Therapists in Spring Lake, NJ

Photo of Anna Appleman, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Anna Appleman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
At the Children’s Wellness & Developmental Center, our experienced therapist, Anna Appleman has over a decade of experience supporting children, adolescents & families. Anna specializes in helping clients develop interpersonal skills, emotional regulation & effective coping strategies, providing practical tools that can be applied across diverse situations. Anna works with clients through individual therapy creating a supportive space that encourages growth while guiding individuals toward their personal goals. Approaches including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Play Therapy, Person Centered Therapy & Solution Focused Therapy.
At the Children’s Wellness & Developmental Center, our experienced therapist, Anna Appleman has over a decade of experience supporting children, adolescents & families. Anna specializes in helping clients develop interpersonal skills, emotional regulation & effective coping strategies, providing practical tools that can be applied across diverse situations. Anna works with clients through individual therapy creating a supportive space that encourages growth while guiding individuals toward their personal goals. Approaches including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Play Therapy, Person Centered Therapy & Solution Focused Therapy.
(732) 847-2453 View (732) 847-2453
Photo of Nicole Herrmann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Nicole Herrmann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hello! My name is Nicole. Are you struggling with stressful life events, family discord, grief/loss, relationship issues, negative self talk and anxiety? You are not alone. People come to therapy when they feel out of balance. My goal as your therapist is to reduce your distress and help you live the life you desire. I will provide you a safe space to heal. You deserve a life filled with meaning rather than constant stress.
Hello! My name is Nicole. Are you struggling with stressful life events, family discord, grief/loss, relationship issues, negative self talk and anxiety? You are not alone. People come to therapy when they feel out of balance. My goal as your therapist is to reduce your distress and help you live the life you desire. I will provide you a safe space to heal. You deserve a life filled with meaning rather than constant stress.
(848) 285-6096 View (848) 285-6096
Photo of Amy Lynn McGowan Dowd, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Amy Lynn McGowan Dowd
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
Finding a therapist whom you connect with, trust, & feel safe opening up to about the most vulnerable & challenging parts of your life can be difficult. It's vital to have that in the person you choose to help you work on yourself & the various areas of your life. Through empathy & understanding, my goal is to provide a non-judgmental, welcoming space for you as we collaboratively work to process your feelings & define clear, realistic goals for your therapeutic journey. I use evidence-based practices such as CBT, DBT, MI, & Solution-Focused Therapy in helping you learn to manage your symptoms & improve your life.
Finding a therapist whom you connect with, trust, & feel safe opening up to about the most vulnerable & challenging parts of your life can be difficult. It's vital to have that in the person you choose to help you work on yourself & the various areas of your life. Through empathy & understanding, my goal is to provide a non-judgmental, welcoming space for you as we collaboratively work to process your feelings & define clear, realistic goals for your therapeutic journey. I use evidence-based practices such as CBT, DBT, MI, & Solution-Focused Therapy in helping you learn to manage your symptoms & improve your life.
(732) 756-1230 View (732) 756-1230
Photo of Anna M Hudak, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Anna M Hudak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
I am the Director at Monarch Wellness Center in Spring Lake, NJ. Monarch Wellness Center is a place of healing and a place to focus on you. We not only offer Psychotherapy we also offer Reiki, Healing Massages and Groups for adults and children. I personally specialize in treating young adults - adults struggling with anxiety, depression, addictions, and relationship issues. My emphasis focuses on supporting healthy communication in all relationships, adapting positive behavioral patterns, and addressing emotional struggles to alleviate chronic anxiety and depression.
I am the Director at Monarch Wellness Center in Spring Lake, NJ. Monarch Wellness Center is a place of healing and a place to focus on you. We not only offer Psychotherapy we also offer Reiki, Healing Massages and Groups for adults and children. I personally specialize in treating young adults - adults struggling with anxiety, depression, addictions, and relationship issues. My emphasis focuses on supporting healthy communication in all relationships, adapting positive behavioral patterns, and addressing emotional struggles to alleviate chronic anxiety and depression.
(908) 760-0584 View (908) 760-0584
Photo of Dena Agolio, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dena Agolio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
Beginning the process of finding a therapist or starting therapy can seem like an overwhelming task but my goal is to make this transition as easy and comfortable as possible. My unparalleled compassion and ability to make others feel less alone in experiencing their emotions allows me to provide a safe environment for change. I have 10 years of clinical experience, holding dual licensure as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and a Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor (LCADC), working with adolescents and adults.
Beginning the process of finding a therapist or starting therapy can seem like an overwhelming task but my goal is to make this transition as easy and comfortable as possible. My unparalleled compassion and ability to make others feel less alone in experiencing their emotions allows me to provide a safe environment for change. I have 10 years of clinical experience, holding dual licensure as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and a Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor (LCADC), working with adolescents and adults.
(732) 253-4867 View (732) 253-4867
Photo of Gabrielle Bereski, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCADC
Gabrielle Bereski
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCADC
3 Endorsed
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! I’m Gabby! Potentially your future therapist, emotional GPS, and definitely a big fan of inner blooming. At Inner Bloom Psychotherapy, I work with curious, brave humans ready to dig deep, get real, and grow wild. Maybe you're navigating change, wrangling anxiety or depression, healing old wounds, or figuring out who you are beneath the noise. If you value connection, a splash of humor, and a cozy space to untangle the tough stuff, we might be a great fit. Let’s rediscover your roots and bloom into your boldest self!
Hi! I’m Gabby! Potentially your future therapist, emotional GPS, and definitely a big fan of inner blooming. At Inner Bloom Psychotherapy, I work with curious, brave humans ready to dig deep, get real, and grow wild. Maybe you're navigating change, wrangling anxiety or depression, healing old wounds, or figuring out who you are beneath the noise. If you value connection, a splash of humor, and a cozy space to untangle the tough stuff, we might be a great fit. Let’s rediscover your roots and bloom into your boldest self!
(973) 576-5874 View (973) 576-5874
Photo of Valerie Campisano, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Valerie Campisano
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I help high functioning adults who appear accomplished and composed on the outside but feel anxious, unseen, or emotionally drained within. As an online therapist in New Jersey, I work with clients who have spent years holding everything together while quietly struggling with anxiety, perfectionism, and the painful effects of narcissistic abuse or borderline personality dynamics. You may long to feel calm, clear, and in control but are unsure where to start. Together, we will create the clarity, balance, and self trust needed to break old patterns, build confidence, and finally feel grounded, safe, and secure within yourself.
I help high functioning adults who appear accomplished and composed on the outside but feel anxious, unseen, or emotionally drained within. As an online therapist in New Jersey, I work with clients who have spent years holding everything together while quietly struggling with anxiety, perfectionism, and the painful effects of narcissistic abuse or borderline personality dynamics. You may long to feel calm, clear, and in control but are unsure where to start. Together, we will create the clarity, balance, and self trust needed to break old patterns, build confidence, and finally feel grounded, safe, and secure within yourself.
(848) 354-0302 View (848) 354-0302
Photo of Manuela V Correia-Guerra - MVCG Psychotherapy Services, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
MVCG Psychotherapy Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
We understand life can be challenging, and we’re here to help. As licensed professional counselors, we offer compassionate, experienced care to support your mental well-being. We provide a safe, supportive space for individual, couples, family, and adolescent counseling. Our therapy services address depression, anxiety, grief, parenting, stress, work issues, and conflict resolution. We’re here to listen and guide you toward healing and growth. We accept Aetna, Horizon, Oscar, and UnitedHealthcare. Share your insurance info, and we’ll verify your mental health coverage for you. Let’s work together toward a happier, healthier life.
We understand life can be challenging, and we’re here to help. As licensed professional counselors, we offer compassionate, experienced care to support your mental well-being. We provide a safe, supportive space for individual, couples, family, and adolescent counseling. Our therapy services address depression, anxiety, grief, parenting, stress, work issues, and conflict resolution. We’re here to listen and guide you toward healing and growth. We accept Aetna, Horizon, Oscar, and UnitedHealthcare. Share your insurance info, and we’ll verify your mental health coverage for you. Let’s work together toward a happier, healthier life.
(848) 212-8036 View (848) 212-8036
Photo of Nancy Pavelka, Counselor, MA, LAC
Nancy Pavelka
Counselor, MA, LAC
1 Endorsed
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
Compassionate Counseling for Children and Adults — Find Peace, Healing, and Hope Are you feeling anxious, overwhelmed, or stuck? You’re not alone — and you don’t have to face it on your own. As a Licensed Associate Counselor (LAC) with a Master’s degree and years of experience working in education, I understand the struggles that both children and adults face every day. I’ve helped students, parents, and professionals find calm, confidence, and direction — even in their toughest moments.
Compassionate Counseling for Children and Adults — Find Peace, Healing, and Hope Are you feeling anxious, overwhelmed, or stuck? You’re not alone — and you don’t have to face it on your own. As a Licensed Associate Counselor (LAC) with a Master’s degree and years of experience working in education, I understand the struggles that both children and adults face every day. I’ve helped students, parents, and professionals find calm, confidence, and direction — even in their toughest moments.
(848) 337-5406 View (848) 337-5406
Photo of Jill McInerney - Jill McInerney LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jill McInerney LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
Our earliest experiences have an incredible power that shapes the way we see our world as we develop into adulthood. Undoubtedly, many of our reactions and emotions are derived from those experiences and we find life becoming confusing and overwhelming as we try to unravel our thoughts and actions.
Our earliest experiences have an incredible power that shapes the way we see our world as we develop into adulthood. Undoubtedly, many of our reactions and emotions are derived from those experiences and we find life becoming confusing and overwhelming as we try to unravel our thoughts and actions.
(848) 337-5564 View (848) 337-5564
Photo of Guy J Iacono, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Guy J Iacono
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
I am a licensed clinical social worker who uses a holistic approach to improve the mental, emotional and behavioral well-being of my clients. I work with individuals ranging from teenagers to adults who are seeking help with addiction, men's issues, anxiety, depression and more. My personal and professional experiences have afforded me the ability to connect with and treat individuals from all backgrounds.
I am a licensed clinical social worker who uses a holistic approach to improve the mental, emotional and behavioral well-being of my clients. I work with individuals ranging from teenagers to adults who are seeking help with addiction, men's issues, anxiety, depression and more. My personal and professional experiences have afforded me the ability to connect with and treat individuals from all backgrounds.
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Photo of Allison Wrede, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Allison Wrede
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
Providing a warm and supportive therapeutic environment is just one of the components I use to help others through emotional or relational challenges. I also have over 15 years of clinical experience treating depression, anxiety, behavioral problems and relationship issues. I work with children, adolescents, adults and families who are in serious need or may just be looking for personal growth. I believe engaging in the therapeutic process brings benefits to the mind, body and spirit.
Providing a warm and supportive therapeutic environment is just one of the components I use to help others through emotional or relational challenges. I also have over 15 years of clinical experience treating depression, anxiety, behavioral problems and relationship issues. I work with children, adolescents, adults and families who are in serious need or may just be looking for personal growth. I believe engaging in the therapeutic process brings benefits to the mind, body and spirit.
(732) 606-4847 View (732) 606-4847
Photo of Alexandra Flanders, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Alexandra Flanders
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
You want to understand your child’s reactions—the meltdowns, sensitivities, or disconnection—and also your own. Or you’re seeking therapy to address your family’s patterns of stress and reactivity. I work with infants, young children, individuals, and families to explore how early experiences, attachment, and unmet needs shape behavior and relationships and to create change that feels safe and lasting.
You want to understand your child’s reactions—the meltdowns, sensitivities, or disconnection—and also your own. Or you’re seeking therapy to address your family’s patterns of stress and reactivity. I work with infants, young children, individuals, and families to explore how early experiences, attachment, and unmet needs shape behavior and relationships and to create change that feels safe and lasting.
(848) 285-5343 View (848) 285-5343
Photo of Carrie Balesterri, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Carrie Balesterri
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
As my real-life Social Worker Hero, Brene Brown, stated, "Compassion is not a relationship between the healer and the wounded. It's a relationship between equals... compassion becomes real when we recognize our shared community." I truly believe that this represents my framework for conducting effective and rewarding therapy.
As my real-life Social Worker Hero, Brene Brown, stated, "Compassion is not a relationship between the healer and the wounded. It's a relationship between equals... compassion becomes real when we recognize our shared community." I truly believe that this represents my framework for conducting effective and rewarding therapy.
(848) 257-5168 View (848) 257-5168
Photo of Michael Karl, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MHS, LCADC
Michael Karl
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MHS, LCADC
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
Michael holds a Master’s Degree in Human Services and is a Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor in the State of New Jersey. He has worked in various management capacities in the addiction treatment field since his transition from banking in 1999. Various titles Michael has had include Operations Director, Marketing Director, Clinical Director, and Chief Operating Officer within various modalities and organizations. Michael’s well-rounded experience and commitment to mental health treatment make him well suited to help families that are struggling. Available for consulting, case management, counseling, and interventions
Michael holds a Master’s Degree in Human Services and is a Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor in the State of New Jersey. He has worked in various management capacities in the addiction treatment field since his transition from banking in 1999. Various titles Michael has had include Operations Director, Marketing Director, Clinical Director, and Chief Operating Officer within various modalities and organizations. Michael’s well-rounded experience and commitment to mental health treatment make him well suited to help families that are struggling. Available for consulting, case management, counseling, and interventions
(908) 460-8310 View (908) 460-8310
Photo of Abigail Kovalcik, Licensed Social Worker, MSW, LSW
Abigail Kovalcik
Licensed Social Worker, MSW, LSW
2 Endorsed
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
Abigail is a clinical psychotherapist licensed in both New Jersey and New York. Abigail provides compassionate, individualized care to children, adolescents, and adults navigating a wide range of life transitions. Whether working with a child facing emotional dysregulation, a teen struggling with social pressures, or an adult coping with relationship challenges, Abigail creates a warm, supportive space rooted in empathy and understanding. Her approach blends clinical insight with genuine compassion, allowing clients to feel seen, heard, and validated.
Abigail is a clinical psychotherapist licensed in both New Jersey and New York. Abigail provides compassionate, individualized care to children, adolescents, and adults navigating a wide range of life transitions. Whether working with a child facing emotional dysregulation, a teen struggling with social pressures, or an adult coping with relationship challenges, Abigail creates a warm, supportive space rooted in empathy and understanding. Her approach blends clinical insight with genuine compassion, allowing clients to feel seen, heard, and validated.
(848) 308-7924 View (848) 308-7924
Photo of Stacey Mason, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LCADC
Stacey Mason
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LCADC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I greet you with enormous respect for having the courage to ask for help. I use humor, enthusiasm and... even some occasional profanity when embracing the complexities of real-life with you. As a dually licensed therapist, I am qualified to treat most issues- mental health and alcohol/drug addiction. I enjoy working with adults and adolescents suffering anxiety/depression, addiction, life-transition issues, grief/loss, career related problems, gay/lesbian population, divorce & family related issues.
I greet you with enormous respect for having the courage to ask for help. I use humor, enthusiasm and... even some occasional profanity when embracing the complexities of real-life with you. As a dually licensed therapist, I am qualified to treat most issues- mental health and alcohol/drug addiction. I enjoy working with adults and adolescents suffering anxiety/depression, addiction, life-transition issues, grief/loss, career related problems, gay/lesbian population, divorce & family related issues.
(732) 347-7752 View (732) 347-7752
Photo of Ashley Gabrielli (Staggard), Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ACS
Ashley Gabrielli (Staggard)
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ACS
1 Endorsed
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Approved Clinical Supervisor. I supervise new clinicians and help heal clients who experience excessive worrying, OCD, ADHD, depression, struggle regulating their emotions, people pleasing tendencies, stress, trauma responses, and poor self-esteem. In addition to clients going through life transitions, and have parenting concerns. As your therapist, I will welcome you into a safe and supportive space, providing you with the tools to help you feel empowered and confident as you navigate life's challenges.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Approved Clinical Supervisor. I supervise new clinicians and help heal clients who experience excessive worrying, OCD, ADHD, depression, struggle regulating their emotions, people pleasing tendencies, stress, trauma responses, and poor self-esteem. In addition to clients going through life transitions, and have parenting concerns. As your therapist, I will welcome you into a safe and supportive space, providing you with the tools to help you feel empowered and confident as you navigate life's challenges.
(732) 466-6754 View (732) 466-6754
Photo of Collette Crines, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Collette Crines
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
In my practice, I work to create a safe, accepting, nonjudgmental, and collaborative space. I work with teens and adults of all ages who experience depression and anxiety. I will work with you to find healthy ways of coping with trauma, loss, relationship problems, and life transitions. I am a clinically trained psychotherapist who takes a psychodynamic, client-centered approach to diagnosis, often guided by deeper understanding.
In my practice, I work to create a safe, accepting, nonjudgmental, and collaborative space. I work with teens and adults of all ages who experience depression and anxiety. I will work with you to find healthy ways of coping with trauma, loss, relationship problems, and life transitions. I am a clinically trained psychotherapist who takes a psychodynamic, client-centered approach to diagnosis, often guided by deeper understanding.
(848) 246-2270 View (848) 246-2270
Photo of Jessica Martinez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Jessica Martinez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Spring Lake, NJ 07762
My name is Jessica Martinez, MSW, LCSW, and I am a licensed clinical social worker passionate about helping individuals and families navigate life's challenges. I started my career as a case manager, working with families in crisis and gaining invaluable insights into their situations' complexities. This role fueled my desire to deepen my knowledge and skills, leading me to pursue my LCSW.
My name is Jessica Martinez, MSW, LCSW, and I am a licensed clinical social worker passionate about helping individuals and families navigate life's challenges. I started my career as a case manager, working with families in crisis and gaining invaluable insights into their situations' complexities. This role fueled my desire to deepen my knowledge and skills, leading me to pursue my LCSW.
(848) 253-6559 View (848) 253-6559

See more therapy options for Spring Lake

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Spring Lake, NJ

60+

Average cost per session

$165

Therapists in Spring Lake, NJ who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
89% Depression
87% Self Esteem
77% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
74% Life Transitions
73% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% Aetna
73% Cigna and Evernorth
73% Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield

How Therapists in Spring Lake, NJ see their clients

89% In Person and Online
11% Online Only

Gender breakdown

91% Female
9% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Spring Lake?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.