Therapists in Kinnelon, NJ

Photo of Zaklina Rajkovska, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Zaklina Rajkovska
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
If you’ve landed here, chances are you’re feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or just not quite yourself — and you're not sure where to turn next. I get it. Life can hit hard, and sometimes we all need a space to sort through the noise. My goal is simple: to give you a space where you can be fully yourself — no masks, no judgment. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, relationship struggles, grief, or just feeling lost, you don’t have to figure it all out alone. I'm here to walk with you, at your pace. Reach out to me for a free and pressure free consultation.
If you’ve landed here, chances are you’re feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or just not quite yourself — and you're not sure where to turn next. I get it. Life can hit hard, and sometimes we all need a space to sort through the noise. My goal is simple: to give you a space where you can be fully yourself — no masks, no judgment. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, relationship struggles, grief, or just feeling lost, you don’t have to figure it all out alone. I'm here to walk with you, at your pace. Reach out to me for a free and pressure free consultation.
(862) 358-4550 View (862) 358-4550
Photo of Dr. Sal Benanti, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD
Dr. Sal Benanti
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD
Kinnelon, NJ 07405
Dr. Benanti's background includes two Masters Degrees and a Doctorate from Columbia University where he taught in the graduate division. Our Master Level Life Coaches are all Nationally Certified and each received over 250 hours of advanced training directly from Dr. Benanti. We work with adults and couples who want to experience less everyday stress and far more of the personal fulfillment that is available in each of our own unique lives.
Dr. Benanti's background includes two Masters Degrees and a Doctorate from Columbia University where he taught in the graduate division. Our Master Level Life Coaches are all Nationally Certified and each received over 250 hours of advanced training directly from Dr. Benanti. We work with adults and couples who want to experience less everyday stress and far more of the personal fulfillment that is available in each of our own unique lives.
(973) 671-8158 View (973) 671-8158
Photo of Gage Blanck-Singer, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCADC, CCS, ACS
Gage Blanck-Singer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCADC, CCS, ACS
2 Endorsed
Online Only
You're drinking or using more than you want, but "alcoholic" doesn't fit and "fine" doesn't either. You've been making promises to yourself you break by Wednesday. Or your partner is the one drinking or using. You've been counting drinks. Knowing the difference between drunk-quiet and "tired"-quiet. Telling friends "we're fine" because the real version is too much to explain in a parking lot. Most of the people I work with hold jobs, raise kids, and have one private thing they can't keep ignoring. The label doesn't fit, but the life they're living doesn't either. That's the gap we work in.
You're drinking or using more than you want, but "alcoholic" doesn't fit and "fine" doesn't either. You've been making promises to yourself you break by Wednesday. Or your partner is the one drinking or using. You've been counting drinks. Knowing the difference between drunk-quiet and "tired"-quiet. Telling friends "we're fine" because the real version is too much to explain in a parking lot. Most of the people I work with hold jobs, raise kids, and have one private thing they can't keep ignoring. The label doesn't fit, but the life they're living doesn't either. That's the gap we work in.
(862) 244-5080 View (862) 244-5080
Photo of Lauren Roden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Lauren Roden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
3 Endorsed
Online Only
There are times in our life we will come across certain challenges and sometimes we need a little guidance to get back on the right path. I am a therapist who is certified in perinatal mental health, passionate in supporting moms and families as they navigate the challenges of parenthood, from pregnancy and beyond. Together, we’ll explore the stressors that feel most overwhelming and discover effective ways to cope and move forward. You’re not alone - 1 in 5 women experience perinatal anxiety or depression and I would love to help.
There are times in our life we will come across certain challenges and sometimes we need a little guidance to get back on the right path. I am a therapist who is certified in perinatal mental health, passionate in supporting moms and families as they navigate the challenges of parenthood, from pregnancy and beyond. Together, we’ll explore the stressors that feel most overwhelming and discover effective ways to cope and move forward. You’re not alone - 1 in 5 women experience perinatal anxiety or depression and I would love to help.
(973) 846-1679 View (973) 846-1679
Photo of Lauren Spinella, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCATP
Lauren Spinella
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCATP
7 Endorsed
Online Only
As women, we often find ourselves in a constant juggling act: relationships, motherhood, work, self-care, endless to-do lists, + minds spinning with worries + “what ifs." Sometimes it feels like we just can't keep our head above. Can you relate? I get it. I'm Lauren, + I help women stuck in anxiety, overthinking, perfectionism, struggles with body image + eating, + overwhelm, inner chaos, + self-criticism. Whether it’s ADHD, an anxious brain that has no "off" switch, OCD or intrusive worries that won’t let up, or a long history of dieting and never feeling “enough,” it makes sense that you’re exhausted. But there is an easier way.
As women, we often find ourselves in a constant juggling act: relationships, motherhood, work, self-care, endless to-do lists, + minds spinning with worries + “what ifs." Sometimes it feels like we just can't keep our head above. Can you relate? I get it. I'm Lauren, + I help women stuck in anxiety, overthinking, perfectionism, struggles with body image + eating, + overwhelm, inner chaos, + self-criticism. Whether it’s ADHD, an anxious brain that has no "off" switch, OCD or intrusive worries that won’t let up, or a long history of dieting and never feeling “enough,” it makes sense that you’re exhausted. But there is an easier way.
(973) 750-9591 View (973) 750-9591
Photo of Liana J Ercan-Ulinski - Chronic Illness, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCADC, NCC
Liana J Ercan-Ulinski - Chronic Illness
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCADC, NCC
2 Endorsed
Kinnelon, NJ 07405
There is no one you spend more time with than yourself. But if you are unhappy with how you feel, this time can be discouraging. Maybe you believe you are missing out on life because you struggle to find the energy to get through the day. Perhaps it feels like you're trapped in a fog, leading you to blame or criticize your ability to function and fulfill responsibilities in life. You might notice others don't understand why things feel so difficult, and maybe you feel similar. My name is Liana. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, passionate about helping people manage complex health conditions and overall wellness.
There is no one you spend more time with than yourself. But if you are unhappy with how you feel, this time can be discouraging. Maybe you believe you are missing out on life because you struggle to find the energy to get through the day. Perhaps it feels like you're trapped in a fog, leading you to blame or criticize your ability to function and fulfill responsibilities in life. You might notice others don't understand why things feel so difficult, and maybe you feel similar. My name is Liana. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, passionate about helping people manage complex health conditions and overall wellness.
(973) 241-1548 View (973) 241-1548
Photo of Danielle Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Danielle Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Motherhood isn’t what you expected, and you feel overwhelmed. Whether you’re pregnant, postpartum, or in early motherhood, you may be struggling with anxiety, intrusive thoughts, or mom guilt. On the outside, you look “put together,” but inside you feel lost and exhausted. You’re not alone-1 in 5 women experience perinatal anxiety or depression, and 1 in 8 couples face fertility challenges. I specialize in postpartum anxiety & depression, high-functioning anxiety, intrusive thoughts, fertility challenges, and birth trauma.
Motherhood isn’t what you expected, and you feel overwhelmed. Whether you’re pregnant, postpartum, or in early motherhood, you may be struggling with anxiety, intrusive thoughts, or mom guilt. On the outside, you look “put together,” but inside you feel lost and exhausted. You’re not alone-1 in 5 women experience perinatal anxiety or depression, and 1 in 8 couples face fertility challenges. I specialize in postpartum anxiety & depression, high-functioning anxiety, intrusive thoughts, fertility challenges, and birth trauma.
(862) 212-3436 View (862) 212-3436
Photo of Roy Corson, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC, ACS
Roy Corson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC, ACS
6 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling overwhelmed by a major life transition, or perhaps struggling to find a space where your identity is truly celebrated rather than just "tolerated"? Whether you are navigating the complexities of aging, managing a career shift, or seeking a deeper understanding of your gender or sexual identity, you don't have to carry that weight alone. I offer a compassionate, confidential environment designed to help you regain your sense of agency and peace. I provide LGBTQ+ affirmative care.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by a major life transition, or perhaps struggling to find a space where your identity is truly celebrated rather than just "tolerated"? Whether you are navigating the complexities of aging, managing a career shift, or seeking a deeper understanding of your gender or sexual identity, you don't have to carry that weight alone. I offer a compassionate, confidential environment designed to help you regain your sense of agency and peace. I provide LGBTQ+ affirmative care.
(862) 259-7743 View (862) 259-7743
Photo of Brooke Laster, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACT
Brooke Laster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACT
5 Endorsed
Online Only
Living with chronic pain can take over your life. If you’ve been stuck in a cycle of appointments, treatments, and medications with little relief, it makes sense to feel exhausted, frustrated, or discouraged. You may be pushing through each day with barely enough energy to do it all again tomorrow, feeling isolated and worn down. Many chronic pain and physical symptoms are neuroplastic—real pain caused by a nervous system stuck in high alert rather than ongoing injury. The pain is real, and because it’s learned by the brain, it can also be unlearned.
Living with chronic pain can take over your life. If you’ve been stuck in a cycle of appointments, treatments, and medications with little relief, it makes sense to feel exhausted, frustrated, or discouraged. You may be pushing through each day with barely enough energy to do it all again tomorrow, feeling isolated and worn down. Many chronic pain and physical symptoms are neuroplastic—real pain caused by a nervous system stuck in high alert rather than ongoing injury. The pain is real, and because it’s learned by the brain, it can also be unlearned.
(862) 358-2736 View (862) 358-2736
Photo of Diane Uhler, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Diane Uhler
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Kinnelon, NJ 07405
As a professional helper, my goals is to walk alongside you and help you find your solutions to problem situations. I believe that the solution to problem situations in life are within you and I will strive with you to find an effective solution to your life struggles whether they be relationships, family, marriage, parenting, work and your overall sense of well-being. I use a blend of therapeutic approaches personalized to the specific needs of each individual. These approaches include Psychodynamic and Person Centered Therapy, CBT, Gestalt, REBT, Family Systems, Play Therapy as well as others.
As a professional helper, my goals is to walk alongside you and help you find your solutions to problem situations. I believe that the solution to problem situations in life are within you and I will strive with you to find an effective solution to your life struggles whether they be relationships, family, marriage, parenting, work and your overall sense of well-being. I use a blend of therapeutic approaches personalized to the specific needs of each individual. These approaches include Psychodynamic and Person Centered Therapy, CBT, Gestalt, REBT, Family Systems, Play Therapy as well as others.
(973) 750-9783 View (973) 750-9783
Photo of Kristin Molinaro, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Kristin Molinaro
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I am a trauma-informed therapist and the founder of Resilient Soul Counseling. I’ve been through my own share of struggles, so I know healing isn’t about being “fixed”—it’s about finding your strength and learning to trust yourself again. I offer a compassionate, down-to-earth space where you don’t have to go through it alone.
I am a trauma-informed therapist and the founder of Resilient Soul Counseling. I’ve been through my own share of struggles, so I know healing isn’t about being “fixed”—it’s about finding your strength and learning to trust yourself again. I offer a compassionate, down-to-earth space where you don’t have to go through it alone.
(732) 782-9781 View (732) 782-9781
Photo of Joann C Whitmore, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Joann C Whitmore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Kinnelon, NJ 07405
I have extensive experience and success with adults, children, adolescents and families. My specializations include anxiety management, behavior management, parenting and focus/attention. I also have a lot of experience helping individuals (adults and children) that have autism, attention deficits and social deficits. I have a history of success with school refusal and peer relations. I use talk therapy, cognitive therapy, mindfulness, motivational interviewing, family systems, play therapy, parent-child interactional therapy techniques, expressive therapy and applied behavior analysis in my multi- modality approach to treatment.
I have extensive experience and success with adults, children, adolescents and families. My specializations include anxiety management, behavior management, parenting and focus/attention. I also have a lot of experience helping individuals (adults and children) that have autism, attention deficits and social deficits. I have a history of success with school refusal and peer relations. I use talk therapy, cognitive therapy, mindfulness, motivational interviewing, family systems, play therapy, parent-child interactional therapy techniques, expressive therapy and applied behavior analysis in my multi- modality approach to treatment.
(973) 358-8437 View (973) 358-8437
Photo of Lynne Orr, Counselor, NJ-LPC, PhD
Lynne Orr
Counselor, NJ-LPC, PhD
Online Only
Are you feeling frustrated? Stuck? Or maybe you feel uncomfortable being yourself or frustrated with your relationships. Or you feel challenged by life transitions. We will work together on improving your mental health and well-being. I intend to offer an environment where you will not be judged, yet unconditionally supported, honored and feel understood.
Are you feeling frustrated? Stuck? Or maybe you feel uncomfortable being yourself or frustrated with your relationships. Or you feel challenged by life transitions. We will work together on improving your mental health and well-being. I intend to offer an environment where you will not be judged, yet unconditionally supported, honored and feel understood.
(973) 520-0540 View (973) 520-0540
Photo of Dr. Beatris Ortiz-Drace, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Dr. Beatris Ortiz-Drace
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Beatris, often referred to as "Betty," is a bilingual, bicultural LCSW in New Jersey, fluent in both Spanish and English. With over 23 years of dedicated service to children, adolescents, and families, Betty’s extensive professional experience makes her a trusted source of support for individuals navigating life’s challenges. She holds a DSW, further strengthening her ability to provide guidance and practical support. Betty’s role is to listen, offer tools and skills, and work collaboratively with individuals so they can empower themselves, find clarity, and build self-acceptance
Beatris, often referred to as "Betty," is a bilingual, bicultural LCSW in New Jersey, fluent in both Spanish and English. With over 23 years of dedicated service to children, adolescents, and families, Betty’s extensive professional experience makes her a trusted source of support for individuals navigating life’s challenges. She holds a DSW, further strengthening her ability to provide guidance and practical support. Betty’s role is to listen, offer tools and skills, and work collaboratively with individuals so they can empower themselves, find clarity, and build self-acceptance
(862) 263-2314 View (862) 263-2314
Photo of Krissy Molinaro - Resilient Soul Counseling, Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Resilient Soul Counseling
Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
As someone who has experienced trauma firsthand, I understand how deeply it can impact every aspect of life. My own journey of healing inspired me to help others find their way to recovery, and it has shaped the compassionate, client-centered approach I bring to therapy. I specialize in working with individuals navigating trauma and anxiety, using evidence-based modalities such as EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) and IFS (Internal Family Systems). These powerful tools, combined with a bottom-up approach, help address the body’s responses to trauma while fostering emotional and psychological resilience.
As someone who has experienced trauma firsthand, I understand how deeply it can impact every aspect of life. My own journey of healing inspired me to help others find their way to recovery, and it has shaped the compassionate, client-centered approach I bring to therapy. I specialize in working with individuals navigating trauma and anxiety, using evidence-based modalities such as EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) and IFS (Internal Family Systems). These powerful tools, combined with a bottom-up approach, help address the body’s responses to trauma while fostering emotional and psychological resilience.
(973) 846-9250 View (973) 846-9250
Photo of Lindsay Bartos - LMB Counseling of New Jersey, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
LMB Counseling of New Jersey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Kinnelon, NJ 07405
When you realize you're struggling or you are at a difficult point in your life, the awareness can cultivate growth. Reaching out for assistance is not a sign of weakness, but rather a sign of your strength and motivation for change. It shows your readiness to address what is needed to move through the challenge. Stress, anxiety, past traumas, life transitions, relationships, or any other challenges can knock anyone off balance. If you are having issues as an individual or as a couple, we can help you.
When you realize you're struggling or you are at a difficult point in your life, the awareness can cultivate growth. Reaching out for assistance is not a sign of weakness, but rather a sign of your strength and motivation for change. It shows your readiness to address what is needed to move through the challenge. Stress, anxiety, past traumas, life transitions, relationships, or any other challenges can knock anyone off balance. If you are having issues as an individual or as a couple, we can help you.
(862) 599-2657 View (862) 599-2657
Photo of Judy Vartelas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Judy Vartelas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Kinnelon, NJ 07405
I am a unique therapist in that I am classically trained and deeply rooted in formal psychoanalysis, yet I am also certified in the complementary techniques of energy psychology to help heal trauma and personal blocks. I have experience with individuals and couples in private practice for over 30 years. Therapy sessions with me allow you the choice of incorporating energy psychology or using only traditional talk therapy.
I am a unique therapist in that I am classically trained and deeply rooted in formal psychoanalysis, yet I am also certified in the complementary techniques of energy psychology to help heal trauma and personal blocks. I have experience with individuals and couples in private practice for over 30 years. Therapy sessions with me allow you the choice of incorporating energy psychology or using only traditional talk therapy.
(973) 200-6485 View (973) 200-6485
Photo of Nancy Vail, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Nancy Vail
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I am a licensed therapist who has focused my career on assisting a variety of clients using a humanistic; cognitive behavioral; and mindfulness approach. I like to work collaboratively with my clients to understand the things they would like to see change and to provide the support they need through a healing therapeutic relationship.
I am a licensed therapist who has focused my career on assisting a variety of clients using a humanistic; cognitive behavioral; and mindfulness approach. I like to work collaboratively with my clients to understand the things they would like to see change and to provide the support they need through a healing therapeutic relationship.
Photo of Alaina Cinquemani, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Alaina Cinquemani
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Online Only
At Hands of Hope Psychotherapy, I offer a warm, supportive space where you will feel heard, build confidence, and begin meaningful change. I work to gently guide clients toward hope, helping them reconnect with possibility and a more hopeful future.
At Hands of Hope Psychotherapy, I offer a warm, supportive space where you will feel heard, build confidence, and begin meaningful change. I work to gently guide clients toward hope, helping them reconnect with possibility and a more hopeful future.
(973) 381-1729 View (973) 381-1729
Photo of Patti Cappello, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Patti Cappello
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PhD
Online Only
Dr. Cappello is an insightful, skilled and compassionate clinician. Holding a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology and a Masters degree in Social Work (MSW) and coupled with many years of successful proven experience as a Child Study Team School Psychologist and Social Worker, Dr. Cappello has solid assessment and clinical skills to meet all your child's needs.
Dr. Cappello is an insightful, skilled and compassionate clinician. Holding a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology and a Masters degree in Social Work (MSW) and coupled with many years of successful proven experience as a Child Study Team School Psychologist and Social Worker, Dr. Cappello has solid assessment and clinical skills to meet all your child's needs.
(201) 913-8630 View (201) 913-8630

See more therapy options for Kinnelon

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Kinnelon, NJ

30+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Kinnelon, NJ who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
82% Depression
71% Self Esteem
68% Stress
65% Relationship Issues
62% ADHD
56% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
76% Cigna and Evernorth
67% Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield

How Therapists in Kinnelon, NJ see their clients

56% Online Only
44% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

84% Female
16% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Kinnelon?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.