Therapists in Minneapolis, NC

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Check out therapists located nearby or offering teletherapy in North Carolina below.

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Photo of Craig B McKinney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, NC
Craig B McKinney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Newland, NC 28657
***NOW ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS**** I am a licensed clinical social worker with 20 years in the field with experience treating a wide range of psychological issues. I have experience working with people of all ages including college students . I enjoy helping those who are experiencing anxiety, depression, and trauma. Additionally, I have enjoyed working with people experiencing the more severe symptoms of mental health so that they may live a more stable and fulfilling life. I am located in Boone NC but can offer Telehealth services to those in need anywhere in North Carolina
***NOW ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS**** I am a licensed clinical social worker with 20 years in the field with experience treating a wide range of psychological issues. I have experience working with people of all ages including college students . I enjoy helping those who are experiencing anxiety, depression, and trauma. Additionally, I have enjoyed working with people experiencing the more severe symptoms of mental health so that they may live a more stable and fulfilling life. I am located in Boone NC but can offer Telehealth services to those in need anywhere in North Carolina
(828) 268-3692 View (828) 268-3692
Photo of Mountain Lotus Therapy Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in Minneapolis, NC
Mountain Lotus Therapy Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCAS, CSI
Verified Verified
Newland, NC 28657
** Christian Counseling ** My professional experience has been working with adolescents, college students, adults, working on various issues, and wanting someone to help them in the journey. No one lives life without going through something that makes them question whether they can work through it on their own. This is the very place God has for us to come to him and his strength. I have personally experienced a few of these, and have been given a calling for helping others in theirs. My practice aims to shine light on the purpose we have on this earth, and walking with you to uncover the roots of why you struggle.
** Christian Counseling ** My professional experience has been working with adolescents, college students, adults, working on various issues, and wanting someone to help them in the journey. No one lives life without going through something that makes them question whether they can work through it on their own. This is the very place God has for us to come to him and his strength. I have personally experienced a few of these, and have been given a calling for helping others in theirs. My practice aims to shine light on the purpose we have on this earth, and walking with you to uncover the roots of why you struggle.
(828) 457-8757 View (828) 457-8757
Photo of Justina Janda, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Minneapolis, NC
Justina Janda
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, NCC, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Linville, NC 28646  (Online Only)
Life can be challenging for all of us. Stress, anxiety, and depression in these times are common, and you are not alone. Maybe you are looking for happiness, peace, and stability, but don't know where to start. Or maybe you just want to have a safe space to explore who you really are at your core, and find the sources of meaning and purpose in your life. All humans have an amazing ability to grow and change, and sometimes our struggles are just here to give us a push forward into new horizons. As a therapist, I see myself as someone who helps to facilitate that growth in others.
Life can be challenging for all of us. Stress, anxiety, and depression in these times are common, and you are not alone. Maybe you are looking for happiness, peace, and stability, but don't know where to start. Or maybe you just want to have a safe space to explore who you really are at your core, and find the sources of meaning and purpose in your life. All humans have an amazing ability to grow and change, and sometimes our struggles are just here to give us a push forward into new horizons. As a therapist, I see myself as someone who helps to facilitate that growth in others.
(828) 457-8239 View (828) 457-8239
Photo of Crossnore Communities for Children in Minneapolis, NC
Crossnore Communities for Children
Verified Verified
Newland, NC 28657
Crossnore Communities for Children offers services to outpatient clients utilizing a trauma-informed model of care. We provide each client with a complete clinical assessment to ensure they receive personalized services and the best care for their needs. Our clients work with a therapist in a consistent, structured, and collaborative environment that promotes growth and healing.
Crossnore Communities for Children offers services to outpatient clients utilizing a trauma-informed model of care. We provide each client with a complete clinical assessment to ensure they receive personalized services and the best care for their needs. Our clients work with a therapist in a consistent, structured, and collaborative environment that promotes growth and healing.
(336) 276-0429 View (336) 276-0429
Photo of Melissa R. Parlier, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, NC
Melissa R. Parlier, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Newland, NC 28657
Waitlist for new clients
Are you struggling with depression or anxiety? Are you having difficulty bouncing back after a traumatic experience? Are you having difficulties in a relationship? I can help! I am a licensed marriage and family therapist with over 20 years of experience providing trauma-informed services to children, adults, families, and couples. Areas of specialization include: anxiety and mood disorders, PTSD, grief and loss, child/adolescent behavior problems, adjustment and phase of life issues, and interpersonal relationship problems.
Are you struggling with depression or anxiety? Are you having difficulty bouncing back after a traumatic experience? Are you having difficulties in a relationship? I can help! I am a licensed marriage and family therapist with over 20 years of experience providing trauma-informed services to children, adults, families, and couples. Areas of specialization include: anxiety and mood disorders, PTSD, grief and loss, child/adolescent behavior problems, adjustment and phase of life issues, and interpersonal relationship problems.
(828) 394-4320 View (828) 394-4320
Photo of Bettie McKemie Hill, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, NC
Bettie McKemie Hill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Linville, NC 28646
I love working with people who are taking steps to better understand themselves and how they relate to the world around them. I work with children, teens, adults and families who are looking to realize their full potential and confront challenges in doing so. I specialize in working with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, trauma, family conflict, life transitions, academic struggles, work-life balance and relationships. I love working with children and parents to support empathy building in family relationships.
I love working with people who are taking steps to better understand themselves and how they relate to the world around them. I work with children, teens, adults and families who are looking to realize their full potential and confront challenges in doing so. I specialize in working with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, trauma, family conflict, life transitions, academic struggles, work-life balance and relationships. I love working with children and parents to support empathy building in family relationships.
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Photo of Paul Joseph Daoust, Licensed Professional Counselor in Minneapolis, NC
Paul Joseph Daoust
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LCMHCS, LCAS, CCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Elk Park, NC 28622
I work with children, adolescents and adults of all genders and am licensed to treat both mental health and substance use disorders. My focus is on whole person care, which takes into account factors about a person's biology, psychology and social context. When a person becomes more aware of themselves and others, it can often facilitate personal growths. I offer an emotionally safe atmosphere to assist clients in processing without fear of judgement.
I work with children, adolescents and adults of all genders and am licensed to treat both mental health and substance use disorders. My focus is on whole person care, which takes into account factors about a person's biology, psychology and social context. When a person becomes more aware of themselves and others, it can often facilitate personal growths. I offer an emotionally safe atmosphere to assist clients in processing without fear of judgement.
(828) 471-4714 View (828) 471-4714
Photo of Peter A Paglen, Licensed Professional Counselor in Minneapolis, NC
Peter A Paglen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LCMHCQS
Verified Verified
Newland, NC 28657
Waitlist for new clients
Do you have something on your mind? There are times when we all have thoughts running through our minds. Thoughts related to family, friends, relationships, school, love, spirituality, money, work, or happiness. Sometimes they are memories from your past that you're unable to let go. Maybe you can't sleep, maybe you can't eat. Maybe you have lost your purpose, who you are, what you're doing or why. It could be big, or just a small thing you want to let go. These situations can slow you down and pull your life to a stop.
Do you have something on your mind? There are times when we all have thoughts running through our minds. Thoughts related to family, friends, relationships, school, love, spirituality, money, work, or happiness. Sometimes they are memories from your past that you're unable to let go. Maybe you can't sleep, maybe you can't eat. Maybe you have lost your purpose, who you are, what you're doing or why. It could be big, or just a small thing you want to let go. These situations can slow you down and pull your life to a stop.
(828) 457-8331 View (828) 457-8331
Photo of Taylor Gabriel, Counselor in Minneapolis, NC
Taylor Gabriel
Counselor, MA, NCC, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
Newland, NC 28657  (Online Only)
I truly enjoy working with a range of clients. Some of my specialties include ADHD management, anxiety, grief, improving self-esteem, increasing self compassion, working with those wanting practical tools to apply to their life, and working with those wanting to shift out of unhealthy beliefs and patterns. I use several types a therapy to process and resolve trauma, past relationships, difficult life events, ect. I am not a couples therapist but I enjoy working on the individual level to create healthy relationships, learning communication tools, healing attachment wounds and developing secure attachments.
I truly enjoy working with a range of clients. Some of my specialties include ADHD management, anxiety, grief, improving self-esteem, increasing self compassion, working with those wanting practical tools to apply to their life, and working with those wanting to shift out of unhealthy beliefs and patterns. I use several types a therapy to process and resolve trauma, past relationships, difficult life events, ect. I am not a couples therapist but I enjoy working on the individual level to create healthy relationships, learning communication tools, healing attachment wounds and developing secure attachments.
(828) 818-8430 View (828) 818-8430
Photo of Gene Gee, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, NC
Gene Gee
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Banner Elk, NC 28604
Not accepting new clients
I work with adults, adolescents, couples, and families to develop an understanding of ourselves and how we are influenced by events, relationships, and expectations. With this knowledge, we can explore past experiences and current stressors to identify how they impact us directly. Together, we can develop an understanding of life that provides opportunities for change and growth.
I work with adults, adolescents, couples, and families to develop an understanding of ourselves and how we are influenced by events, relationships, and expectations. With this knowledge, we can explore past experiences and current stressors to identify how they impact us directly. Together, we can develop an understanding of life that provides opportunities for change and growth.
(828) 457-8227 View (828) 457-8227
Photo of Jody R Gardner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, NC
Jody R Gardner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Newland, NC 28657
I am a graduate of Appalachian State University with a Master of Arts in Marriage and Family Therapy, and have been practicing for the past thirteen years. I specialize in work with individuals, couples, families and teens, and have a focus in systems theory and narrative therapy. I prefer to work in collaboration with my clients to use the expertise that they have in their own lives to help find strategies that can help them build the life that they want.
I am a graduate of Appalachian State University with a Master of Arts in Marriage and Family Therapy, and have been practicing for the past thirteen years. I specialize in work with individuals, couples, families and teens, and have a focus in systems theory and narrative therapy. I prefer to work in collaboration with my clients to use the expertise that they have in their own lives to help find strategies that can help them build the life that they want.
(828) 358-1737 View (828) 358-1737
Photo of Margaret Kirk, Counselor in Minneapolis, NC
Margaret Kirk
Counselor, LCMHCA, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Banner Elk, NC 28604
Not accepting new clients
If you're here, it's likely that you're concerned about your child's ability to handle big feelings and life situations. Maybe you've noticed that they are spending a lot of time worrying, having trouble with friends, or perhaps are acting out at school. As a counselor, I'm here to support your child in finding their own path towards self-discovery and growth. My approach is centered on the power of play, which I believe is one of the most important tools for supporting children in their journey towards emotional well-being.
If you're here, it's likely that you're concerned about your child's ability to handle big feelings and life situations. Maybe you've noticed that they are spending a lot of time worrying, having trouble with friends, or perhaps are acting out at school. As a counselor, I'm here to support your child in finding their own path towards self-discovery and growth. My approach is centered on the power of play, which I believe is one of the most important tools for supporting children in their journey towards emotional well-being.
(828) 900-1952 View (828) 900-1952
Photo of Kelly Rodrigues, Counselor in Minneapolis, NC
Kelly Rodrigues
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Banner Elk, NC 28604
I have been working with families for over 10 years. My work has taken me from the beautiful Blue Ridge Mountains to as far as the California coast. Throughout my practice I have worked with children, adolescents and adult clients on a variety of issues including PTSD, depression, anxiety, adjustment to life changes, anger & behavior management, as well as development of parenting skills amongst others. I firmly believe that utilizing empathy, unconditional positive regard and genuineness, combined with effective coping skills is the best way to help my clients meet their goals.
I have been working with families for over 10 years. My work has taken me from the beautiful Blue Ridge Mountains to as far as the California coast. Throughout my practice I have worked with children, adolescents and adult clients on a variety of issues including PTSD, depression, anxiety, adjustment to life changes, anger & behavior management, as well as development of parenting skills amongst others. I firmly believe that utilizing empathy, unconditional positive regard and genuineness, combined with effective coping skills is the best way to help my clients meet their goals.
(828) 268-3592 View (828) 268-3592
Photo of Better Days and Nights, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Minneapolis, NC
Better Days and Nights, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC, LCSW, LCMHCA, LCSWA
Verified Verified
Newland, NC 28657
Waitlist for new clients
We are a group practice, we take many different insurances, and file your claims for you. Our therapists will work with you to help find understanding, a solution or a change for you or your situation. Counseling/Therapy is based on you and your situation alone. Everyone is different and everyone's situation is different, so we will create an individual plan for you and your specific concerns. There is no use of a template or generalized formula. The therapeutic formula we decide on will come from you and your concerns. The counseling experience will be unique to you and your situation.
We are a group practice, we take many different insurances, and file your claims for you. Our therapists will work with you to help find understanding, a solution or a change for you or your situation. Counseling/Therapy is based on you and your situation alone. Everyone is different and everyone's situation is different, so we will create an individual plan for you and your specific concerns. There is no use of a template or generalized formula. The therapeutic formula we decide on will come from you and your concerns. The counseling experience will be unique to you and your situation.
(828) 266-0407 View (828) 266-0407
Photo of Madeline Cohen, Counselor in Minneapolis, NC
Madeline Cohen
Counselor, MA, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Newland, NC 28657  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients! Welcome, and congratulations on taking the first step to attending counseling! I strive to hold a safe and authentic space for my clients where they can feel supported. My passion is working with college students, young adults, and adults who are experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, major life changes, relationship concerns, and more. I discovered this passion during my time working with college students at Appalachian State Counseling and Psychological Services. Making changes can be scary, but together we can break down these barriers so you can live your ideal life.
Accepting new clients! Welcome, and congratulations on taking the first step to attending counseling! I strive to hold a safe and authentic space for my clients where they can feel supported. My passion is working with college students, young adults, and adults who are experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, major life changes, relationship concerns, and more. I discovered this passion during my time working with college students at Appalachian State Counseling and Psychological Services. Making changes can be scary, but together we can break down these barriers so you can live your ideal life.
(704) 610-5946 View (704) 610-5946
Photo of Christine Halterman, Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate in Minneapolis, NC
Christine Halterman
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MA, LCMHC-A, NCC
Verified Verified
Banner Elk, NC 28604
I am a therapist that believes in change, that each individual has the ability to self-heal, but sometimes needs some support to do so. Navigating our world and lives can be hard, and you don’t have to go through it alone. My role as your therapist (or your child's) is to act as a supportive agent, where we work collaboratively to achieve the goals you set for yourself. You would be encouraged to express your own experience through activities, verbalizations, or a combination that feels best to you in a safe space. I do my best to make sure everyone who comes into my office feels accepted as themselves, with no judgement whatsoever.
I am a therapist that believes in change, that each individual has the ability to self-heal, but sometimes needs some support to do so. Navigating our world and lives can be hard, and you don’t have to go through it alone. My role as your therapist (or your child's) is to act as a supportive agent, where we work collaboratively to achieve the goals you set for yourself. You would be encouraged to express your own experience through activities, verbalizations, or a combination that feels best to you in a safe space. I do my best to make sure everyone who comes into my office feels accepted as themselves, with no judgement whatsoever.
(828) 202-7938 View (828) 202-7938
Photo of Sue Vannoy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, NC
Sue Vannoy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LCAS
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Newland, NC 28657
Not accepting new clients
**CURRENTLY NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS** I work with with students, adults, couples, and families looking to change the things that aren't working by identifying the patterns that are creating problems in your life. I believe we all possess the ability to change our circumstances. But life happens and sometimes we can get so tangled up in our circumstances that we can't find the way out and need a little extra guidance.
**CURRENTLY NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS** I work with with students, adults, couples, and families looking to change the things that aren't working by identifying the patterns that are creating problems in your life. I believe we all possess the ability to change our circumstances. But life happens and sometimes we can get so tangled up in our circumstances that we can't find the way out and need a little extra guidance.
(828) 559-9800 View (828) 559-9800
Photo of Elizabeth Clay Doxey, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Minneapolis, NC
Elizabeth Clay Doxey
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS, CCS, MAC
Verified Verified
Bakersville, NC 28705
Looking for an experienced, confidential therapist to begin with to help with anxiety or depression? Are you tired of trying to get through life without serenity and purpose? Are financial worries, addiction issues, or problems about how you look bothering you? I have 23 years in the field of mental health and substance abuse, and I would love to work with you. Confidentially. For only $77 a session, and NO information will go to your insurance company. That's important, because if you use your insurance with mental health or addictions, information IS recorded on your insurance record, including your diagnosis.
Looking for an experienced, confidential therapist to begin with to help with anxiety or depression? Are you tired of trying to get through life without serenity and purpose? Are financial worries, addiction issues, or problems about how you look bothering you? I have 23 years in the field of mental health and substance abuse, and I would love to work with you. Confidentially. For only $77 a session, and NO information will go to your insurance company. That's important, because if you use your insurance with mental health or addictions, information IS recorded on your insurance record, including your diagnosis.
(910) 716-4181 View (910) 716-4181

Online Therapists

Photo of Nancy Le, Counselor in Minneapolis, NC
Nancy Le
Counselor, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Charlotte, NC 28204
Welcome. I am glad you are here. As a person who was raised by POW survivors and refugees, I know intimately how trauma can be woven into the fabric of one’s history. I know first hand the hardship of coming face to face with the questions of “how do we live on in the wake of loss and/or betrayal?” and more importantly, “how can we begin to laugh again?”. The fact that you have found yourself here on this page tells me that you have already taken that first step beyond survival and towards deeper living.
Welcome. I am glad you are here. As a person who was raised by POW survivors and refugees, I know intimately how trauma can be woven into the fabric of one’s history. I know first hand the hardship of coming face to face with the questions of “how do we live on in the wake of loss and/or betrayal?” and more importantly, “how can we begin to laugh again?”. The fact that you have found yourself here on this page tells me that you have already taken that first step beyond survival and towards deeper living.
(704) 736-3402 View (704) 736-3402
Photo of Taylor Cummins(Vinson), Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Minneapolis, NC
Taylor Cummins(Vinson)
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Charlotte, NC 28210
My name is Taylor Cummins Vinson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC, NCC) with six years of clinical experience. My counseling experience includes outpatient counseling for clients who have experienced recent trauma, experienced domestic violence, or have been diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. I typically utilize Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Dialectical (DBT), and Client-Centered Therapy during sessions and create an environment of positive regard and empathy. I believe goal setting is a collaborative process between the therapist and the client.
My name is Taylor Cummins Vinson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC, NCC) with six years of clinical experience. My counseling experience includes outpatient counseling for clients who have experienced recent trauma, experienced domestic violence, or have been diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. I typically utilize Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Dialectical (DBT), and Client-Centered Therapy during sessions and create an environment of positive regard and empathy. I believe goal setting is a collaborative process between the therapist and the client.
(704) 610-6259 View (704) 610-6259

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Minneapolis, NC

< 10

Therapists in Minneapolis, NC who prioritize treating:

How Therapists in Minneapolis, NC see their clients

2% Online Only
1% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Minneapolis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.