Therapists in Rutherfordton, NC

Photo of Julie G McGinnis, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, EdS, LCMHCS, NCC
Julie G McGinnis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, EdS, LCMHCS, NCC
3 Endorsed
Rutherfordton, NC 28139
I have experience providing treatment to children, adolescents, and adults in the areas of ADHD, ODD, Adjustment Disorders, Depression, Anxiety Disorders, PTSD, Bipolar Disorder, Divorce, Physical and Sexual Abuse, Neglect, and parenting struggles. I have a background in Child Protective Services which focused on reuniting families, Intensive In-Home treatment, individual and family therapy, and community engagement. I believe this smaller focused approach allows me to have the best skills available to you in a consistent presence and practice.
I have experience providing treatment to children, adolescents, and adults in the areas of ADHD, ODD, Adjustment Disorders, Depression, Anxiety Disorders, PTSD, Bipolar Disorder, Divorce, Physical and Sexual Abuse, Neglect, and parenting struggles. I have a background in Child Protective Services which focused on reuniting families, Intensive In-Home treatment, individual and family therapy, and community engagement. I believe this smaller focused approach allows me to have the best skills available to you in a consistent presence and practice.
(828) 351-3042 View (828) 351-3042
Photo of Patrick David Weichert, Psychologist, PhD
Patrick David Weichert
Psychologist, PhD
Rutherfordton, NC 28139
I served two tours in Vietnam with the Marine Corps, was wounded twice, and currently 100% P and T with SMC-S by the VA. I have dedicated my life to helping veterans get the compensation they deserve. For 40 years, I have performed at least 9000 Compensation and Pension Examinations (C and P) for PTSD and Mental Disorders. I was a clinical coordinator at a VET Center and conducted C and P examinations. I am a provider for Optum Serve and VACCN. I receive referrals from numerous VA-accredited attorneys, Veteran Service Officers (VSOs), medical groups, and individuals. Contact me if you need professional assistance.
I served two tours in Vietnam with the Marine Corps, was wounded twice, and currently 100% P and T with SMC-S by the VA. I have dedicated my life to helping veterans get the compensation they deserve. For 40 years, I have performed at least 9000 Compensation and Pension Examinations (C and P) for PTSD and Mental Disorders. I was a clinical coordinator at a VET Center and conducted C and P examinations. I am a provider for Optum Serve and VACCN. I receive referrals from numerous VA-accredited attorneys, Veteran Service Officers (VSOs), medical groups, and individuals. Contact me if you need professional assistance.
(828) 242-1199 View (828) 242-1199
Photo of David Hislop, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWA, MSW
David Hislop
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWA, MSW
Rutherfordton, NC 28139
Therapy should be judgment free and focused on safety. I use a relational approach where we get to know each other before we dive deep into the difficult stuff. I use IFS, and am level-1 trained. I believe that there are reasons for your behaviors, and I want to get to know them, without making you feel guilty along the way. Your safety is important to me. Please reach out to schedule a short chat to see if I might be the right fit.
Therapy should be judgment free and focused on safety. I use a relational approach where we get to know each other before we dive deep into the difficult stuff. I use IFS, and am level-1 trained. I believe that there are reasons for your behaviors, and I want to get to know them, without making you feel guilty along the way. Your safety is important to me. Please reach out to schedule a short chat to see if I might be the right fit.
(828) 532-5125 View (828) 532-5125
Photo of Virginia C. Cornish, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC, NCC
Virginia C. Cornish
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC, NCC
Rutherfordton, NC 28139
Life can be hard. Relationships are complicated. Everyone faces obstacles. Sometimes we just need someone to listen and help us recognize ways to move through our struggles. Wherever you are and whatever your issues, there is hope! Step by step, I will walk with you in your healing journey, as you work through your thoughts, feelings and circumstances towards a better tomorrow. No matter what you're dealing with and no matter how you feel right now, don't give up! I can help you learn healthy ways to get through and move forward, no matter how long you've been struggling. Be brave and take the first step towards a new beginning.
Life can be hard. Relationships are complicated. Everyone faces obstacles. Sometimes we just need someone to listen and help us recognize ways to move through our struggles. Wherever you are and whatever your issues, there is hope! Step by step, I will walk with you in your healing journey, as you work through your thoughts, feelings and circumstances towards a better tomorrow. No matter what you're dealing with and no matter how you feel right now, don't give up! I can help you learn healthy ways to get through and move forward, no matter how long you've been struggling. Be brave and take the first step towards a new beginning.
(828) 501-0462 View (828) 501-0462
Photo of Julia Nelson, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LCMHC
Julia Nelson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LCMHC
4 Endorsed
Rutherfordton, NC 28139
When anxiety, depression, or grief take hold, even getting through the day can feel exhausting. You may feel stuck, weighed down, or wishing life could be different. You’re not alone—and it doesn’t have to stay this way. Many people today feel overwhelmed, but with the right support, it’s possible to find relief and move toward a calmer, more meaningful life. My goal is to offer a safe, compassionate space where you feel heard and supported. Together, we’ll take practical steps toward healing and hope. Reaching out is a brave first step—and it can change everything.
When anxiety, depression, or grief take hold, even getting through the day can feel exhausting. You may feel stuck, weighed down, or wishing life could be different. You’re not alone—and it doesn’t have to stay this way. Many people today feel overwhelmed, but with the right support, it’s possible to find relief and move toward a calmer, more meaningful life. My goal is to offer a safe, compassionate space where you feel heard and supported. Together, we’ll take practical steps toward healing and hope. Reaching out is a brave first step—and it can change everything.
(828) 575-5020 View (828) 575-5020
Photo of Thomas J. Snyder, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, CCS, LCAS, MAC
Thomas J. Snyder
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, CCS, LCAS, MAC
Rutherfordton, NC 28139
Balance in life is never a single thing, rather a multitude of things that are both ongoing and transient. Present perceptions, relational views, along with personal histories, create emotional issues and negatively impact overall quality of life areas. Developing a realistic look at the what and why of the past and present, as well as the perspective choices, can nurture positive and lasting changes in life.
Balance in life is never a single thing, rather a multitude of things that are both ongoing and transient. Present perceptions, relational views, along with personal histories, create emotional issues and negatively impact overall quality of life areas. Developing a realistic look at the what and why of the past and present, as well as the perspective choices, can nurture positive and lasting changes in life.
(828) 528-3734 View (828) 528-3734
Photo of Shelly Jennings Jarrard - Jarrard Counseling Solutions, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAS-A
Jarrard Counseling Solutions
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAS-A
2 Endorsed
Rutherfordton, NC 28139
Life is a journey, full of complex relationships and events that we all strive to understand and live with. Life can become complicated by traumas and relationships, as well as from internal struggles, such as anxiety or depression. Without help, these complications can leave us struggling to cope. I believe we all deserve happiness and understanding as we travel this journey, whatever complexities we face.
Life is a journey, full of complex relationships and events that we all strive to understand and live with. Life can become complicated by traumas and relationships, as well as from internal struggles, such as anxiety or depression. Without help, these complications can leave us struggling to cope. I believe we all deserve happiness and understanding as we travel this journey, whatever complexities we face.
(828) 395-1061 View (828) 395-1061
Photo of Asheley L Macci, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW
Asheley L Macci
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW
Rutherfordton, NC 28139
I serve individuals across all ages and walks of life, providing support for a wide range of mental health concerns including anxiety, depression, ADHD, trauma, relationship struggles, grief, behavioral challenges, and more. Whether you’re seeking support for a child, teen, adult, or family member, our goal is to meet you where you are and help guide you toward growth, clarity, and resiliency.
I serve individuals across all ages and walks of life, providing support for a wide range of mental health concerns including anxiety, depression, ADHD, trauma, relationship struggles, grief, behavioral challenges, and more. Whether you’re seeking support for a child, teen, adult, or family member, our goal is to meet you where you are and help guide you toward growth, clarity, and resiliency.
(864) 531-8944 View (864) 531-8944
Photo of Katy Buchanan, Pre-Licensed Professional, Intern
Katy Buchanan
Pre-Licensed Professional, Intern
1 Endorsed
Rutherfordton, NC 28139
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Student Marriage and Family Therapist providing clinical services to individuals, couples, and families. I am dedicated to supporting clients as they address relational challenges, process trauma, and pursue personal growth. I work with a wide range of presenting concerns, from individual difficulties to complex family dynamics, with a particular focus on couples and individuals navigating the effects of trauma. My approach is collaborative and grounded in evidence-based practices. I tailor treatment to the unique needs of each client while maintaining an emphasis on safety and trust for building healthy relationships.
I am a Student Marriage and Family Therapist providing clinical services to individuals, couples, and families. I am dedicated to supporting clients as they address relational challenges, process trauma, and pursue personal growth. I work with a wide range of presenting concerns, from individual difficulties to complex family dynamics, with a particular focus on couples and individuals navigating the effects of trauma. My approach is collaborative and grounded in evidence-based practices. I tailor treatment to the unique needs of each client while maintaining an emphasis on safety and trust for building healthy relationships.
(864) 528-7095 View (864) 528-7095
Photo of Angela Marie Krempasky - Angela Krempasky, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LCMHCQS, LPCCS
Angela Krempasky
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LCMHCQS, LPCCS
Serves Area
I have been a licensed counselor for close to 30 years. I believe that prioritizing mental health is important to a person's wellbeing and can be a challenging, yet rewarding first step in that process. Welcome!
I have been a licensed counselor for close to 30 years. I believe that prioritizing mental health is important to a person's wellbeing and can be a challenging, yet rewarding first step in that process. Welcome!
(828) 672-3941 View (828) 672-3941
Photo of Carolyn Little Linder, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS, CCS
Carolyn Little Linder
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS, CCS
Online Only
I'm a survivor too! We are living in stressful times and sometimes things happen in life that are out of our control and we need support. We may need help getting our life back on track or just feeling normal again. Sometimes we need to know its okay to not be okay. It's okay to seek professional help, whether it's because of addiction, mood disorders, family dysfunction, or just having a safe space to talk. The goal at the end of the day is to feel like you have a sense of purpose, meaning, and direction in life.
I'm a survivor too! We are living in stressful times and sometimes things happen in life that are out of our control and we need support. We may need help getting our life back on track or just feeling normal again. Sometimes we need to know its okay to not be okay. It's okay to seek professional help, whether it's because of addiction, mood disorders, family dysfunction, or just having a safe space to talk. The goal at the end of the day is to feel like you have a sense of purpose, meaning, and direction in life.
(980) 372-2365 View (980) 372-2365
Photo of Lynn Stanton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Lynn Stanton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Online Only
I see clients of differing backgrounds presenting with a wide range of concerns, including, loss and grief, lack of satisfaction and meaning in life, relationship problems, mood disorders, chronic illness or pain, coping skills deficits, goal setting and time management problems, to name but a few.
I see clients of differing backgrounds presenting with a wide range of concerns, including, loss and grief, lack of satisfaction and meaning in life, relationship problems, mood disorders, chronic illness or pain, coping skills deficits, goal setting and time management problems, to name but a few.
(980) 577-1896 View (980) 577-1896
Photo of Ingrid Bolick, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Ingrid Bolick
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Individuals and couples seeking to improve intimate partner relationships, process grief and trauma, and resolve emotional conflict can expect to explore past experiences and update internal motivations in their approach and communication. Our work will involve processing past events that contribute to current emotional reactions and thoughts. However, my approach is ultimately present and future focused to improve quality of life free of unnecessary anxiety, regret, and ineffective habits and reactions .
Individuals and couples seeking to improve intimate partner relationships, process grief and trauma, and resolve emotional conflict can expect to explore past experiences and update internal motivations in their approach and communication. Our work will involve processing past events that contribute to current emotional reactions and thoughts. However, my approach is ultimately present and future focused to improve quality of life free of unnecessary anxiety, regret, and ineffective habits and reactions .
(828) 900-2899 View (828) 900-2899
Photo of Kamay H Gaboda - Karing Counseling , Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHCS , CCS, LCAS ,
Karing Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHCS , CCS, LCAS ,
Serves Area
Are you struggling with how to work though trauma and the way it currently impacts your life ? Do you struggle to get though the present, without looking back to the past and the pain that it inflicted. There is hope to have a better life, establish the life you want and need. I start with meeting you there, and helping you build the boundaries and moving toward the life that you want to live. I offer a safe space for you to build this life that you are craving.
Are you struggling with how to work though trauma and the way it currently impacts your life ? Do you struggle to get though the present, without looking back to the past and the pain that it inflicted. There is hope to have a better life, establish the life you want and need. I start with meeting you there, and helping you build the boundaries and moving toward the life that you want to live. I offer a safe space for you to build this life that you are craving.
(828) 519-1570 View (828) 519-1570
Photo of Travis Woodruff, MA, LCMHC, LCAS, CCS, NCC
Travis Woodruff
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Often those things in life that are most difficult are natural parts of life, known as givens – Freedom, Death, Isolation, Meaninglessness. Being confronted with these givens can create anxiety, which can lead to significant consequences. Everyone who looks for a therapist does it because there is something that is blocking their happiness. It might be something external that caused you to look, but you have it within you to set yourself free. Waiting for the world, your boss, your significant other to make things better for you gives someone else control over your happiness.
Often those things in life that are most difficult are natural parts of life, known as givens – Freedom, Death, Isolation, Meaninglessness. Being confronted with these givens can create anxiety, which can lead to significant consequences. Everyone who looks for a therapist does it because there is something that is blocking their happiness. It might be something external that caused you to look, but you have it within you to set yourself free. Waiting for the world, your boss, your significant other to make things better for you gives someone else control over your happiness.
(828) 414-2448 View (828) 414-2448
Photo of Rebecca C Waters, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Rebecca C Waters
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Now Accepting New Aetna Clients! Evenings Available, Out of Network with Medicaid/Medicare. You hit snooze again, already dreading the day. You're overwhelmed, exhausted, and trying to hold it all together—but barely. On the outside, no one sees it. Inside, you're racing with thoughts, avoiding connection, and trying not to fall apart. It feels like everything takes too much energy—work, home, even just being. You’re craving relief, but don’t know where to begin. Therapy can help you slow down, unpack the heaviness, and learn to show up for yourself in a way that finally feels sustainable. You don’t have to do this alone.
Now Accepting New Aetna Clients! Evenings Available, Out of Network with Medicaid/Medicare. You hit snooze again, already dreading the day. You're overwhelmed, exhausted, and trying to hold it all together—but barely. On the outside, no one sees it. Inside, you're racing with thoughts, avoiding connection, and trying not to fall apart. It feels like everything takes too much energy—work, home, even just being. You’re craving relief, but don’t know where to begin. Therapy can help you slow down, unpack the heaviness, and learn to show up for yourself in a way that finally feels sustainable. You don’t have to do this alone.
(980) 734-5153 View (980) 734-5153
Photo of Ashley Self, LCSW Associate , LCSWA
Ashley Self
LCSW Associate , LCSWA
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
If you have ever found yourself agonizing over a text message for hours or redoing your to-do list a million times (because it wasn’t just right), we’re probably a match made in therapy heaven! I specialize in working with girlies like you, who are caught in the perfectionism and overthinking whirlwind. You know, the ones who have ten different planners, three different highlighter colors, and a love-hate relationship with Pinterest-level expectations. Maybe that need for control impacts your relationship with food and how you view your body as well.
If you have ever found yourself agonizing over a text message for hours or redoing your to-do list a million times (because it wasn’t just right), we’re probably a match made in therapy heaven! I specialize in working with girlies like you, who are caught in the perfectionism and overthinking whirlwind. You know, the ones who have ten different planners, three different highlighter colors, and a love-hate relationship with Pinterest-level expectations. Maybe that need for control impacts your relationship with food and how you view your body as well.
(828) 523-8752 View (828) 523-8752
Photo of Bobby Fisher, Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHCS
Bobby Fisher
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHCS
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you feeling lost? Struggling to make changes in your life? Do you need encouragement and help? In 2014 I began Solid Foundations Counseling Center to bring hope and change to the lives of individuals, families and communities. I believe in treating people with dignity and respect regardless of background or struggle. You matter. I provide individual, couple, family and group counseling to children and adults. Areas I specialize in include mood disorders, ADHD, parenting skills, defiant behaviors, domestic violence, trauma, physical and sexual abuse and relationships.
Are you feeling lost? Struggling to make changes in your life? Do you need encouragement and help? In 2014 I began Solid Foundations Counseling Center to bring hope and change to the lives of individuals, families and communities. I believe in treating people with dignity and respect regardless of background or struggle. You matter. I provide individual, couple, family and group counseling to children and adults. Areas I specialize in include mood disorders, ADHD, parenting skills, defiant behaviors, domestic violence, trauma, physical and sexual abuse and relationships.
(704) 271-1109 View (704) 271-1109
Photo of Caleb Lantz Pusey, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MDiv, MA, LCMHC, CSIP, NCC
Caleb Lantz Pusey
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MDiv, MA, LCMHC, CSIP, NCC
Serves Area
I believe that you bring wisdom to the places of disorientation in your life. As a spiritually-integrated psychotherapist, my role is to help you nurture the conditions where you can reconnect with this wisdom. The primary condition for this reconnection is an authentic relationship with another person. At its best, therapy can help deepen self-awareness, awaken self-compassion, and broaden your capacity for meaningful relationships. My practice resonates for contemplative persons seeking an active partner in the work of reconnection and re-creation.
I believe that you bring wisdom to the places of disorientation in your life. As a spiritually-integrated psychotherapist, my role is to help you nurture the conditions where you can reconnect with this wisdom. The primary condition for this reconnection is an authentic relationship with another person. At its best, therapy can help deepen self-awareness, awaken self-compassion, and broaden your capacity for meaningful relationships. My practice resonates for contemplative persons seeking an active partner in the work of reconnection and re-creation.
(828) 332-5198 View (828) 332-5198
Photo of Andrew M Woods, Counselor, LCMHC, MA, EdS, MDiv, NCC
Andrew M Woods
Counselor, LCMHC, MA, EdS, MDiv, NCC
Online Only
An important element I bring into counseling is a holistic understanding of you and your system. Through this, we discover dynamic ways to affect the issues in which you desire to see positive and enduring change. Furthermore, I practice a balanced approach. One side of counseling is more hands-on advising that involves practical and effective life skills. On the other side, counselors are neutral collaborators that facilitate self-exploration, depth, and healing. Through scholarly research and personal practice, I strive to bring both elements into my counseling relationships to achieve quick and lasting systemic change.
An important element I bring into counseling is a holistic understanding of you and your system. Through this, we discover dynamic ways to affect the issues in which you desire to see positive and enduring change. Furthermore, I practice a balanced approach. One side of counseling is more hands-on advising that involves practical and effective life skills. On the other side, counselors are neutral collaborators that facilitate self-exploration, depth, and healing. Through scholarly research and personal practice, I strive to bring both elements into my counseling relationships to achieve quick and lasting systemic change.
(919) 404-7975 View (919) 404-7975

See more therapy options for Rutherfordton

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Rutherfordton, NC

20+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Rutherfordton, NC who prioritize treating:

86% Anxiety
81% Self Esteem
76% Depression
71% Coping Skills
67% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
62% Grief

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
82% BlueCross and BlueShield
65% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Rutherfordton, NC see their clients

81% In Person and Online
19% Online Only

Gender breakdown

63% Female
37% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Rutherfordton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.