Therapists in San Francisco, CA

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Photo of Suzie Jeon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Suzie Jeon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94105  (Online Only)
Mental health issues can cripple our ability to engage in relationships. We withdraw and become less present in relationships that matter to us. Our work will empower you to create a community outside of the therapy room. By healing your relationship with yourself, you will start to feel more confident about navigating mental health challenges that keep you isolated and fearful.
Mental health issues can cripple our ability to engage in relationships. We withdraw and become less present in relationships that matter to us. Our work will empower you to create a community outside of the therapy room. By healing your relationship with yourself, you will start to feel more confident about navigating mental health challenges that keep you isolated and fearful.
(415) 942-5523 View (415) 942-5523
Photo of Kristina Kenyon, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Kristina Kenyon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
I believe we all come into this world being enough as we are but sometimes there are challenges, losses, difficulties, or behaviors that get in the way of what you may be wanting or where you want to be in your life. Together, we can build insight and understanding and work towards making the changes you want to see.
I believe we all come into this world being enough as we are but sometimes there are challenges, losses, difficulties, or behaviors that get in the way of what you may be wanting or where you want to be in your life. Together, we can build insight and understanding and work towards making the changes you want to see.
(415) 226-4779 View (415) 226-4779
Photo of Bay Area Center for ADD/ADHD, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Bay Area Center for ADD/ADHD
Psychologist
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94123
At the Bay Area Center for ADD/ADHD we work collaboratively as a group to provide the most effective treatment possible. We have psychiatrists, psychologists, marriage and family therapists, and an educational therapist to help develop the best treatment for you. Who provide up-to-date evidence-based, effective treatment.
At the Bay Area Center for ADD/ADHD we work collaboratively as a group to provide the most effective treatment possible. We have psychiatrists, psychologists, marriage and family therapists, and an educational therapist to help develop the best treatment for you. Who provide up-to-date evidence-based, effective treatment.
(415) 236-3165 View (415) 236-3165
Photo of Tiffany Loggins, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Tiffany Loggins
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94116  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a culturally sensitive psychologist, author, and mental wellness public speaker in San Francisco, who will create a safe space that distinctively fits your needs to help on your journey toward healing and growth. I understand we often find ourselves feeling lost, overwhelmed, abandoned, or may be at a loss of how we feel, because we’ve arrived at that familiar place of despair and ruminating self doubt. My hope is to provide an opportunity to disentangle from suffering, which may lead to improved quality of life, greater satisfaction within relationships, increased productivity, and enhanced self-worth and compassion.
I am a culturally sensitive psychologist, author, and mental wellness public speaker in San Francisco, who will create a safe space that distinctively fits your needs to help on your journey toward healing and growth. I understand we often find ourselves feeling lost, overwhelmed, abandoned, or may be at a loss of how we feel, because we’ve arrived at that familiar place of despair and ruminating self doubt. My hope is to provide an opportunity to disentangle from suffering, which may lead to improved quality of life, greater satisfaction within relationships, increased productivity, and enhanced self-worth and compassion.
(628) 265-8377 View (628) 265-8377
Photo of Danielle Macias, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Danielle Macias
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Busy doing a million things like numbing out on Facebook or scrolling on your phone for hours or working constant overtime so you don’t have think about it? But it keeps reminding you it’s there. The pain you don't talk about. The worry. Procrastination. Anger at yourself, your past, others who hurt or mistreated you. Managing by....Drinking or drugs. Food. Sex. Shopping. Yelling. While longing for intimate connection. What if there was a way to approach those painful feelings or hurt parts of you so their story could be understood. Moving at your pace. Get to know your true Self & end the shame, blame, regret cycle.
Busy doing a million things like numbing out on Facebook or scrolling on your phone for hours or working constant overtime so you don’t have think about it? But it keeps reminding you it’s there. The pain you don't talk about. The worry. Procrastination. Anger at yourself, your past, others who hurt or mistreated you. Managing by....Drinking or drugs. Food. Sex. Shopping. Yelling. While longing for intimate connection. What if there was a way to approach those painful feelings or hurt parts of you so their story could be understood. Moving at your pace. Get to know your true Self & end the shame, blame, regret cycle.
(628) 262-8748 View (628) 262-8748
Photo of Therapy Lab San Francisco, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Therapy Lab San Francisco
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94112  (Online Only)
Therapy Lab offers individual teletherapy that's based on a plan. Visit our website (therapylab.com) to explore a menu of treatment plans based on common goals for therapy. With your input, we'll make a plan that's based on your goals, your timeline, and your budget. Our science-based plans are designed to support you in overcoming distress (anxiety, relationship problems, work stress) so you walk away with emotional health and insight. At your first session, your exceptionally qualified therapist will get to know you and pick or design a plan that’s customized to your situation.
Therapy Lab offers individual teletherapy that's based on a plan. Visit our website (therapylab.com) to explore a menu of treatment plans based on common goals for therapy. With your input, we'll make a plan that's based on your goals, your timeline, and your budget. Our science-based plans are designed to support you in overcoming distress (anxiety, relationship problems, work stress) so you walk away with emotional health and insight. At your first session, your exceptionally qualified therapist will get to know you and pick or design a plan that’s customized to your situation.
(213) 376-3455 View (213) 376-3455
Photo of Alex Momtchiloff, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Alex Momtchiloff
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94102
Life. Love. Work. You want to live life fully--to thrive, not just survive. But it's not so simple. There are daily stresses and disappointments that over time can turn into anxiety, depression. You're struggling in your relationships, or with your lack of them. Maybe your early years were not the easiest, and you carry the scars. Perhaps society treats you differently, making it hard to thrive, get ahead, be comfortable with yourself. But you have reached a turning point: you are ready for a change. You decide you need help. Where to turn? I know this journey, I've been on my own version of it. I can help you find your way.
Life. Love. Work. You want to live life fully--to thrive, not just survive. But it's not so simple. There are daily stresses and disappointments that over time can turn into anxiety, depression. You're struggling in your relationships, or with your lack of them. Maybe your early years were not the easiest, and you carry the scars. Perhaps society treats you differently, making it hard to thrive, get ahead, be comfortable with yourself. But you have reached a turning point: you are ready for a change. You decide you need help. Where to turn? I know this journey, I've been on my own version of it. I can help you find your way.
(628) 213-7220 View (628) 213-7220
Photo of Pearl B Werfel, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Pearl B Werfel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104
Even the most capable and intelligent person will sometimes need help. My clients include professionals, supervisors, executives, and healthcare providers who seek to better manage the stressors of their professional and personal lives. I create a safe and comfortable environment where you can learn how to decrease stress and anxiety, sleep better, reduce or eliminate pain, live well with chronic illness, resolve past trauma and stop self-limiting behaviors. My over 25 years of experience and training enables me to tailor therapeutic interventions to your needs.
Even the most capable and intelligent person will sometimes need help. My clients include professionals, supervisors, executives, and healthcare providers who seek to better manage the stressors of their professional and personal lives. I create a safe and comfortable environment where you can learn how to decrease stress and anxiety, sleep better, reduce or eliminate pain, live well with chronic illness, resolve past trauma and stop self-limiting behaviors. My over 25 years of experience and training enables me to tailor therapeutic interventions to your needs.
(510) 665-5802 View (510) 665-5802
Photo of Dorothy Fitzer, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Dorothy Fitzer
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, GCFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94122
I am a body-centered psychotherapist and shaman specializing in working with people with anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship issues. I especially love to work with people that wish to embark on the deep, transformational journey of core healing and living authentically. I have nearly 3 decades of body-centered experience including Chi Gung, Tai Chi, Taoist Breathing and Meditation, the Feldenkrais Method, and Somatic Experiencing. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a private practice in San Francisco. I work with clients via skype and the phone as well as in-person.
I am a body-centered psychotherapist and shaman specializing in working with people with anxiety, depression, trauma, and relationship issues. I especially love to work with people that wish to embark on the deep, transformational journey of core healing and living authentically. I have nearly 3 decades of body-centered experience including Chi Gung, Tai Chi, Taoist Breathing and Meditation, the Feldenkrais Method, and Somatic Experiencing. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a private practice in San Francisco. I work with clients via skype and the phone as well as in-person.
(415) 423-2725 View (415) 423-2725
Photo of Stephen Jacob Coffey, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Francisco, CA
Stephen Jacob Coffey
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I love working with men who experienced sexual abuse because they are resilient, resourceful, and value investing in themselves. Know that I get the agony it takes to make sense of it all! I have a passion for working with those who experienced this type of abuse as there is such great need with too few options for specialized care. I believe that you have the ability to take the steps to get support you need so that you can be in the driver’s seat of your life.
I love working with men who experienced sexual abuse because they are resilient, resourceful, and value investing in themselves. Know that I get the agony it takes to make sense of it all! I have a passion for working with those who experienced this type of abuse as there is such great need with too few options for specialized care. I believe that you have the ability to take the steps to get support you need so that you can be in the driver’s seat of your life.
(415) 329-7705 View (415) 329-7705
Photo of The San Francisco Marriage and Couples Center, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
The San Francisco Marriage and Couples Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104
At The San Francisco Marriage and Couples Center, we offer couples therapy, marriage counseling, and relationship counseling. We are an organization of professional mental health clinicians with a top priority in providing progressive and cutting edge treatment for trauma, mood, and relationship issues. Our therapists have been chosen for their expertise in helping mood, trauma, and relationship issues. Therapists who practice at The San Francisco Marriage and Couples Center provide as integrative approach to treatment offering Western talk therapy and Eastern complimentary recommendations including meditation, yoga, and qigong.
At The San Francisco Marriage and Couples Center, we offer couples therapy, marriage counseling, and relationship counseling. We are an organization of professional mental health clinicians with a top priority in providing progressive and cutting edge treatment for trauma, mood, and relationship issues. Our therapists have been chosen for their expertise in helping mood, trauma, and relationship issues. Therapists who practice at The San Francisco Marriage and Couples Center provide as integrative approach to treatment offering Western talk therapy and Eastern complimentary recommendations including meditation, yoga, and qigong.
(415) 689-9680 View (415) 689-9680
Photo of Grace Jebara, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Grace Jebara
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
The hardest moment is when you realize that you are stuck and not living the life you want, and that you do not actually know how to get a place that looks and feels different. It’s hard to know that the only thing required in that moment is the courage to reach out for support. And it it’s almost impossible to sense that when you do choose to reach out, that first step will catalyze a whole series of shifts that lead you to your best life.
The hardest moment is when you realize that you are stuck and not living the life you want, and that you do not actually know how to get a place that looks and feels different. It’s hard to know that the only thing required in that moment is the courage to reach out for support. And it it’s almost impossible to sense that when you do choose to reach out, that first step will catalyze a whole series of shifts that lead you to your best life.
(415) 966-3185 View (415) 966-3185
Photo of Kenneth F Edwards, Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Kenneth F Edwards
Counselor, LPCC, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94104  (Online Only)
I typically work best with clients that have a high degree of self-agency and are in a career building or sustaining phase of life. I enjoy working with clients that enjoy a challenge from their therapist to grow and improve from visit to visit.
I typically work best with clients that have a high degree of self-agency and are in a career building or sustaining phase of life. I enjoy working with clients that enjoy a challenge from their therapist to grow and improve from visit to visit.
(415) 496-4658 View (415) 496-4658
Photo of Mark Hirschfield, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Mark Hirschfield
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94123
Hello! I work with individuals who wish to create lasting, positive changes in their lives and relationships. I offer safe, compassionate and supportive counseling in an atmosphere that deepens understanding, promotes healing, and releases potential. Unresolved emotional issues can stifle creativity, confidence, ambition, and our ability for good relationships. Trauma and loss can cause sadness, depression and pain that inhibit and block. My personal style is interactive, empathic, non-judgmental and respectful of individual values and choices.
Hello! I work with individuals who wish to create lasting, positive changes in their lives and relationships. I offer safe, compassionate and supportive counseling in an atmosphere that deepens understanding, promotes healing, and releases potential. Unresolved emotional issues can stifle creativity, confidence, ambition, and our ability for good relationships. Trauma and loss can cause sadness, depression and pain that inhibit and block. My personal style is interactive, empathic, non-judgmental and respectful of individual values and choices.
(415) 326-1276 View (415) 326-1276
Photo of Nicole Minor - Expansive Therapy, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in San Francisco, CA
Nicole Minor - Expansive Therapy
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94107
I value helping to foster a secure space and use an integrative approach to help clients feel empowered to reach their personal goals. Intersectionality has been paramount on my own personal healing journey and I have had the opportunity to work with clients who benefit from the same lens.
I value helping to foster a secure space and use an integrative approach to help clients feel empowered to reach their personal goals. Intersectionality has been paramount on my own personal healing journey and I have had the opportunity to work with clients who benefit from the same lens.
(628) 277-5830 View (628) 277-5830
Photo of Rima Danielle Jomaa, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Rima Danielle Jomaa
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94102  (Online Only)
I create a confidential space for you to safely explore your mental health concerns & gain practical tools to apply to your daily life. I offer short- & long-term therapy. I collaborate with you to understand your needs & goals. Then I create a treatment plan that is unique for you, based on what you need. I teach tools that have been proven to work in the past for my clients or for me. My clients tend to struggle with anxiety, depression, self-comparison, body image/EDs, trauma, abuse, substance use/addiction, relationship issues, spirituality questions, lack of self-esteem/confidence, stress, setting boundaries, & communication.
I create a confidential space for you to safely explore your mental health concerns & gain practical tools to apply to your daily life. I offer short- & long-term therapy. I collaborate with you to understand your needs & goals. Then I create a treatment plan that is unique for you, based on what you need. I teach tools that have been proven to work in the past for my clients or for me. My clients tend to struggle with anxiety, depression, self-comparison, body image/EDs, trauma, abuse, substance use/addiction, relationship issues, spirituality questions, lack of self-esteem/confidence, stress, setting boundaries, & communication.
(442) 255-7027 View (442) 255-7027
Photo of Andrew G Law, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Andrew G Law
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94110
I offer Down to Earth, Jargon Free Counseling. I will meet you with warmth and curiosity, humor and heart, right where you are. I'm here to help as you gather the courage to change what you can and find the grace to accept what you can't. I have spent my entire adult life exploring the different sub-cultures of the Bay Area, so I am quite good at working with men, women, and couples who don't quite fit inside the box. I especially want to hear from you if you've never considered therapy before. Even if I'm not your best fit, I'm happy to help you think through and navigate your options. Get in touch via my website!
I offer Down to Earth, Jargon Free Counseling. I will meet you with warmth and curiosity, humor and heart, right where you are. I'm here to help as you gather the courage to change what you can and find the grace to accept what you can't. I have spent my entire adult life exploring the different sub-cultures of the Bay Area, so I am quite good at working with men, women, and couples who don't quite fit inside the box. I especially want to hear from you if you've never considered therapy before. Even if I'm not your best fit, I'm happy to help you think through and navigate your options. Get in touch via my website!
(510) 491-0709 View (510) 491-0709
Photo of Geetali Chitre, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Geetali Chitre
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Life can be very overwhelming and lonely at times. When this feels too much to deal with alone, psychotherapy can be a place to have someone else see your struggles and help you bear them. I believe that through a meaningful relationship, we can work together to help you understand why you are suffering and how you can have more options for relating to yourself and others. For couples, being in a relationship itself can feel impossible. Through allowing in a third person to witness your dynamics and understand both members of the couple, it can be easier to communicate with each other.
Life can be very overwhelming and lonely at times. When this feels too much to deal with alone, psychotherapy can be a place to have someone else see your struggles and help you bear them. I believe that through a meaningful relationship, we can work together to help you understand why you are suffering and how you can have more options for relating to yourself and others. For couples, being in a relationship itself can feel impossible. Through allowing in a third person to witness your dynamics and understand both members of the couple, it can be easier to communicate with each other.
(415) 853-5791 View (415) 853-5791
Photo of Susan R Greene, Psychologist in San Francisco, CA
Susan R Greene
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109
Engaging in a therapeutic relationship is an act of courage and hope that can lead to relief and lasting change. You may be experiencing loneliness, relationship issues, anxiety, depression, low self esteem, loss, creative blocks or the effects of trauma and oppression. Maybe you are just not where you would like to be in your life. Therapy can help to create a more fulfilling life in part by deepening self knowledge, increasing resilience and mitigating the effects of early life experiences.
Engaging in a therapeutic relationship is an act of courage and hope that can lead to relief and lasting change. You may be experiencing loneliness, relationship issues, anxiety, depression, low self esteem, loss, creative blocks or the effects of trauma and oppression. Maybe you are just not where you would like to be in your life. Therapy can help to create a more fulfilling life in part by deepening self knowledge, increasing resilience and mitigating the effects of early life experiences.
(650) 741-3698 View (650) 741-3698
Photo of Jiewen (Janice) Huang, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Francisco, CA
Jiewen (Janice) Huang
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CGE
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94115
Waitlist for new clients
Depression and anxiety are some of the most common mental-health-related challenges that create difficult thoughts and feelings, which we can experience at some point in our lives. Through counseling and treatment, I am here to assist you in restrengthening/restoring/gaining motivation, perspective, and values in your life. Many individuals can experience symptoms associated with painful and traumatic circumstances. I can help you with gaining skills in coping with these symptoms and guide you through the process of grief and healing. My practice also focuses on anticipatory grief, normal grief, and complicated grief.
Depression and anxiety are some of the most common mental-health-related challenges that create difficult thoughts and feelings, which we can experience at some point in our lives. Through counseling and treatment, I am here to assist you in restrengthening/restoring/gaining motivation, perspective, and values in your life. Many individuals can experience symptoms associated with painful and traumatic circumstances. I can help you with gaining skills in coping with these symptoms and guide you through the process of grief and healing. My practice also focuses on anticipatory grief, normal grief, and complicated grief.
(415) 449-8155 View (415) 449-8155

See more therapy options for San Francisco

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Francisco, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$189

Therapists in San Francisco, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aetna
55% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in San Francisco, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Francisco?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.