here to offer effective solutions. Using the power of play, I guide families through the process of problem-solving and growth, helping you discover new paths toward harmony and understanding. I have experience and training in providing therapy for individuals of all ages who have symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma responses and grief.
(775) 258-6801 x11 View (775) 258-6801 x11
Photo of Xochitl Salinas, CSW-I, Pre-Licensed Professional
Xochitl Salinas
Pre-Licensed Professional, CSW-I
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89511
As a Native American woman I have a unique perspective into issues impacting marginalized individuals. I understand the impacts generational traumas, adverse environments, and adverse life experiences can have on mental wellbeing. I can offer a safe space for clients to gain insight into the factors influencing their mental health. I can provide non judgmental support and empathy through the helping process. In my free time I love coaching youth basketball and working on my bead work.
As a Native American woman I have a unique perspective into issues impacting marginalized individuals. I understand the impacts generational traumas, adverse environments, and adverse life experiences can have on mental wellbeing. I can offer a safe space for clients to gain insight into the factors influencing their mental health. I can provide non judgmental support and empathy through the helping process. In my free time I love coaching youth basketball and working on my bead work.
(775) 452-4119 View (775) 452-4119
Photo of Jodi Jones, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jodi Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89521
Not accepting new clients
I am a clinical social worker with experience in behavioral models of treatment that support change processes to help you reach your personally defined life goals. Starting from the therapeutic view that all we do encompasses behavior, that all behaviors are learned, and that behaviors make sense in response to our life experiences, we can collaborate on what treatment models will be your best fit.
I am a clinical social worker with experience in behavioral models of treatment that support change processes to help you reach your personally defined life goals. Starting from the therapeutic view that all we do encompasses behavior, that all behaviors are learned, and that behaviors make sense in response to our life experiences, we can collaborate on what treatment models will be your best fit.
(775) 571-7371 View (775) 571-7371
Photo of Courtney Mayer, MFT-I, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Courtney Mayer
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFT-I
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I work with individuals who are seeking treatment for anxiety, eating disorders, depression, relational issues, and trauma. I'm also deeply dedicated to helping couples navigate communication, relationship conflicts, and life transitions. My name is Courtney, and I am a Marriage and Family Therapist Intern. My educational background includes a BA in Psychology with a specialization in research, and an MA in Marriage, Family, and Couples Counseling from the University of Nevada, Reno.
I work with individuals who are seeking treatment for anxiety, eating disorders, depression, relational issues, and trauma. I'm also deeply dedicated to helping couples navigate communication, relationship conflicts, and life transitions. My name is Courtney, and I am a Marriage and Family Therapist Intern. My educational background includes a BA in Psychology with a specialization in research, and an MA in Marriage, Family, and Couples Counseling from the University of Nevada, Reno.
(775) 452-4683 View (775) 452-4683
Photo of Persephone Crittenden - Peak Neuropsychology, PsyD, Psychologist
Peak Neuropsychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509
Have you noticed changes in your or your loved one's memory and/or thinking skills (e.g., attention, language)? Have you experienced a concussion/TBI and have concerns about lingering cognitive effects? Have lifelong difficulties with attention and executive function (e.g., organization, planning, problem solving) impacted your work, school, and/or relationships? Do you want to better understand your brain health and how you can support it for optimal cognitive function and aging? You (or your loved one) may benefit from a neuropsychological evaluation and/or a brain health consultation at Peak Neuropsychology.
Have you noticed changes in your or your loved one's memory and/or thinking skills (e.g., attention, language)? Have you experienced a concussion/TBI and have concerns about lingering cognitive effects? Have lifelong difficulties with attention and executive function (e.g., organization, planning, problem solving) impacted your work, school, and/or relationships? Do you want to better understand your brain health and how you can support it for optimal cognitive function and aging? You (or your loved one) may benefit from a neuropsychological evaluation and/or a brain health consultation at Peak Neuropsychology.
(775) 420-4320 View (775) 420-4320
Photo of Chad Kirkland - ONE Counseling & Associates LLC, CADC, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
ONE Counseling & Associates LLC
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, CADC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89503
We are available for evening hours and weekend hours. At ONE Counseling we all understand the struggles of addiction, all of our counselor's have been through addiction and came out the other end better. Now we want to use our knowledge, and compassion to help you through this time. Our therapeutic style is based on each individual client and group, we will meet you where you are at.
We are available for evening hours and weekend hours. At ONE Counseling we all understand the struggles of addiction, all of our counselor's have been through addiction and came out the other end better. Now we want to use our knowledge, and compassion to help you through this time. Our therapeutic style is based on each individual client and group, we will meet you where you are at.
(775) 364-2434 View (775) 364-2434
Photo of Amanda Giles, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Amanda Giles
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89509
Therapy is a process of growth and exploration to increase understanding and clarification of personal experiences. I help individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, and interpersonal conflicts to build self-efficacy and empathy to move forward. I work hard to create a safe, nonjudgmental environment where clients can continue to grow.
Therapy is a process of growth and exploration to increase understanding and clarification of personal experiences. I help individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, and interpersonal conflicts to build self-efficacy and empathy to move forward. I work hard to create a safe, nonjudgmental environment where clients can continue to grow.
(775) 346-6750 View (775) 346-6750
Photo of Melissa Morrison, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Melissa Morrison
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89501
I employ a holistic therapeutic approach. The foundation of my work with individuals, couples, and families is my understanding that each person has a unique life experience, and brings a distinct perspective to the process. Providing services that span from therapy for relationship dissolution, and non-traditional relationships, anxiety and eating concerns, couples counseling and beyond. I have a special interest in adoption from start to finish, including the relationship you build with your adopted child. I offer Psychedelic Assisted Therapy and Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy.
I employ a holistic therapeutic approach. The foundation of my work with individuals, couples, and families is my understanding that each person has a unique life experience, and brings a distinct perspective to the process. Providing services that span from therapy for relationship dissolution, and non-traditional relationships, anxiety and eating concerns, couples counseling and beyond. I have a special interest in adoption from start to finish, including the relationship you build with your adopted child. I offer Psychedelic Assisted Therapy and Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy.
(775) 210-7521 View (775) 210-7521
1
...

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Reno, NV

600+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Reno, NV who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
86% Depression
73% Trauma and PTSD
73% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% Aetna
64% BlueCross and BlueShield
58% Hometown Health

How Therapists in Reno, NV see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Reno?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.