Therapists in Indian Beach, NC

Photo of David J Ellis - Headway, LMHCS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Headway
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHCS
Verified Verified
Indian Beach, NC 28512  (Online Only)
David J. Ellis, LCMHCS, LCAS, a seasoned Clinical Therapist and Counselor Educator, brings over four decades of experience to the field. Holding licenses as a Clinical Mental Health Supervisor and Clinical Addiction Specialist, he possesses an Education Specialist in Counselor Education, showcasing a commitment to ongoing education. His academic journey includes a Master of Arts in Counseling from Pepperdine University, Master of Education from Antioch University, and specialized training from the University of Bridgeport.
David J. Ellis, LCMHCS, LCAS, a seasoned Clinical Therapist and Counselor Educator, brings over four decades of experience to the field. Holding licenses as a Clinical Mental Health Supervisor and Clinical Addiction Specialist, he possesses an Education Specialist in Counselor Education, showcasing a commitment to ongoing education. His academic journey includes a Master of Arts in Counseling from Pepperdine University, Master of Education from Antioch University, and specialized training from the University of Bridgeport.
(252) 365-4197 View (252) 365-4197

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Mary F Summerlin - Brighter Life Counseling, PLLC, NCC, LPC, LCAS, CCMC, DBTC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brighter Life Counseling, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC, LCAS, CCMC, DBTC
Verified Verified
Newport, NC 28570
Life can be very difficult at times, and I want to help. I have had the opportunity to train in a variety of therapeutic modalities, making me uniquely qualified to utilize the interventions that are most appropriate for each of my clients. In order to determine the most appropriate form of treatment, I collaborate with each of my clients to determine the issues they would like to address and the goals they would like to achieve. We are then in a better position to determine the most efficacious treatment modality.
Life can be very difficult at times, and I want to help. I have had the opportunity to train in a variety of therapeutic modalities, making me uniquely qualified to utilize the interventions that are most appropriate for each of my clients. In order to determine the most appropriate form of treatment, I collaborate with each of my clients to determine the issues they would like to address and the goals they would like to achieve. We are then in a better position to determine the most efficacious treatment modality.
(910) 378-3685 View (910) 378-3685
Photo of Sarah J Oneal - Real Talk Counseling Services, PLLC, MS, LCMHC-A, Pre-Licensed Professional
Real Talk Counseling Services, PLLC
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LCMHC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Morehead City, NC 28557
I am pursuing full licensure as a mental health counselor. I offer a place to come and sit and be yourself. Where you are, is important to me. I aim to meet you where you are in your walk of life. I have lived a lot of life and have personal experiences that drove me and inspired me to become the counselor I am today. You want freedom and peace, and it is all within you. My mission and passion is to help you find that, and to be able to give yourself permission to keep going. Don't Give up on you!
I am pursuing full licensure as a mental health counselor. I offer a place to come and sit and be yourself. Where you are, is important to me. I aim to meet you where you are in your walk of life. I have lived a lot of life and have personal experiences that drove me and inspired me to become the counselor I am today. You want freedom and peace, and it is all within you. My mission and passion is to help you find that, and to be able to give yourself permission to keep going. Don't Give up on you!
(252) 460-4526 View (252) 460-4526
Photo of Deb Bragg, MS, LMFT, LPN, Marriage & Family Therapist
Deb Bragg
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, LPN
Verified Verified
Morehead City, NC 28557  (Online Only)
Making the decision to begin therapy is a healthy and courageous act that brings with it the potential for growth and healing. As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist I will work with you to provide confidential and caring services. I have a passion to help individuals, couples and families overcome challenges, grow in their relationships and find meaning and purpose in life. I feel it is important to "meet each client where they are" in their journey.
Making the decision to begin therapy is a healthy and courageous act that brings with it the potential for growth and healing. As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist I will work with you to provide confidential and caring services. I have a passion to help individuals, couples and families overcome challenges, grow in their relationships and find meaning and purpose in life. I feel it is important to "meet each client where they are" in their journey.
(910) 537-3143 View (910) 537-3143
Photo of Alicia Gouge, LCMHC, NCC, MEd
Alicia Gouge
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, NCC, MEd
Verified Verified
Morehead City, NC 28557
Not accepting new clients
Alicia is a NC Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor and a Nationally Certified Counselor serving in Carteret County, North Carolina.  She serves teens, adults, and couples through professional, evidence-based counseling.
Alicia is a NC Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor and a Nationally Certified Counselor serving in Carteret County, North Carolina.  She serves teens, adults, and couples through professional, evidence-based counseling.
(252) 256-9912 View (252) 256-9912
Photo of Lisa Boyette, MS, LCMHCA
Lisa Boyette
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MS, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Morehead City, NC 28557
Life can seem overwhelming at times. Are you going through a major life transition? Do you wrestle with anxiety, fear or depression? Have you been through a recent loss, illness or family conflict? Feelings of sadness, anxiety and fear can be both physically and emotionally exhausting and leave us feeling like we cannot move forward. I can provide you with strategies, tools and healthy coping skills to help you process your loss and manage your anxiety and fears.
Life can seem overwhelming at times. Are you going through a major life transition? Do you wrestle with anxiety, fear or depression? Have you been through a recent loss, illness or family conflict? Feelings of sadness, anxiety and fear can be both physically and emotionally exhausting and leave us feeling like we cannot move forward. I can provide you with strategies, tools and healthy coping skills to help you process your loss and manage your anxiety and fears.
(252) 650-5634 View (252) 650-5634
Photo of Jennifer Tremblay Pettee, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Tremblay Pettee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Morehead City, NC 28557  (Online Only)
Overwhelmed? We can be overwhelmed by many things; work/family demands, grief, romantic relationships, health, traumatic events, and so on. Sometimes, even when we feel like we SHOULD be happy, we are not. At Bonne Journée PLLC, I take a "Big Picture" approach to help empower clients to sort out what is meaningful and helpful in their lives.
Overwhelmed? We can be overwhelmed by many things; work/family demands, grief, romantic relationships, health, traumatic events, and so on. Sometimes, even when we feel like we SHOULD be happy, we are not. At Bonne Journée PLLC, I take a "Big Picture" approach to help empower clients to sort out what is meaningful and helpful in their lives.
(252) 542-2160 View (252) 542-2160
Photo of Meaghan Gregg, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Meaghan Gregg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Morehead City, NC 28557  (Online Only)
Your marriage stopped being equal a while ago. You’re not sure when, but it isn’t what you wanted. You don’t know what to do – your girlfriends are tired of hearing it, your sister is pressuring you, you can't even tell your mom and dad, they love your spouse. But this isn’t working and you need space to talk about it. After years of being together, you’re realizing you need more from your relationship. It’s turning into something you don’t want – suffocating, loveless, resentful, we could go on. Your spouse is no longer your person, and although you don’t know if you can stay, you don’t know if you’re ready to go.
Your marriage stopped being equal a while ago. You’re not sure when, but it isn’t what you wanted. You don’t know what to do – your girlfriends are tired of hearing it, your sister is pressuring you, you can't even tell your mom and dad, they love your spouse. But this isn’t working and you need space to talk about it. After years of being together, you’re realizing you need more from your relationship. It’s turning into something you don’t want – suffocating, loveless, resentful, we could go on. Your spouse is no longer your person, and although you don’t know if you can stay, you don’t know if you’re ready to go.
(252) 512-5098 View (252) 512-5098
Photo of Stephanie R Wetherington, MSW, LCSW, LCAS, CCS, LCMHCQS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stephanie R Wetherington
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAS, CCS, LCMHCQS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Morehead City, NC 28557
Not accepting new clients
Our world has changed over the past few years and it continues to be a very stressful time for us all. I would love to chat with you to see if I may be a good fit to help you navigate your own personal journey. I have had many experiences in my life that have led me into the field of mental health and substance use. I believe that there is a biological, psychological, and spiritual part of every human being and, oftentimes, these are out of balance. It is my honor to be able to assist you in finding that balance and to help you build your life worth living. I have been in practice for since 2009 and am licensed in NC & VA.
Our world has changed over the past few years and it continues to be a very stressful time for us all. I would love to chat with you to see if I may be a good fit to help you navigate your own personal journey. I have had many experiences in my life that have led me into the field of mental health and substance use. I believe that there is a biological, psychological, and spiritual part of every human being and, oftentimes, these are out of balance. It is my honor to be able to assist you in finding that balance and to help you build your life worth living. I have been in practice for since 2009 and am licensed in NC & VA.
(252) 299-5318 View (252) 299-5318
Photo of Noella N. S Dowers, MS, CHAD, LCMHC, CCTP
Noella N. S Dowers
MS, CHAD, LCMHC, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Morehead City, NC 28557
Counseling for children, adolescents, adults, & couples. Professional, confidential support for Children, Adolescents and Adults, Families and Couples. If you are struggling with relationship challenges, depression, anxiety, parenting, issues at work or difficulty figuring out where you fit in. Does your child have behavior challenges? socialization struggles? Are you experiencing loss of a loved one or a broken relationship? Past traumatic event making life seem unbearable therapy provides you someone who will listen, offer guidance, and offer support as you learn new coping strategies and gain insight.
Counseling for children, adolescents, adults, & couples. Professional, confidential support for Children, Adolescents and Adults, Families and Couples. If you are struggling with relationship challenges, depression, anxiety, parenting, issues at work or difficulty figuring out where you fit in. Does your child have behavior challenges? socialization struggles? Are you experiencing loss of a loved one or a broken relationship? Past traumatic event making life seem unbearable therapy provides you someone who will listen, offer guidance, and offer support as you learn new coping strategies and gain insight.
(910) 543-3483 View (910) 543-3483
Photo of Che Hurt Ward, PsyD, Psychologist
Che Hurt Ward
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newport, NC 28570
Its a TOXIC WORLD, social media and COVID have devastated our lives and caused so much pain. Its hard to know where to turn and who can actually understand or help. Having somewhere to go where you are understood and accepted is the first step. What comes after is amazing!
Its a TOXIC WORLD, social media and COVID have devastated our lives and caused so much pain. Its hard to know where to turn and who can actually understand or help. Having somewhere to go where you are understood and accepted is the first step. What comes after is amazing!
(252) 599-5027 View (252) 599-5027
Photo of Taylor Holloman, LMFTA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Taylor Holloman
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Morehead City, NC 28557  (Online Only)
At some point, we have all experienced relationship ruptures, daily stressors, or mental health challenges. I am passionate about helping clients work through these challenges to create deep meaningful connections in their relationships and with themselves. I do this by creating a safe, welcoming, and empathetic space where we can explore together the issues bringing you into therapy and work to cultivate the change and healing you desire to see in your life. Whether it is anxiety, depression, relational, or stage of life issues, I strive to help clients meet their unique goals and find the healing they are hoping for.
At some point, we have all experienced relationship ruptures, daily stressors, or mental health challenges. I am passionate about helping clients work through these challenges to create deep meaningful connections in their relationships and with themselves. I do this by creating a safe, welcoming, and empathetic space where we can explore together the issues bringing you into therapy and work to cultivate the change and healing you desire to see in your life. Whether it is anxiety, depression, relational, or stage of life issues, I strive to help clients meet their unique goals and find the healing they are hoping for.
(252) 227-0571 View (252) 227-0571
Photo of Peggy Flaherty Prevost - Peggy Flaherty Prevost, LPC, LCMHC, LPC, LCMHC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Peggy Flaherty Prevost, LPC, LCMHC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Pine Knoll Shores, NC 28512  (Online Only)
I am licensed in both Virginia. In my practice I work primarily with female adults (18-35 year olds) who are often dealing with life transitions. There is often a commonality among this group. Issues include self esteem, body image, achievement concerns, relationship concerns, anxiety, and depression. Other common concerns are stress, marriage and parenting, and aging. My goal is to help my clients better cope with the difficult issues they face and ultimately live a happier life.
I am licensed in both Virginia. In my practice I work primarily with female adults (18-35 year olds) who are often dealing with life transitions. There is often a commonality among this group. Issues include self esteem, body image, achievement concerns, relationship concerns, anxiety, and depression. Other common concerns are stress, marriage and parenting, and aging. My goal is to help my clients better cope with the difficult issues they face and ultimately live a happier life.
(571) 458-1326 View (571) 458-1326
Photo of Donna H Wolff - Donna H Wolff, LPA, Psychological Services, PLLC, LPA, HSP, Psychological Associate
Donna H Wolff, LPA, Psychological Services, PLLC
Psychological Associate, LPA, HSP
Verified Verified
Morehead City, NC 28557
You’re already walking down the path of wellness. You’re here, reading this, which means you have intentionally taken the necessary steps toward prioritizing your health of both mind and body. Change can be challenging. Every person and situation are unique and requires strategies that work for them. Using a mixture of proven therapeutic techniques, we will work together to find the best approach that fits with your lifestyle and goals. With compassion, authenticity, and accountability we can get you closer to your goals and achieve them.
You’re already walking down the path of wellness. You’re here, reading this, which means you have intentionally taken the necessary steps toward prioritizing your health of both mind and body. Change can be challenging. Every person and situation are unique and requires strategies that work for them. Using a mixture of proven therapeutic techniques, we will work together to find the best approach that fits with your lifestyle and goals. With compassion, authenticity, and accountability we can get you closer to your goals and achieve them.
(252) 632-8232 View (252) 632-8232
Photo of Elizabeth Spires, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elizabeth Spires
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Morehead City, NC 28557  (Online Only)
I help women who feel stuck & overwhelmed regain control of their lives. My clients struggle as you do. Despite being smart, hardworking & motivated, life is hard. When they first come in they feel exhausted, angry & alone. They put others’ needs before their own & worry saying “no” will disappoint loved ones. Their relationships are suffering. They aren’t the partner, friend, daughter, & colleague they want to be. Before my clients came to see me, they felt guilty for feeling drained & frustrated. They feared the rollercoaster of emotions would go on forever. They worried no one would ever understand what they were going through.
I help women who feel stuck & overwhelmed regain control of their lives. My clients struggle as you do. Despite being smart, hardworking & motivated, life is hard. When they first come in they feel exhausted, angry & alone. They put others’ needs before their own & worry saying “no” will disappoint loved ones. Their relationships are suffering. They aren’t the partner, friend, daughter, & colleague they want to be. Before my clients came to see me, they felt guilty for feeling drained & frustrated. They feared the rollercoaster of emotions would go on forever. They worried no one would ever understand what they were going through.
(252) 484-6937 View (252) 484-6937
Photo of Nicole Schnarrs, LCSW, CSTIP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nicole Schnarrs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSTIP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Morehead City, NC 28557
Not accepting new clients
My approach to therapy is person-centered, holistic, strength, and mindfulness-based. My role is to provide non-judgmental support for you in reaching your goals, feeling empowered, and helping you expand healthy awareness by using various forms of expression, talk, and alternative therapy.
My approach to therapy is person-centered, holistic, strength, and mindfulness-based. My role is to provide non-judgmental support for you in reaching your goals, feeling empowered, and helping you expand healthy awareness by using various forms of expression, talk, and alternative therapy.
(252) 378-2691 View (252) 378-2691
Photo of Ashlea Staunch-Humphries - Ashlea Staunch-Humphries, LCSW (Remote NC only), LCSW, NC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ashlea Staunch-Humphries, LCSW (Remote NC only)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, NC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Morehead City, NC 28557  (Online Only)
Ashlea utilizes dynamic, client-centered therapeutic methods to uncover the root causes of distress and transform negative patterns that arise from personal trauma, loss, depression, anxiety, court and medical issues, and relationship conflicts. As a court-certified, abuse and trauma expert, her clinical experience and certifications include: EMDR Levels 1 & 2, Critical Incident Stress Debriefing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Gottman, Forensic Interviewing, Nia Blue Belt, mindfulness, and Transcendental Meditation (TM). She is a cancer survivor who connects from the heart.
Ashlea utilizes dynamic, client-centered therapeutic methods to uncover the root causes of distress and transform negative patterns that arise from personal trauma, loss, depression, anxiety, court and medical issues, and relationship conflicts. As a court-certified, abuse and trauma expert, her clinical experience and certifications include: EMDR Levels 1 & 2, Critical Incident Stress Debriefing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Gottman, Forensic Interviewing, Nia Blue Belt, mindfulness, and Transcendental Meditation (TM). She is a cancer survivor who connects from the heart.
(252) 512-4061 View (252) 512-4061
Photo of Kathryn Tuttle MacMoran - MacMoran Counseling and Coaching, MS, LPC, BCPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
MacMoran Counseling and Coaching
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, BCPC
Verified Verified
Newport, NC 28570
As a seasoned professional in the addiction treatment field, my 20 years of clinical experience covers a wide variety of issues that face individuals and their families. In collaboration with my clients, I provide an individually customized success plan. We face the issues of this life in a safe, non-judgmental atmosphere where healing happens, hope is restored, and growth becomes the inevitable outcome.
As a seasoned professional in the addiction treatment field, my 20 years of clinical experience covers a wide variety of issues that face individuals and their families. In collaboration with my clients, I provide an individually customized success plan. We face the issues of this life in a safe, non-judgmental atmosphere where healing happens, hope is restored, and growth becomes the inevitable outcome.
(252) 677-9976 View (252) 677-9976
Photo of Rachel Lamb, LCMHC
Rachel Lamb
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Morehead City, NC 28557
Life is full of obstacles and challenges and can unfortunately leave us feeling "stuck". As a Clinician, I strive to provide a safe, therapeutic environment in which we can navigate the sometimes rough journey to wellness together. Experiencing life changing situations can often lead to depression, anxiety, low self- esteem, anger, and grief, as well as many other mental health struggles. The good news is, you have taken the first step in reaching out for help.
Life is full of obstacles and challenges and can unfortunately leave us feeling "stuck". As a Clinician, I strive to provide a safe, therapeutic environment in which we can navigate the sometimes rough journey to wellness together. Experiencing life changing situations can often lead to depression, anxiety, low self- esteem, anger, and grief, as well as many other mental health struggles. The good news is, you have taken the first step in reaching out for help.
(252) 207-0545 View (252) 207-0545
Mary Folger Summerlin
Counselor, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Newport, NC 28570
I enjoy working with individuals from a variety of backgrounds and with a wide array of presenting difficulties. I am person-centered and assist individuals with working towards their own personal goals. I work with individuals, couples, families, and groups to assist with the achievement of these goals. While I feel comfortable addressing any issue, I am always willing to refer to another provider if needed.
I enjoy working with individuals from a variety of backgrounds and with a wide array of presenting difficulties. I am person-centered and assist individuals with working towards their own personal goals. I work with individuals, couples, families, and groups to assist with the achievement of these goals. While I feel comfortable addressing any issue, I am always willing to refer to another provider if needed.
(252) 297-6201 View (252) 297-6201

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Indian Beach, NC

< 10

Therapists in Indian Beach, NC who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Addiction
100% Grief
100% Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD)
100% Divorce
100% Anger Management

Gender breakdown

100% Male

How Therapists in Indian Beach, NC see their clients

100% Online Only
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Indian Beach?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.