Therapists in New Hope, Raleigh, NC

Photo of Brooke Alyssa Cerak, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Brooke Alyssa Cerak
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I'm passionate about helping young adults, women, and the LGBTQ community learn how to cope with life transitions, strengthen relationships, or manage symptoms of anxiety, depression, or OCD. I'm experienced in working with individuals, families, and couples and also clients aged 13 and up. I utilize several modalities in therapy, including Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
I'm passionate about helping young adults, women, and the LGBTQ community learn how to cope with life transitions, strengthen relationships, or manage symptoms of anxiety, depression, or OCD. I'm experienced in working with individuals, families, and couples and also clients aged 13 and up. I utilize several modalities in therapy, including Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
(919) 301-9674 View (919) 301-9674
Photo of Joe Domanski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWA
Joe Domanski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWA
Serves Area
Therapy that meets you where you are — with empathy, safety, and collaboration. Therapy can/should work for everyone when we create spaces grounded in safety, empathy, and growth. In our work together, we’ll focus on understanding your experiences, identifying your strengths, and building practical tools to help you feel more in control of your life. I work with clients navigating challenges such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship concerns, motivation, and goal setting. Whether you’re feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure of your next step, you don’t have to manage it alone. My role is to walk alongside you.
Therapy that meets you where you are — with empathy, safety, and collaboration. Therapy can/should work for everyone when we create spaces grounded in safety, empathy, and growth. In our work together, we’ll focus on understanding your experiences, identifying your strengths, and building practical tools to help you feel more in control of your life. I work with clients navigating challenges such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship concerns, motivation, and goal setting. Whether you’re feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure of your next step, you don’t have to manage it alone. My role is to walk alongside you.
(984) 538-9326 View (984) 538-9326
Photo of Morgan Jafari, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWA
Morgan Jafari
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWA
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
My priority as a therapist is to show you what therapy can and should be: safe, curious, non-judgmental, and client-driven. You are the expert in your life, and I am here to listen, inquire, and sit with you as you embark on cultivating a deeper sense of identity and belonging within yourself and the world. My aim is to help you feel comfortable within the discomfort true vulnerability can so often bring. The root of my work lies in a deep seated passion for discovering the value and depth of joy–no matter what you are bringing to the table.
My priority as a therapist is to show you what therapy can and should be: safe, curious, non-judgmental, and client-driven. You are the expert in your life, and I am here to listen, inquire, and sit with you as you embark on cultivating a deeper sense of identity and belonging within yourself and the world. My aim is to help you feel comfortable within the discomfort true vulnerability can so often bring. The root of my work lies in a deep seated passion for discovering the value and depth of joy–no matter what you are bringing to the table.
(919) 899-2828 View (919) 899-2828
Photo of Jessie T O'Neill, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Jessie T O'Neill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
Guaranteed response in 2 business days Are you looking for someone to help you make sense of your thoughts, experiences, and emotions? I’m here to support you by listening, validating your experiences, and offering thoughtful questions that may help you see things from a new perspective. I specialize in helping people work through difficult past experience, including trauma, family dynamics, attachment patterns, and challenges with self-compassion. My goal is to help you reach a place where you feel grounded, clear on what matters most to you, and equipped to handle life’s challenges with resilience.
Guaranteed response in 2 business days Are you looking for someone to help you make sense of your thoughts, experiences, and emotions? I’m here to support you by listening, validating your experiences, and offering thoughtful questions that may help you see things from a new perspective. I specialize in helping people work through difficult past experience, including trauma, family dynamics, attachment patterns, and challenges with self-compassion. My goal is to help you reach a place where you feel grounded, clear on what matters most to you, and equipped to handle life’s challenges with resilience.
(984) 400-5382 View (984) 400-5382
Photo of Jacqueline Angela Heiny - Lake Mary Counseling and LMC Debary, Counselor, MS, LMHC, CCTP, QS
Lake Mary Counseling and LMC Debary
Counselor, MS, LMHC, CCTP, QS
6 Endorsed
Serves Area
We specialize in working with all couples in improving communication with new tools that are practiced in sessions and at home. We have about 25 high skilled clinicians providing counseling and therapy and rebuilding trust. Increasing quality conversations and supporting your love languages. Intimacy gets increased and having a supporting partner that both share in the home duties and parenting. Relationships with family are improved and boundaries are respected. Lets enforce the good things in the relationship that are still there if we stop to pay attention to it.
We specialize in working with all couples in improving communication with new tools that are practiced in sessions and at home. We have about 25 high skilled clinicians providing counseling and therapy and rebuilding trust. Increasing quality conversations and supporting your love languages. Intimacy gets increased and having a supporting partner that both share in the home duties and parenting. Relationships with family are improved and boundaries are respected. Lets enforce the good things in the relationship that are still there if we stop to pay attention to it.
(689) 215-7495 View (689) 215-7495
Photo of Alicia Chambers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Alicia Chambers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
Therapy is your safe space, a place where you don't have to mask or perform. It is a space where you can show up as you are and express yourself in a way that you choose. My role as your therapist is to help you navigate with compassion and respect for your lived experience. In our work together, we'll move at your pace and work towards goals collaboratively. Thank you for trusting me with your process.
Therapy is your safe space, a place where you don't have to mask or perform. It is a space where you can show up as you are and express yourself in a way that you choose. My role as your therapist is to help you navigate with compassion and respect for your lived experience. In our work together, we'll move at your pace and work towards goals collaboratively. Thank you for trusting me with your process.
(980) 372-4858 View (980) 372-4858
Photo of Mackenzie Martin, Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, LCMHCA
Mackenzie Martin
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, LCMHCA
Serves Area
I would be honored to walk with you on your journey to growth, self-awareness, and positive change that you are seeking. Whether you are struggling with challenges pertaining to depression, anxiety, self-esteem, or ADHD, I am here to partner with you as you gain a deeper understanding of these challenges, explore healthier and more hopeful ways to cope, and grow closer to the person you want to become.
I would be honored to walk with you on your journey to growth, self-awareness, and positive change that you are seeking. Whether you are struggling with challenges pertaining to depression, anxiety, self-esteem, or ADHD, I am here to partner with you as you gain a deeper understanding of these challenges, explore healthier and more hopeful ways to cope, and grow closer to the person you want to become.
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Photo of Cam Sherman, Counselor, LCMHCA
Cam Sherman
Counselor, LCMHCA
Serves Area
Adolescence can feel overwhelming for both teens and their families. When anger, withdrawal, academic struggles, or constant conflict show up, it often signals that something deeper needs attention. My role is to help teens feel understood, challenged, and supported while helping parents regain clarity and confidence at home. I specialize in working with adolescent boys and young men who are stuck, frustrated, or resistant to help. I provide direct, practical therapy that builds emotional awareness, accountability, and real-life skills.
Adolescence can feel overwhelming for both teens and their families. When anger, withdrawal, academic struggles, or constant conflict show up, it often signals that something deeper needs attention. My role is to help teens feel understood, challenged, and supported while helping parents regain clarity and confidence at home. I specialize in working with adolescent boys and young men who are stuck, frustrated, or resistant to help. I provide direct, practical therapy that builds emotional awareness, accountability, and real-life skills.
(984) 985-2380 View (984) 985-2380
Photo of Rebecca Boyette Kayye, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Rebecca Boyette Kayye
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Serves Area
Do you feel life is out of balance, unfulfilling or incomplete? Do you struggle with change, even though you know life could be better? Be Well Oak City, PLLC offers individual psychotherapy to adults seeking positive change towards health and mental health wellness. "Be yourself. Everyone else is already taken." (Oscar Wilde) I will help you clarify your visions and values, set goals and overcome barriers. If you are seeking change in any area of your life, including mind-body connection, physical wellness, spirituality, personal and professional development and relationships and communication, I would be honored to work with you.
Do you feel life is out of balance, unfulfilling or incomplete? Do you struggle with change, even though you know life could be better? Be Well Oak City, PLLC offers individual psychotherapy to adults seeking positive change towards health and mental health wellness. "Be yourself. Everyone else is already taken." (Oscar Wilde) I will help you clarify your visions and values, set goals and overcome barriers. If you are seeking change in any area of your life, including mind-body connection, physical wellness, spirituality, personal and professional development and relationships and communication, I would be honored to work with you.
(919) 351-8755 View (919) 351-8755
Photo of Andrew N Burdette, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS, NCC
Andrew N Burdette
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS, NCC
6 Endorsed
Serves Area
There are moments when life no longer feels inhabitable—not just life, but the sense of being you. More than tired or stressed, it feels hollowed out by something deeper. Life stops making sense, and the self that once moved through it no longer fits. This is burnout at its deepest: not exhaustion, but identity collapse. It’s a disconnection from meaning, from yourself, from the world itself—as if nothing feels quite real anymore. A quiet fear sets in that something has gone terribly wrong. Many arrive here after a major life shift, trauma, or a spiritual awakening. This is known as a spiritual crisis or spiritual emergency.
There are moments when life no longer feels inhabitable—not just life, but the sense of being you. More than tired or stressed, it feels hollowed out by something deeper. Life stops making sense, and the self that once moved through it no longer fits. This is burnout at its deepest: not exhaustion, but identity collapse. It’s a disconnection from meaning, from yourself, from the world itself—as if nothing feels quite real anymore. A quiet fear sets in that something has gone terribly wrong. Many arrive here after a major life shift, trauma, or a spiritual awakening. This is known as a spiritual crisis or spiritual emergency.
(828) 383-8458 View (828) 383-8458
Photo of Ann Marie Sochia, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC, CHT, NLP
Ann Marie Sochia
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC, CHT, NLP
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
At Waves of Change, I assist clients in making the positive changes they want to make in themselves through the utilization of hypnosis, meditation, mindfulness, mental health counseling, and technology assisted relaxation practices. All of my services are offered in a confidential, safe, and serene environment. Some of the specific issues I help clients with are; smoking cessation, weight management, depression, pain management, and stress management to name a few. Please contact me to learn more about how I can help you achieve success in reaching your goals.
At Waves of Change, I assist clients in making the positive changes they want to make in themselves through the utilization of hypnosis, meditation, mindfulness, mental health counseling, and technology assisted relaxation practices. All of my services are offered in a confidential, safe, and serene environment. Some of the specific issues I help clients with are; smoking cessation, weight management, depression, pain management, and stress management to name a few. Please contact me to learn more about how I can help you achieve success in reaching your goals.
(919) 701-6473 View (919) 701-6473
Photo of Sarah Coleman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sarah Coleman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Experiencing a difficult time in your life? Feel like you have to keep things to yourself and face them alone? Navigating this world isn't easy and no matter what we've been told, it doesn't make us stronger when we ignore how we feel. It takes strength and determination to acknowledge those feelings and take action.
Experiencing a difficult time in your life? Feel like you have to keep things to yourself and face them alone? Navigating this world isn't easy and no matter what we've been told, it doesn't make us stronger when we ignore how we feel. It takes strength and determination to acknowledge those feelings and take action.
(984) 254-7721 View (984) 254-7721
Photo of DeAngelo Brooks - Triumph Therapeutic Services PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Triumph Therapeutic Services PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Serves Area
Many of my clients feel overwhelmed by worry about their future and uncertainty about where they “should” be in life. They may struggle with depression connected to life transitions, relationship stress, or lingering effects of past experiences. Often, they feel stuck in negative thought patterns, self-doubt, or behaviors that no longer serve them, and they want clarity, direction, and emotional steadiness.
Many of my clients feel overwhelmed by worry about their future and uncertainty about where they “should” be in life. They may struggle with depression connected to life transitions, relationship stress, or lingering effects of past experiences. Often, they feel stuck in negative thought patterns, self-doubt, or behaviors that no longer serve them, and they want clarity, direction, and emotional steadiness.
(704) 368-4354 View (704) 368-4354
Photo of Bradford Hill, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, MEd
Bradford Hill
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, MEd
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
As a therapist, I feel the most genuine offering I can provide is a non judgmental, culturally mindful approach that connects with you as the client wherever you are in your individual journey. I believe in using the strengths that you already have to serve as the foundation of where we will go. I show up in every session with the intent of connecting from a place of authenticity, empathy, and mindfulness.
As a therapist, I feel the most genuine offering I can provide is a non judgmental, culturally mindful approach that connects with you as the client wherever you are in your individual journey. I believe in using the strengths that you already have to serve as the foundation of where we will go. I show up in every session with the intent of connecting from a place of authenticity, empathy, and mindfulness.
(984) 538-7766 View (984) 538-7766
Photo of Abby Nardo, Psychologist, PhD, HSP-P
Abby Nardo
Psychologist, PhD, HSP-P
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I use a collaborative, hands on approach to help clients become more productive and content at school, work, home, and in relationships. I use my strong background in assessment to help clients to understand how their learning style (both strengths and weaknesses) impacts their ability to succeed. I also enjoy working with college students and adults, offering psychological assessments and ADD/ADHD coaching. My approach to coaching clients with ADD/ADHD is a non-judgmental, practical approach. I I help clients create natural, sustainable change that will decrease their stress (and stress of those around them).
I use a collaborative, hands on approach to help clients become more productive and content at school, work, home, and in relationships. I use my strong background in assessment to help clients to understand how their learning style (both strengths and weaknesses) impacts their ability to succeed. I also enjoy working with college students and adults, offering psychological assessments and ADD/ADHD coaching. My approach to coaching clients with ADD/ADHD is a non-judgmental, practical approach. I I help clients create natural, sustainable change that will decrease their stress (and stress of those around them).
(919) 275-2145 View (919) 275-2145
Photo of Katherine Long - Finding Peace, PLLC, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC
Finding Peace, PLLC
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you isolating from others, judging yourself, putting others’ needs before your own, or feeling a lack of purpose/hope for the future? Feeling stuck, anxious, hopeless, irritable, moody? Do you experience low self-esteem, a loss of interest in activities/people, strained relationships with others, a sense of grief of the old version of yourself? Are you keeping yourself busy so you don’t have to think about the state of your life? Or doing the opposite – can’t getting out of bed because your life is not what you imagined?
Are you isolating from others, judging yourself, putting others’ needs before your own, or feeling a lack of purpose/hope for the future? Feeling stuck, anxious, hopeless, irritable, moody? Do you experience low self-esteem, a loss of interest in activities/people, strained relationships with others, a sense of grief of the old version of yourself? Are you keeping yourself busy so you don’t have to think about the state of your life? Or doing the opposite – can’t getting out of bed because your life is not what you imagined?
(919) 873-3832 View (919) 873-3832
Photo of Haylee Allen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAS, CCS, CPS-R
Haylee Allen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAS, CCS, CPS-R
Serves Area
With experience in various roles from therapist, prevention specialist, and program director I enjoy helping young children, teenagers, and adults achieve balance in everyday living. My expertise include mental health therapy, chemical dependency counseling, curriculum development and instruction, care management, and substance misuse prevention and education. I have experience working with youth and adults in various settings from the foster care environment, outpatient and inpatient treatment centers, to private practice.
With experience in various roles from therapist, prevention specialist, and program director I enjoy helping young children, teenagers, and adults achieve balance in everyday living. My expertise include mental health therapy, chemical dependency counseling, curriculum development and instruction, care management, and substance misuse prevention and education. I have experience working with youth and adults in various settings from the foster care environment, outpatient and inpatient treatment centers, to private practice.
(910) 541-9948 View (910) 541-9948
Photo of Alexis Schulman, Counselor, MS, LCMHC
Alexis Schulman
Counselor, MS, LCMHC
Serves Area
You may be a parent feeling overwhelmed by your child’s anxiety, big emotions, or ADHD - and unsure how to help without things escalating at home. Or you may be a child or teen who feels stuck in worry, easily frustrated, or misunderstood. You want things to feel calmer, more connected, and more manageable, but you’re tired of trying strategies that don’t seem to stick. You’re looking for support that feels understanding, thoughtful, and practical - not rushed or overwhelming.
You may be a parent feeling overwhelmed by your child’s anxiety, big emotions, or ADHD - and unsure how to help without things escalating at home. Or you may be a child or teen who feels stuck in worry, easily frustrated, or misunderstood. You want things to feel calmer, more connected, and more manageable, but you’re tired of trying strategies that don’t seem to stick. You’re looking for support that feels understanding, thoughtful, and practical - not rushed or overwhelming.
(919) 635-4286 View (919) 635-4286
Photo of Nanette Floyd Patterson - The Seed Planter Coaching & Counseling PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC
The Seed Planter Coaching & Counseling PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC
Serves Area
We provide Christian Therapy and are committed to providing a non-judgmental and safe space for women and teen girls navigating life’s toughest transitions. Whether you’re facing depression, anxiety, ADHD, grief, divorce, or father abandonment issues, we understand the deep emotional impact these experiences can have. Our goal is to walk alongside you with compassion, offering Christ-centered, therapeutic support as you work through these challenges. Together, we’ll address your needs, focus on healing, and create a path toward greater peace, confidence, and purpose.
We provide Christian Therapy and are committed to providing a non-judgmental and safe space for women and teen girls navigating life’s toughest transitions. Whether you’re facing depression, anxiety, ADHD, grief, divorce, or father abandonment issues, we understand the deep emotional impact these experiences can have. Our goal is to walk alongside you with compassion, offering Christ-centered, therapeutic support as you work through these challenges. Together, we’ll address your needs, focus on healing, and create a path toward greater peace, confidence, and purpose.
(984) 983-5649 View (984) 983-5649
Photo of Candice Mortensen, Counselor, CMHC, MA
Candice Mortensen
Counselor, CMHC, MA
Serves Area
Candice understands that developing and maintaining healthy relationships can be difficult, especially when having experienced relational trauma in the past. She helps, adults, teens and children alike work through emotional, behavioral, and social challenges in order to be able to feel safe in relationships. She brings a compassionate and kind atmosphere that helps people feel comfortable to open up, reprocess disturbing memories, and increase self-esteem. She strives to create hope and healing.
Candice understands that developing and maintaining healthy relationships can be difficult, especially when having experienced relational trauma in the past. She helps, adults, teens and children alike work through emotional, behavioral, and social challenges in order to be able to feel safe in relationships. She brings a compassionate and kind atmosphere that helps people feel comfortable to open up, reprocess disturbing memories, and increase self-esteem. She strives to create hope and healing.
(385) 324-6004 View (385) 324-6004

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New Hope, Raleigh, NC

100+

Average cost per session

$149

Therapists in New Hope, Raleigh, NC who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
83% Depression
82% Self Esteem
79% Stress
71% Relationship Issues
62% Trauma and PTSD
58% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

94% Aetna
88% BlueCross and BlueShield
61% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in New Hope, Raleigh, NC see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New Hope, Raleigh?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.