Autism Therapists in Las Vegas, NV

Photo of Chantal Rainford - Nevada Autism Center, MS, BCBA, LBA
Nevada Autism Center
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89117
Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have the potential to become highly competent and successful individuals, that lead fulfilling and meaningful lives.
Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) has amply shown its effectiveness as a form of treatment for kids with ASD. ABA as a form of treatment responds to specific needs that arise in each child; it does not attempt a ‘cookie-cutter’ approach to personalized plans for developmental growth. Nevada Autism Center utilizes principles of ABA for its treatment strategies and implementation approach. ABA has a 48% success rate of drastically improving behavioral issues, from mild to severe. The entire team at Nevada Autism Center have extensive backgrounds implementing ABA strategies, and are Registered Behavioral Therapists (RBTs.) Our staff work tirelessly to create a warm and welcoming environment. We are indebted to our entire team for their steadfast commitment towards improving the lives of children with ASD. Our facility includes a sensory room, which is a conducive environment for exercising fine and gross motor skills (visual, auditory, and tactile skills). Our center has a modern gym where children can comfortably release energy and socialize.
Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have the potential to become highly competent and successful individuals, that lead fulfilling and meaningful lives.
Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) has amply shown its effectiveness as a form of treatment for kids with ASD. ABA as a form of treatment responds to specific needs that arise in each child; it does not attempt a ‘cookie-cutter’ approach to personalized plans for developmental growth. Nevada Autism Center utilizes principles of ABA for its treatment strategies and implementation approach. ABA has a 48% success rate of drastically improving behavioral issues, from mild to severe. The entire team at Nevada Autism Center have extensive backgrounds implementing ABA strategies, and are Registered Behavioral Therapists (RBTs.) Our staff work tirelessly to create a warm and welcoming environment. We are indebted to our entire team for their steadfast commitment towards improving the lives of children with ASD. Our facility includes a sensory room, which is a conducive environment for exercising fine and gross motor skills (visual, auditory, and tactile skills). Our center has a modern gym where children can comfortably release energy and socialize.
(702) 660-2005 View (702) 660-2005
Photo of Dr. Nicole Theron Parkes, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Nicole Theron Parkes
Psychologist, PsyD
Online Only
I specialize in anxiety, autism, Asperger's Syndrome, addiction, ADHD, behavioral issues, depression, life coaching, life transitions, relationship issues, self-esteem, stress, trauma and PTSD, mental health, thinking disorders, and sexuality, including bisexual and LGBTQ concerns.
Are you sick and tired of feeling down, anxious, stressed out, or out of sorts? Do you feel like you can’t talk to the people in your life about your problems because they brush you off or they just don’t get it? I specialize in helping people get through the rough patches. Depression, anxiety, relationship issues, trauma—whatever it is pulling you down, I can help bring you back up. Healing is possible and you have everything inside of you to heal and to live a really beautiful life, that’s just perfect for you. Sometimes we get stuck and have old, unresolved pain that prevents us from living in our own truth and light.
I specialize in anxiety, autism, Asperger's Syndrome, addiction, ADHD, behavioral issues, depression, life coaching, life transitions, relationship issues, self-esteem, stress, trauma and PTSD, mental health, thinking disorders, and sexuality, including bisexual and LGBTQ concerns.
Are you sick and tired of feeling down, anxious, stressed out, or out of sorts? Do you feel like you can’t talk to the people in your life about your problems because they brush you off or they just don’t get it? I specialize in helping people get through the rough patches. Depression, anxiety, relationship issues, trauma—whatever it is pulling you down, I can help bring you back up. Healing is possible and you have everything inside of you to heal and to live a really beautiful life, that’s just perfect for you. Sometimes we get stuck and have old, unresolved pain that prevents us from living in our own truth and light.
(702) 903-7294 View (702) 903-7294
Photo of Danika Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor, CPC
Danika Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, CPC
2 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89113
I work with a variety of conditions including complex trauma, anxiety, anger, depression, and Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Life is difficult enough to manage without the added confusion of complex emotions. I work with clients to create long term emotional regulation. When our life circumstances and responses do not match how we feel, it can be confusing and lonely.
I work with a variety of conditions including complex trauma, anxiety, anger, depression, and Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Life is difficult enough to manage without the added confusion of complex emotions. I work with clients to create long term emotional regulation. When our life circumstances and responses do not match how we feel, it can be confusing and lonely.
(725) 213-4656 View (725) 213-4656
Healing Hooves
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, LADC
Las Vegas, NV 89130
We provide treatment services for individuals and families that are dealing with behavioral and emotional struggles that can be due to a variety of reasons such as: substance use, Autism Spectrum Disorder, or trauma.
Healing Hooves offers telehealth, office and arena appointments. We provide a warm and welcoming environment with a team to assist our clients on their journey to emotional healing and behavioral changes. Our therapists and horses will help you find solutions and new ways to cope.
We provide treatment services for individuals and families that are dealing with behavioral and emotional struggles that can be due to a variety of reasons such as: substance use, Autism Spectrum Disorder, or trauma.
Healing Hooves offers telehealth, office and arena appointments. We provide a warm and welcoming environment with a team to assist our clients on their journey to emotional healing and behavioral changes. Our therapists and horses will help you find solutions and new ways to cope.
(725) 234-6256 View (725) 234-6256
Photo of Marc Tedoff - Applied Behavior Analysis Institute, Inc, Behavior Analyst, PhD, BCBA, LBA
Applied Behavior Analysis Institute, Inc
Behavior Analyst, PhD, BCBA, LBA
Las Vegas, NV 89107
Applied Behavior Analysis Institute has been providing in-home, research-based autism treatment and parent training since 2011.
Behavior Analysts teach our clients both behavior reduction for problem behaviors and skill acquisition for deficit areas. We at also teach our clients' parents and caretakers to replace difficult to manage behaviors with more appropriate behaviors (e.g., asking instead of grabbing), and to teach new critical skills our clients need for daily living.
Applied Behavior Analysis Institute has been providing in-home, research-based autism treatment and parent training since 2011.
Behavior Analysts teach our clients both behavior reduction for problem behaviors and skill acquisition for deficit areas. We at also teach our clients' parents and caretakers to replace difficult to manage behaviors with more appropriate behaviors (e.g., asking instead of grabbing), and to teach new critical skills our clients need for daily living.
(505) 587-0722 View (505) 587-0722
Photo of Hannah Sweeney, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Hannah Sweeney
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Las Vegas, NV 89123
I worked closely with children with autism one-on-one for about 6 years, which reinforced my interest in getting my Bachelors of Art in Psychology from UNLV.
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. As a solution-focused therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating.
I worked closely with children with autism one-on-one for about 6 years, which reinforced my interest in getting my Bachelors of Art in Psychology from UNLV.
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. As a solution-focused therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating.
(702) 803-3029 View (702) 803-3029
Photo of Michelle H Buxton, Counselor, LMHC, LCPC
Michelle H Buxton
Counselor, LMHC, LCPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I have a lot of experience with trauma, anxiety, depression, ADHD, and Autism.
I have a passion for helping others find their own unique path to happiness. I meet my clients where they are, and am very client centered.
I have a lot of experience with trauma, anxiety, depression, ADHD, and Autism.
I have a passion for helping others find their own unique path to happiness. I meet my clients where they are, and am very client centered.
(702) 489-0114 View (702) 489-0114
Photo of Rebecca Korzilius Kerl, LPC Intern, Intern , MS, CPC
Rebecca Korzilius Kerl
LPC Intern, Intern , MS, CPC
Las Vegas, NV 89117
I have a passion for working with teens and adults, especially those on the autism spectrum.
I am a therapist who believes in being straight forward and working together to figure out what will make a difference. I am a firm believer in treating everyone like the individual that they are and do not employ a one sized fits all approach. I am an out of the box thinker and enjoy dealing with the complexity of life.
I have a passion for working with teens and adults, especially those on the autism spectrum.
I am a therapist who believes in being straight forward and working together to figure out what will make a difference. I am a firm believer in treating everyone like the individual that they are and do not employ a one sized fits all approach. I am an out of the box thinker and enjoy dealing with the complexity of life.
(725) 208-5347 View (725) 208-5347
Photo of Arione Capolupo, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Arione Capolupo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
5 Endorsed
Online Only
Licensed in both CA and NV, my true passion is helping families affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder.
I have years of experience in trauma, divorce related issues, depression, anxiety management and building emotional regulation. I have also been a Qualified Autism Services Practitioner Supervisor. Those with ASD can experience anxiety/depression, and social issues. Parents with children on the spectrum and siblings face tough challenges of their own.
Licensed in both CA and NV, my true passion is helping families affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder.
I have years of experience in trauma, divorce related issues, depression, anxiety management and building emotional regulation. I have also been a Qualified Autism Services Practitioner Supervisor. Those with ASD can experience anxiety/depression, and social issues. Parents with children on the spectrum and siblings face tough challenges of their own.
(714) 582-5982 View (714) 582-5982
Photo of Brandon P Eddy, Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Brandon P Eddy
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
4 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89144
I also specialize in working with families with Autism.
As a Marriage and Family Therapist I understand that family struggles can be complex and challenging to overcome. My goal is to make sure each member of the family feels loved and valued.
I also specialize in working with families with Autism.
As a Marriage and Family Therapist I understand that family struggles can be complex and challenging to overcome. My goal is to make sure each member of the family feels loved and valued.
(702) 749-4639 View (702) 749-4639
Photo of Tammy Hernandez Cpc Intern, Marriage & Family Therapist, MSCRMHC
Tammy Hernandez Cpc Intern
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSCRMHC
Las Vegas, NV 89120
Are you or your child struggling with Autism, ADHD, anxiety, depression, or trauma?
I’m a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor Intern (CPC-Intern) with a Master's of Science in Clinical Rehabilitation and Mental Health Counseling (MSCRMHC) and a Bachelor's of Science in Psychology (BS). I'm dedicated to supporting individuals—children thru adults—dealing with Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
Are you or your child struggling with Autism, ADHD, anxiety, depression, or trauma?
I’m a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor Intern (CPC-Intern) with a Master's of Science in Clinical Rehabilitation and Mental Health Counseling (MSCRMHC) and a Bachelor's of Science in Psychology (BS). I'm dedicated to supporting individuals—children thru adults—dealing with Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
(702) 710-5278 View (702) 710-5278
Photo of Dr. Nicole Theron Parkes, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Nicole Theron Parkes
Psychologist, PsyD
Online Only
I specialize in anxiety, autism, Asperger's Syndrome, addiction, ADHD, behavioral issues, depression, life coaching, life transitions, relationship issues, self-esteem, stress, trauma and PTSD, mental health, thinking disorders, and sexuality, including bisexual and LGBTQ concerns.
Are you sick and tired of feeling down, anxious, stressed out, or out of sorts? Do you feel like you can’t talk to the people in your life about your problems because they brush you off or they just don’t get it? I specialize in helping people get through the rough patches. Depression, anxiety, relationship issues, trauma—whatever it is pulling you down, I can help bring you back up. Healing is possible and you have everything inside of you to heal and to live a really beautiful life, that’s just perfect for you. Sometimes we get stuck and have old, unresolved pain that prevents us from living in our own truth and light.
I specialize in anxiety, autism, Asperger's Syndrome, addiction, ADHD, behavioral issues, depression, life coaching, life transitions, relationship issues, self-esteem, stress, trauma and PTSD, mental health, thinking disorders, and sexuality, including bisexual and LGBTQ concerns.
Are you sick and tired of feeling down, anxious, stressed out, or out of sorts? Do you feel like you can’t talk to the people in your life about your problems because they brush you off or they just don’t get it? I specialize in helping people get through the rough patches. Depression, anxiety, relationship issues, trauma—whatever it is pulling you down, I can help bring you back up. Healing is possible and you have everything inside of you to heal and to live a really beautiful life, that’s just perfect for you. Sometimes we get stuck and have old, unresolved pain that prevents us from living in our own truth and light.
(702) 827-4937 View (702) 827-4937
Photo of Donnica Conway-Strawder, BCBA, LBA, CMAC
Donnica Conway-Strawder
Verified Verified
Serves Area
My passion for ABA comes from seeing its success with my child, now an adult with autism.
My focus is autism and co-occurring disorders such as anxiety, depression, and addictions. Using Applied Behavior Analysis, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, my compassionate care approach is at the forefront of my practice.
My passion for ABA comes from seeing its success with my child, now an adult with autism.
My focus is autism and co-occurring disorders such as anxiety, depression, and addictions. Using Applied Behavior Analysis, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, my compassionate care approach is at the forefront of my practice.
(770) 762-5057 View (770) 762-5057
Photo of Autism-Dr. Angie Pulido-Banner, Psychologist, PhD
Autism-Dr. Angie Pulido-Banner
Psychologist, PhD
7 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a PhD Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years of experience supporting children, teens, and adults with Autism, ADHD, and trauma.
Ready to transform your life? You’re done with excuses and playing small. You’ve done the prep work, but the one-hour-a-week grind isn’t cutting it. You’re an overachiever, highly intelligent, and tired of feeling stuck—whether it’s a toxic relationship, a dead-end job, or a life that doesn’t fit. It’s time to face your demons, confront your shadow, and claim your freedom. I offer intensive trauma therapy—3-hour sessions or multi-day deep dives for serious, lasting change. This isn’t for the faint of heart—it’s for those ready to slay the past and rise. I’ve got your back. Let’s unleash the life you’re meant to live.
I am a PhD Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years of experience supporting children, teens, and adults with Autism, ADHD, and trauma.
Ready to transform your life? You’re done with excuses and playing small. You’ve done the prep work, but the one-hour-a-week grind isn’t cutting it. You’re an overachiever, highly intelligent, and tired of feeling stuck—whether it’s a toxic relationship, a dead-end job, or a life that doesn’t fit. It’s time to face your demons, confront your shadow, and claim your freedom. I offer intensive trauma therapy—3-hour sessions or multi-day deep dives for serious, lasting change. This isn’t for the faint of heart—it’s for those ready to slay the past and rise. I’ve got your back. Let’s unleash the life you’re meant to live.
(775) 234-0353 View (775) 234-0353
Photo of Ivan Hronek, Psychologist, PsyD
Ivan Hronek
Psychologist, PsyD
Las Vegas, NV 89117
I evaluate conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder/Asperger's, ADHD, Learning Disorders, Language Disorders, behavioral issues, mood issues, giftedness, and many more.
Culturally-competent neuropsychological and psychological evaluation services for children, adolescents, and young adults. I am excited to share with you that my practice now also provides psychological therapy. Please find additional information about my services on my website: www.silverstatepsychology.com
I evaluate conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder/Asperger's, ADHD, Learning Disorders, Language Disorders, behavioral issues, mood issues, giftedness, and many more.
Culturally-competent neuropsychological and psychological evaluation services for children, adolescents, and young adults. I am excited to share with you that my practice now also provides psychological therapy. Please find additional information about my services on my website: www.silverstatepsychology.com
(702) 625-7409 View (702) 625-7409
Photo of Nicole Troiano, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC-S
Nicole Troiano
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC-S
Online Only
My specialties include treating ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, and men's mental health.
With over 17 years of working in the mental health field, I am confident that together we can help you find what you need to start feeling better. As a mother and wife, I understand just how hectic and complicated life can be. I have a friendly, open, and nonjudgmental approach to those I work with. I believe that each person is just as unique as their challenges, and with some time and attention, we can find solutions that will help you on your way to feeling more at peace, with more control over your life.
My specialties include treating ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, and men's mental health.
With over 17 years of working in the mental health field, I am confident that together we can help you find what you need to start feeling better. As a mother and wife, I understand just how hectic and complicated life can be. I have a friendly, open, and nonjudgmental approach to those I work with. I believe that each person is just as unique as their challenges, and with some time and attention, we can find solutions that will help you on your way to feeling more at peace, with more control over your life.
(702) 996-5724 View (702) 996-5724
Photo of Lauren Blank, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Lauren Blank
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Las Vegas, NV 89123
I completed my clinical internship working with individuals with autism spectrum disorder and co-occurring diagnoses focusing on developing social and behavioral competencies to cultivate relational skills.
I utilize an integrative approach when counseling, including Cognitive-Behavioral, Solution-Focused, Humanistic, and Behavioral approaches, tailoring the counseling experience to meet the unique needs of each individual. Though these are the theoretical orientations I align with, it is important to me that you feel understood and supported in our time together.
I completed my clinical internship working with individuals with autism spectrum disorder and co-occurring diagnoses focusing on developing social and behavioral competencies to cultivate relational skills.
I utilize an integrative approach when counseling, including Cognitive-Behavioral, Solution-Focused, Humanistic, and Behavioral approaches, tailoring the counseling experience to meet the unique needs of each individual. Though these are the theoretical orientations I align with, it is important to me that you feel understood and supported in our time together.
(702) 766-5006 View (702) 766-5006
Photo of Celeste Ainsley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Celeste Ainsley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I specialize in treating ADHD, antisocial-personality, anxiety, autism, bipolar-disorder, borderline-personality, codependency, depression, dissociative-disorders, narcissistic-personality, OCD, psychosis, spirituality, suicidal-ideation, transgender, trauma-and-PTSD, chronic illness, gender dysphoria, gender transitioning and personality disorders
Have you ever felt lost in your own thoughts, questioning your place in the world or struggling to find meaning in your experiences? Life can feel overwhelming, especially when anxiety, depression, or ADHD make it difficult to navigate daily challenges. I believe therapy should be a safe space where you can explore your emotions at your own pace. My approach is rooted in deep curiosity about your unique perspective—helping you uncover personal insights, build resilience, and step into a more authentic version of yourself. Together, we will work toward understanding your experiences and creating a path that feels true to who you are.
I specialize in treating ADHD, antisocial-personality, anxiety, autism, bipolar-disorder, borderline-personality, codependency, depression, dissociative-disorders, narcissistic-personality, OCD, psychosis, spirituality, suicidal-ideation, transgender, trauma-and-PTSD, chronic illness, gender dysphoria, gender transitioning and personality disorders
Have you ever felt lost in your own thoughts, questioning your place in the world or struggling to find meaning in your experiences? Life can feel overwhelming, especially when anxiety, depression, or ADHD make it difficult to navigate daily challenges. I believe therapy should be a safe space where you can explore your emotions at your own pace. My approach is rooted in deep curiosity about your unique perspective—helping you uncover personal insights, build resilience, and step into a more authentic version of yourself. Together, we will work toward understanding your experiences and creating a path that feels true to who you are.
(702) 475-8339 View (702) 475-8339
Photo of Dr. Michelle Catherine Zochowski-Tullio, Psychologist, PhD, NCSP
Dr. Michelle Catherine Zochowski-Tullio
Psychologist, PhD, NCSP
Las Vegas, NV 89117
I specialize in Autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders (ADHD, Learning Disorders) and am trained to administer the ADOS and other assessments.
Hello there! I'm Dr. Zochowski-Tullio (a.k.a. "Dr. Z" or "Dr. Michelle"), and I am a Licensed Psychologist. I received my Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from UNLV and spent significant time working with Neurodiverse populations. While I have previously provided therapy to clients of all ages, I am not currently taking any new therapy clients at this time. My focus has shifted to conducting neurodevelopmental assessments for children and adolescents under 18, exclusively for those covered by Teachers Health Trust (THT). I am dedicated to assisting individuals and families in understanding and navigating neurodevelopmental challenges
I specialize in Autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders (ADHD, Learning Disorders) and am trained to administer the ADOS and other assessments.
Hello there! I'm Dr. Zochowski-Tullio (a.k.a. "Dr. Z" or "Dr. Michelle"), and I am a Licensed Psychologist. I received my Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from UNLV and spent significant time working with Neurodiverse populations. While I have previously provided therapy to clients of all ages, I am not currently taking any new therapy clients at this time. My focus has shifted to conducting neurodevelopmental assessments for children and adolescents under 18, exclusively for those covered by Teachers Health Trust (THT). I am dedicated to assisting individuals and families in understanding and navigating neurodevelopmental challenges
(702) 829-5494 View (702) 829-5494
Photo of Robyn Taube, LPC Intern, LPC-I, MA
Robyn Taube
LPC Intern, LPC-I, MA
3 Endorsed
Las Vegas, NV 89113
I have worked with children affected by Autism, ADHD, and social/emotional issues.
I have a Master of Psychology as well as Counseling. I work with adults, teens, and children helping them reach their goals and obtain a more peaceful and balanced life.
I have worked with children affected by Autism, ADHD, and social/emotional issues.
I have a Master of Psychology as well as Counseling. I work with adults, teens, and children helping them reach their goals and obtain a more peaceful and balanced life.
(725) 999-4552 View (725) 999-4552
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Autism Therapists

What is the most effective treatment for autism?

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) has come to be considered the standard treatment for children with autism spectrum disorder, and research has confirmed its effectiveness for many children. Therapists trained in ABA techniques work with children (and their parents) on developing social skills, communication and learning abilities, and everyday habits of hygiene and grooming. The clinician will tailor their program to the child’s particular need but the overarching goal will be to help them advance as far as possible toward independence based on their level of symptoms and decrease the need for additional special services. Families should seek a mental health professional specifically trained in ABA, and holding special certification in the technique, who has extensive experience not only with the approach but in using it with children with the same level of symptoms as the child who needs care.

How does ABA work?

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) sessions, which typically focus on positive reinforcement, can be intensive, lasting two or more hours several times a week, and continuing for two years or more. Therapists can also be expected to ask parents to take an active role in reinforcing lessons. Research has found that the technique can lead to major improvements that decrease the need for additional special services.

How does treatment for autism work?

Therapy sessions based on Applied Behavior Analysis will likely be frequent, intensive, and highly structured. After a thorough assessment, a therapist will help a child understand and develop skills in a range of areas, including communication, motor skills, social skills, self-care, play, and academic skills, as well as routines of daily living like hygiene. Typically, the therapist will help a child break down the components of a behavior—often referred to as the antecedent (what prompts an action), the behavior, and the consequence(what immediately follows)—and then reward the child at every step, while also asking parents to reinforce the lessons, and the rewards, throughout the day. This core therapy may be supplemented by occupational or speech therapy, and antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants may be prescribed to address specific severe symptoms.

How long does therapy for autism take?

Some people with autism spectrum disorder may be engaged in some level of therapy for many years, but research shows that treatment will be most effective if it is begun early and delivered intensively. When therapy begins by age 3, children tend to be better able to grasp and adopt the skills needed to manage everyday life, including attending school and establishing social relationships. This type of early-intervention treatment regimen is highly structured, typically involving 20 to 40 hours of one-on-one therapy per week, along with additional hours of engagement managed by parents, for a period of two years or more, although the duration of treatment is dependent on the child’s level of symptoms and pace of progress.