Therapists in New Hampshire

View cities and counties in New Hampshire
Photo of Alexander Thomas Risberg, Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Alexander Thomas Risberg
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
1 Endorsed
Exeter, NH 03833
Hi, I’m Alex, and I’m so excited that you are considering starting therapy with me! My approach is person-centered and evidence-based. I like to utilize research-tested tools and strategies to address normal, yet unhelpful thoughts and patterns that can leave clients feeling stuck, anxious, or unhappy.
Hi, I’m Alex, and I’m so excited that you are considering starting therapy with me! My approach is person-centered and evidence-based. I like to utilize research-tested tools and strategies to address normal, yet unhelpful thoughts and patterns that can leave clients feeling stuck, anxious, or unhappy.
(603) 665-0260 x711 View (603) 665-0260 x711
Photo of Cara Brewer, Pre-Licensed Professional
Cara Brewer
Pre-Licensed Professional
Concord, NH 03301
I work with individual adults and couples who want more connection, clarity, and emotional safety in their friendships and relationships. If you feel stuck in recurring conflict, insecure attachment patterns, loneliness, or major life transitions, I may be the right counselor for you! Together we can build communication skills, healthy boundaries, and secure relationships. I also specialize in women’s mental health, supporting clients navigating PMDD and cycle related mood issues, pregnancy, postpartum adjustment, and hormone-related mood changes so you can feel balanced, understood, and confident again.
I work with individual adults and couples who want more connection, clarity, and emotional safety in their friendships and relationships. If you feel stuck in recurring conflict, insecure attachment patterns, loneliness, or major life transitions, I may be the right counselor for you! Together we can build communication skills, healthy boundaries, and secure relationships. I also specialize in women’s mental health, supporting clients navigating PMDD and cycle related mood issues, pregnancy, postpartum adjustment, and hormone-related mood changes so you can feel balanced, understood, and confident again.
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Photo of Kathleen (Katey) Wichland, Psychologist, Psy.D.
Kathleen (Katey) Wichland
Psychologist, Psy.D.
Bristol, NH 03222
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed psychologist and owner of Bailey Health & Wellness PLLC (BHW), a New Hampshire-based private practice offering therapy, psychological and neuropsychological evaluation, and consultation services. Many individuals I work with carry more than others can see—feeling stuck in patterns that do not fully make sense, anxiety that spikes unexpectedly, burnout that never fully resolves, or pushing past reasonable limits just to stay steady. My approach is integrative, relational, and grounded in thoughtful clinical care, with a focus on regulation, insight, healing, and meaningful change.
I am a licensed psychologist and owner of Bailey Health & Wellness PLLC (BHW), a New Hampshire-based private practice offering therapy, psychological and neuropsychological evaluation, and consultation services. Many individuals I work with carry more than others can see—feeling stuck in patterns that do not fully make sense, anxiety that spikes unexpectedly, burnout that never fully resolves, or pushing past reasonable limits just to stay steady. My approach is integrative, relational, and grounded in thoughtful clinical care, with a focus on regulation, insight, healing, and meaningful change.
(866) 875-4586 View (866) 875-4586
Photo of Kristen Skerry, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Kristen Skerry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Newington, NH 03801
I love helping kids that are struggling become more successful and happier in their world. I enjoy allowing kids to express themselves in ways that help me to understand their perspectives. I find that better understanding their perspective and method of self expression can help me communicate with that individual child better. I love working with and playing with kids to connect with them in a way that feels comfortable. I also enjoy working with parents as a team to create consistency and ongoing support for the child.
I love helping kids that are struggling become more successful and happier in their world. I enjoy allowing kids to express themselves in ways that help me to understand their perspectives. I find that better understanding their perspective and method of self expression can help me communicate with that individual child better. I love working with and playing with kids to connect with them in a way that feels comfortable. I also enjoy working with parents as a team to create consistency and ongoing support for the child.
(855) 981-8090 x102 View (855) 981-8090 x102
Photo of Josie Jenkins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Josie Jenkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
New London, NH 03257
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I am interested in continuing to explore working with children, adolescents, and families. I am interested in outreach services with local schools to provide services, as well as group therapy work.
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I am interested in continuing to explore working with children, adolescents, and families. I am interested in outreach services with local schools to provide services, as well as group therapy work.
(877) 563-1426 View (877) 563-1426
Photo of Arianna Duquette, Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Arianna Duquette
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Hampton, NH 03842
I believe that every individual is unique, with their own strengths, needs, and potential for growth. I take pride in developing strong relationships with my clients and their families to promote not only a deep trust when showing vulnerability, but to ensure collaboration for long-term success. I work closely with both children and families to foster open communication and understanding. Whether you or your child is dealing with anxiety, behavioral issues, trauma, or difficulty adjusting, I’m here to support on the journey toward healing and emotional well-being.
I believe that every individual is unique, with their own strengths, needs, and potential for growth. I take pride in developing strong relationships with my clients and their families to promote not only a deep trust when showing vulnerability, but to ensure collaboration for long-term success. I work closely with both children and families to foster open communication and understanding. Whether you or your child is dealing with anxiety, behavioral issues, trauma, or difficulty adjusting, I’m here to support on the journey toward healing and emotional well-being.
(844) 948-3981 x2 View (844) 948-3981 x2
Photo of Megan Kolb, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, ACSW
Megan Kolb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, ACSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
You’re the mom who does it all — the school forms, the grocery lists, the mental load, the emotional labor. Everyone counts on you to keep things running, but lately, you’re running on fumes. You feel anxious, irritable, and overstimulated, even when nothing is technically “wrong.” You want to be present with your kids and patient with your partner, but your mind never stops spinning. You’re tired of holding it all together while silently falling apart. That’s where I come in. I help millennial moms who look “put together” on the outside but feel disconnected and overwhelmed on the inside.
You’re the mom who does it all — the school forms, the grocery lists, the mental load, the emotional labor. Everyone counts on you to keep things running, but lately, you’re running on fumes. You feel anxious, irritable, and overstimulated, even when nothing is technically “wrong.” You want to be present with your kids and patient with your partner, but your mind never stops spinning. You’re tired of holding it all together while silently falling apart. That’s where I come in. I help millennial moms who look “put together” on the outside but feel disconnected and overwhelmed on the inside.
(833) 322-9094 View (833) 322-9094
Photo of Bridget Parece-Grogan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Bridget Parece-Grogan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Online Only
As a member of the LGBTQIA+ community, social justice is at the core of my personal and professional life. I understand it is my role to listen, believe, and validate the unique experiences of clients from marginalized communities, specifically the BIPOC community. I work from a strengths-based perspective and feel strongly that you have the answers to help yourself. My role is to highlight your strengths and identify realistic coping tools that can help move you through this difficult time.
As a member of the LGBTQIA+ community, social justice is at the core of my personal and professional life. I understand it is my role to listen, believe, and validate the unique experiences of clients from marginalized communities, specifically the BIPOC community. I work from a strengths-based perspective and feel strongly that you have the answers to help yourself. My role is to highlight your strengths and identify realistic coping tools that can help move you through this difficult time.
(603) 420-7837 x100 View (603) 420-7837 x100
Photo of Monika Faber, CAGS, MS
Monika Faber
Verified Verified
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Our deepest wounds are often the portals to our highest evolution. As a former licensed mental health clinician with 15+ years of outpatient practice, I walked through the fire of personal trauma, which forced a total dismantling of my old life and initiated profound spiritual growth. Today, aside from working full time as a case manager for the unhoused, I specialize in educating clients on Trauma-Informed Care.
Our deepest wounds are often the portals to our highest evolution. As a former licensed mental health clinician with 15+ years of outpatient practice, I walked through the fire of personal trauma, which forced a total dismantling of my old life and initiated profound spiritual growth. Today, aside from working full time as a case manager for the unhoused, I specialize in educating clients on Trauma-Informed Care.
(603) 709-6040 View (603) 709-6040
Photo of Emily Britton, Pre-Licensed Professional, M.A., CMHC
Emily Britton
Pre-Licensed Professional, M.A., CMHC
Nashua, NH 03060
As of 2/1/26, I have current openings - serving NH & MA. I enjoy working with individuals navigating anxiety, depression, life transitions, parenting stress, trauma/PTSD, and relationship challenges. As an LGBTQIA+ identifying and affirming therapist, I am deeply committed to creating a supportive, empowering space where clients can explore their identities and experiences without judgment. I particularly enjoy working with adolescents as they transition from childhood into early adulthood, and mothers adjusting to early motherhood or seeking balance between parenting responsibilities and their sense of self.
As of 2/1/26, I have current openings - serving NH & MA. I enjoy working with individuals navigating anxiety, depression, life transitions, parenting stress, trauma/PTSD, and relationship challenges. As an LGBTQIA+ identifying and affirming therapist, I am deeply committed to creating a supportive, empowering space where clients can explore their identities and experiences without judgment. I particularly enjoy working with adolescents as they transition from childhood into early adulthood, and mothers adjusting to early motherhood or seeking balance between parenting responsibilities and their sense of self.
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Photo of Catherine Lane, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Catherine Lane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
1 Endorsed
Amherst, NH 03031
It can feel overwhelming to work on who we are while we are also trying to work on the day to day challenges that arise in all of our lives. Often we're told we just need to change our mindset when we know it's bigger than that. You may find you're stuck making the same choices and falling into the same patterns and relationships all the while feeling disconnected from the people and the world around you.
It can feel overwhelming to work on who we are while we are also trying to work on the day to day challenges that arise in all of our lives. Often we're told we just need to change our mindset when we know it's bigger than that. You may find you're stuck making the same choices and falling into the same patterns and relationships all the while feeling disconnected from the people and the world around you.
(603) 945-5582 View (603) 945-5582
Photo of Ray Howard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Ray Howard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Hanover, NH 03755
For 29 years, I've focused on helping individuals, couples, and families navigate the complexities of relationships, trauma, and emotional healing. My treatment approach is grounded firmly in the Internal Family Systems Psychotherapy Model, a modern, transformative model that recognizes the human mind as a system of discrete parts that carry us through life and inform primary attachment relationships, and critically, our relationship to ourselves. As a Level 3 Certified IFS therapist and an IFS-I Approved Clinical Consultant, I provide direct care to individuals, couples, families, and consultation toward IFS certification.
For 29 years, I've focused on helping individuals, couples, and families navigate the complexities of relationships, trauma, and emotional healing. My treatment approach is grounded firmly in the Internal Family Systems Psychotherapy Model, a modern, transformative model that recognizes the human mind as a system of discrete parts that carry us through life and inform primary attachment relationships, and critically, our relationship to ourselves. As a Level 3 Certified IFS therapist and an IFS-I Approved Clinical Consultant, I provide direct care to individuals, couples, families, and consultation toward IFS certification.
(603) 329-3258 View (603) 329-3258
Photo of Nicole Getchell, Pre-Licensed Professional, CMHC
Nicole Getchell
Pre-Licensed Professional, CMHC
1 Endorsed
Manchester, NH 03103
Nicole is a pre-licensed graduate counseling intern working with children, teens, and young adults facing anxiety, emotional regulation, behavioral concerns, trauma, and life transitions. She helps clients build confidence, develop coping skills, and feel supported. With 7+ years working with children and families and 3 years as a Clinical Case Manager,she brings a strong background in youth emotional and behavioral support. Her warm, collaborative approach draws on DBT, TF-CBT, REBT, and RCT to strengthen communication and support lasting growth. Nicole believes therapy works best when clients feel safe, understood, and supported
Nicole is a pre-licensed graduate counseling intern working with children, teens, and young adults facing anxiety, emotional regulation, behavioral concerns, trauma, and life transitions. She helps clients build confidence, develop coping skills, and feel supported. With 7+ years working with children and families and 3 years as a Clinical Case Manager,she brings a strong background in youth emotional and behavioral support. Her warm, collaborative approach draws on DBT, TF-CBT, REBT, and RCT to strengthen communication and support lasting growth. Nicole believes therapy works best when clients feel safe, understood, and supported
(866) 476-5077 View (866) 476-5077
Photo of Ann Bastille, Counselor, LMHC
Ann Bastille
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Welcome to my virtual practice! I’m Ann Bastille, a licensed clinical mental health counselor serving clients in the beautiful state of New Hampshire. I offer in-person sessions in Campton NH by appointment only as well as securely online. My specialty is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy with adults for a variety of concerns. I have found EMDR works just as well via tele-health, so don’t hesitate to contact me to get the support you need. With compassion, respect for you as an individual, and the wisdom of 30 years in practice, we first come to understand what may be creating difficulties in the present.
Welcome to my virtual practice! I’m Ann Bastille, a licensed clinical mental health counselor serving clients in the beautiful state of New Hampshire. I offer in-person sessions in Campton NH by appointment only as well as securely online. My specialty is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy with adults for a variety of concerns. I have found EMDR works just as well via tele-health, so don’t hesitate to contact me to get the support you need. With compassion, respect for you as an individual, and the wisdom of 30 years in practice, we first come to understand what may be creating difficulties in the present.
(877) 460-7085 View (877) 460-7085
Photo of Nancy D Barnes - Shoreline Counseling Group - Nancy D. Barnes, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA
Shoreline Counseling Group - Nancy D. Barnes
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA
1 Endorsed
Dover, NH 03820
I earned a dual master’s degree in Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. The majority of my counseling experience has been working with adolescents in the areas of anxiety, depression, panic disorder, suicidality, ADHD, and executive functioning.
I earned a dual master’s degree in Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. The majority of my counseling experience has been working with adolescents in the areas of anxiety, depression, panic disorder, suicidality, ADHD, and executive functioning.
(833) 310-7903 View (833) 310-7903
Photo of Jamie Faulhaber, Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Jamie Faulhaber
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Exeter, NH 03833
Therapy can provide an opportunity for self-discovery, a safe space to process difficult thoughts, emotions and experiences creating a life that aligns with one's goals and values. If you or your child is struggling with challenges related to stress, anxiety, depression and/or low self-esteem leading to dissatisfaction in various aspects of life, it may be time to reach out and ask for help (that is often the hardest part!). Willingness to collaborate with your therapist is essential and we will begin with building a positive therapeutic rapport; together we will tackle the other hard stuff.
Therapy can provide an opportunity for self-discovery, a safe space to process difficult thoughts, emotions and experiences creating a life that aligns with one's goals and values. If you or your child is struggling with challenges related to stress, anxiety, depression and/or low self-esteem leading to dissatisfaction in various aspects of life, it may be time to reach out and ask for help (that is often the hardest part!). Willingness to collaborate with your therapist is essential and we will begin with building a positive therapeutic rapport; together we will tackle the other hard stuff.
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Photo of Jessica Stevenson, Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCMHC
Jessica Stevenson
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LCMHC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
“Terrible things are happening outside. At any time of night and day, poor helpless people are being dragged out of their homes... Families are torn apart; men, women and children are separated. Children come home from school to find that their parents have disappeared. Women return from shopping to find their houses sealed, their families gone." We are all affected by what is happening today. Families are divided. Stress, depression, and addictions are at all-time highs. If you need help navigating your life and making sense and meaning in this world, I am here to help you. Please reach out and we will walk through this together.
“Terrible things are happening outside. At any time of night and day, poor helpless people are being dragged out of their homes... Families are torn apart; men, women and children are separated. Children come home from school to find that their parents have disappeared. Women return from shopping to find their houses sealed, their families gone." We are all affected by what is happening today. Families are divided. Stress, depression, and addictions are at all-time highs. If you need help navigating your life and making sense and meaning in this world, I am here to help you. Please reach out and we will walk through this together.
(603) 945-8099 View (603) 945-8099
Photo of Ashley Mossey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Ashley Mossey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Bedford, NH 03110
Ashley Mossey, LICSW, helps individuals across New Hampshire navigate life’s challenges with evidence-based therapy tailored to their unique needs. Through a warm, supportive approach grounded in clinical expertise, she works with adolescents, teens, adults, and seniors who are seeking to understand themselves better, build emotional resilience, and create meaningful change in their lives. Ashley specializes in treating anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).Ashley Mossey, LICSW, helps individuals across New Hampshire navigate life’s challenges with evidence-based therapy tailored to their unique needs. Through
Ashley Mossey, LICSW, helps individuals across New Hampshire navigate life’s challenges with evidence-based therapy tailored to their unique needs. Through a warm, supportive approach grounded in clinical expertise, she works with adolescents, teens, adults, and seniors who are seeking to understand themselves better, build emotional resilience, and create meaningful change in their lives. Ashley specializes in treating anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).Ashley Mossey, LICSW, helps individuals across New Hampshire navigate life’s challenges with evidence-based therapy tailored to their unique needs. Through
(833) 750-1670 View (833) 750-1670
Photo of Dr. Dean Leav - Psychological Testing & Evaluations - Dr. Dean, Psychologist, PsyD, QME, Author
Psychological Testing & Evaluations - Dr. Dean
Psychologist, PsyD, QME, Author
Portsmouth, NH 03801
I’m Dr. Dean Leav. I've been featured on ABC, NBC, KCAL, and other programs as an expert psychologist. I conduct ADHD / autism / learning disability evaluations, legal / forensic evaluations for court, risk assessment (violence / sexual), cognitive / neuropsychological evaluations, diagnostic psychological evaluations, immigration evaluations, adoption evaluations, parenting / bonding assessments, drug & alcohol evaluations, fitness for duty evaluations, workers' compensation (QME/AME) evaluations, and other types of psychological evaluations / assessments.
I’m Dr. Dean Leav. I've been featured on ABC, NBC, KCAL, and other programs as an expert psychologist. I conduct ADHD / autism / learning disability evaluations, legal / forensic evaluations for court, risk assessment (violence / sexual), cognitive / neuropsychological evaluations, diagnostic psychological evaluations, immigration evaluations, adoption evaluations, parenting / bonding assessments, drug & alcohol evaluations, fitness for duty evaluations, workers' compensation (QME/AME) evaluations, and other types of psychological evaluations / assessments.
(866) 954-6490 View (866) 954-6490
Photo of Daniel Williams, Psychologist, PsyD
Daniel Williams
Psychologist, PsyD
Dover, NH 03820
Having a sound education is crucial to successful treatment therapies. This is why I have spent years dedicated to my education. This way I have more to offer you, more tools to help you rebuild your life, more information to help you access your own emotions, and overall, more experience to draw from. Trusted to Lead: It was an honor to be selected by two governors as an expert in my field. As a state appointee, I worked with others to propose new legislation for our field, and I coauthored many documents that are now standard guidelines for psychologists in our state.
Having a sound education is crucial to successful treatment therapies. This is why I have spent years dedicated to my education. This way I have more to offer you, more tools to help you rebuild your life, more information to help you access your own emotions, and overall, more experience to draw from. Trusted to Lead: It was an honor to be selected by two governors as an expert in my field. As a state appointee, I worked with others to propose new legislation for our field, and I coauthored many documents that are now standard guidelines for psychologists in our state.
(603) 836-9790 View (603) 836-9790

See more therapy options for New Hampshire

How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in New Hampshire who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
84% Depression
71% Trauma and PTSD
66% Self Esteem
65% Relationship Issues
60% Stress
56% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% BlueCross and BlueShield
75% Cigna and Evernorth
70% Aetna

How Therapists in New Hampshire see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New Hampshire?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.