Therapists in South End, Charlotte, NC

Photo of Dina Gambella, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dina Gambella
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
I believe that you are the expert of your own life & my role as your therapist is to be a fellow companion on your journey towards emotional growth. Your desired outcomes will be achieved by creating long term solutions that uniquely fit your needs within the safety and trust of our therapeutic relationship. By creating a safe and trusting environment, I welcome the opportunity to support your treatment needs.
I believe that you are the expert of your own life & my role as your therapist is to be a fellow companion on your journey towards emotional growth. Your desired outcomes will be achieved by creating long term solutions that uniquely fit your needs within the safety and trust of our therapeutic relationship. By creating a safe and trusting environment, I welcome the opportunity to support your treatment needs.
(919) 800-0768 View (919) 800-0768
Photo of Tyleshia Jennings, LCSW, LISW-CP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tyleshia Jennings
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LISW-CP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203  (Online Only)
Listen, I get it. Life isn't always easy, but that doesn't mean that you aren't able to create an experience that brings you joy. Anxiety doesn't have to hinder you. Traumatic experiences don't have to hinder you. Life changes, whether becoming a new parent or wanting to be the version of you that makes you happy, are a part of the process. You are more than capable of working through those things that might feel like they are meant to break you. Stand in your power, and if you'll have me, I'd love to help you along the way.
Listen, I get it. Life isn't always easy, but that doesn't mean that you aren't able to create an experience that brings you joy. Anxiety doesn't have to hinder you. Traumatic experiences don't have to hinder you. Life changes, whether becoming a new parent or wanting to be the version of you that makes you happy, are a part of the process. You are more than capable of working through those things that might feel like they are meant to break you. Stand in your power, and if you'll have me, I'd love to help you along the way.
(704) 666-4094 View (704) 666-4094
Photo of Hannah Gross, Pre-Licensed Professional
Hannah Gross
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
Driven by my own mental health journey, I have a deep passion to help and empower other women. No matter the challenges you face, I believe that you deserve to be heard and understood. It is my goal to help you to heal from loss, reconnect with your body, and find meaning and peace in your life again.
Driven by my own mental health journey, I have a deep passion to help and empower other women. No matter the challenges you face, I believe that you deserve to be heard and understood. It is my goal to help you to heal from loss, reconnect with your body, and find meaning and peace in your life again.
(980) 990-2275 View (980) 990-2275
Photo of Breta M. Collins, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Breta M. Collins
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
Life and love can be messy. Our 24/7 world can make otherwise successful people get out of balance in their lives and in their relationships. The good news is: quality, research-based counseling works for couples and individuals. Together, we can help you and/or your relationship feel better.
Life and love can be messy. Our 24/7 world can make otherwise successful people get out of balance in their lives and in their relationships. The good news is: quality, research-based counseling works for couples and individuals. Together, we can help you and/or your relationship feel better.
(704) 276-6626 View (704) 276-6626
Photo of Jennifer Majors Ethridge, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Majors Ethridge
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
Our clinicians practice from a perspective that is biologically, developmentally, and experientially integrated, while providing a safe and welcoming space that mirrors our mission to help foster safe and welcoming relationships. Jennifer has experience and training in working with children who struggle with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, attention deficits, hyperactivity, opposition, irritability, difficulty with mood, difficulty in school, poor relational or social skills, adjustment concerns, grief and loss, histories and symptoms related to trauma, and poor attachment.
Our clinicians practice from a perspective that is biologically, developmentally, and experientially integrated, while providing a safe and welcoming space that mirrors our mission to help foster safe and welcoming relationships. Jennifer has experience and training in working with children who struggle with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, attention deficits, hyperactivity, opposition, irritability, difficulty with mood, difficulty in school, poor relational or social skills, adjustment concerns, grief and loss, histories and symptoms related to trauma, and poor attachment.
(704) 837-1328 View (704) 837-1328
Photo of Darden Matthews, LMFTA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Darden Matthews
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
“I don’t believe people are looking for the meaning of life as much as they are looking for the experience of being alive” – Joseph Campbell
“I don’t believe people are looking for the meaning of life as much as they are looking for the experience of being alive” – Joseph Campbell
(704) 251-6972 View (704) 251-6972
Photo of Brittany Collins - Grow In Grace Behavioral Health, PLLC, LCSW, LCAS-A, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Grow In Grace Behavioral Health, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
At Grow in Grace Behavioral Health, PLLC we offer effective outpatient, individualized, psychological care. We treat a number of mental health and substance use disorders, and provide a neutral ground for individuals, families, and children/adolescents to grow through what they go through. Are you experiencing extreme emotional shifts or not feeling like yourself? Maybe you are in a period of change and transition in your life and often feel invalidated by others. Perhaps your family or personal relationships are strained and you are feeling isolated or alone. We all experience tough times, let us guide you through.
At Grow in Grace Behavioral Health, PLLC we offer effective outpatient, individualized, psychological care. We treat a number of mental health and substance use disorders, and provide a neutral ground for individuals, families, and children/adolescents to grow through what they go through. Are you experiencing extreme emotional shifts or not feeling like yourself? Maybe you are in a period of change and transition in your life and often feel invalidated by others. Perhaps your family or personal relationships are strained and you are feeling isolated or alone. We all experience tough times, let us guide you through.
(704) 396-8666 View (704) 396-8666
Photo of Susan Morrow, MSW, LCSW, ACSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Susan Morrow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
Many of us are navigating change beyond what we prepared for. When our relationships become a source of stress, rather than the calming connection we seek out, our nervous systems protest, using coping styles designed for combat, not for love. We can push our partner away at the very same moment we need them the most. Are you worn from repeating negative patterns, longing for a clearer map to communicating needs? Marriages are healthiest when couples become shelter for each other, removing blocks to a satisfying bond. Using 30 years experience, I provide couples with personalized tools for more effective, satisfyiing relationships.
Many of us are navigating change beyond what we prepared for. When our relationships become a source of stress, rather than the calming connection we seek out, our nervous systems protest, using coping styles designed for combat, not for love. We can push our partner away at the very same moment we need them the most. Are you worn from repeating negative patterns, longing for a clearer map to communicating needs? Marriages are healthiest when couples become shelter for each other, removing blocks to a satisfying bond. Using 30 years experience, I provide couples with personalized tools for more effective, satisfyiing relationships.
(704) 842-3505 View (704) 842-3505
Photo of Tiffani Thomas Cochran, MA, LCMHC, Counselor
Tiffani Thomas Cochran
Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor with a Masters in Marriage and Family Therapy. I specialize in creating a safe, non-judgmental environment for individuals, couples, and families to become emotionally stable as individuals and in their relationships. I love helping others take personal responsibility for self-growth, which flows over into their friendships, marriages, and family dynamics.
I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor with a Masters in Marriage and Family Therapy. I specialize in creating a safe, non-judgmental environment for individuals, couples, and families to become emotionally stable as individuals and in their relationships. I love helping others take personal responsibility for self-growth, which flows over into their friendships, marriages, and family dynamics.
(704) 702-0312 View (704) 702-0312
Photo of Grayson Montgomery Patton, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Grayson Montgomery Patton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
Waitlist for new clients
I strongly believe that empathy, trust, and respect are the foundation of a therapeutic relationship. If you are considering making changes, now is the time and I'm here to walk beside you through it. As a therapist, I hope to provide a space for you to share openly, discover new perspectives, and feel heard. You are not defined by what you are struggling with. I use a person-centered, strengths-based approach, in which therapy is a collaborative process. My goal is to help you align with your values and become the best version of yourself.
I strongly believe that empathy, trust, and respect are the foundation of a therapeutic relationship. If you are considering making changes, now is the time and I'm here to walk beside you through it. As a therapist, I hope to provide a space for you to share openly, discover new perspectives, and feel heard. You are not defined by what you are struggling with. I use a person-centered, strengths-based approach, in which therapy is a collaborative process. My goal is to help you align with your values and become the best version of yourself.
(704) 327-3655 View (704) 327-3655
Photo of Dr. Robert Lewis Bozard, PhD, MDiv, LCMHC, LPC, LPCC
Dr. Robert Lewis Bozard
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, PhD, MDiv, LCMHC, LPC, LPCC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
Welcome! Men, Couples, College, and Young Professionals are my specializations. I help with Anxiety, Relationships, Sexual Issues, Depression, Porn, Gaming/Social Media Addiction, Motivation/Focus, Anger, Gay/Bi concerns, and more. Symptoms and solutions may look different in guys, so I developed a special focus on men. Sex, relationships, porn, and career are concerns I frequently see in men. For couples I'm trained in Gottman Method, the most evidence-based couple approach. College students and young professionals have been a key focus since 8 years of practice in university contexts. I've been in the field for 18 years.
Welcome! Men, Couples, College, and Young Professionals are my specializations. I help with Anxiety, Relationships, Sexual Issues, Depression, Porn, Gaming/Social Media Addiction, Motivation/Focus, Anger, Gay/Bi concerns, and more. Symptoms and solutions may look different in guys, so I developed a special focus on men. Sex, relationships, porn, and career are concerns I frequently see in men. For couples I'm trained in Gottman Method, the most evidence-based couple approach. College students and young professionals have been a key focus since 8 years of practice in university contexts. I've been in the field for 18 years.
(704) 665-0382 View (704) 665-0382
Photo of Corey Connelly, MA, LCAS, LCMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Corey Connelly
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCAS, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
I enjoy working with clients struggling with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), anxiety, and perfectionism. I recognize the challenging cycle of intrusive thoughts, anxiety, obsessive doubt, avoidance, and compulsions, and can help provide some guidance around becoming “unstuck” from difficult patterns that are no longer serving you. If you struggle with using substances or other behavioral addictions to cope, and are wanting to set some goals surrounding your use, I am dually licensed to treat co-occuring substance use as well.
I enjoy working with clients struggling with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), anxiety, and perfectionism. I recognize the challenging cycle of intrusive thoughts, anxiety, obsessive doubt, avoidance, and compulsions, and can help provide some guidance around becoming “unstuck” from difficult patterns that are no longer serving you. If you struggle with using substances or other behavioral addictions to cope, and are wanting to set some goals surrounding your use, I am dually licensed to treat co-occuring substance use as well.
(704) 368-3383 View (704) 368-3383
Photo of Kathleen M Connolly Phd, PhD, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kathleen M Connolly Phd
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
Not accepting new clients
It's courageous to ask for help, to seek counseling. One of the most important responsibilities I have is to create a space for clients to work, explore, create, and move toward healing.
It's courageous to ask for help, to seek counseling. One of the most important responsibilities I have is to create a space for clients to work, explore, create, and move toward healing.
(704) 331-0160 View (704) 331-0160
Photo of Eve Tabor-Woodall, MSW, LCSW, RPT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Eve Tabor-Woodall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, RPT
Verified Verified
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
Eve is located in Dilworth, and specializes in working to assist those who struggle with anxiety, depression, or residual trauma symptoms. Treatment is delivered through a biologically, developmentally and experientially respectful approach, taking into account each individual's neurodevelopment and diversity. Treatment is built upon client strengths, working to develop an individualized plan to meet your needs and address presenting concerns. Life has stages that can be difficult, making it even more important to identify and process through individual thoughts and feelings, in order to develop a plan to best handle the situation.
Eve is located in Dilworth, and specializes in working to assist those who struggle with anxiety, depression, or residual trauma symptoms. Treatment is delivered through a biologically, developmentally and experientially respectful approach, taking into account each individual's neurodevelopment and diversity. Treatment is built upon client strengths, working to develop an individualized plan to meet your needs and address presenting concerns. Life has stages that can be difficult, making it even more important to identify and process through individual thoughts and feelings, in order to develop a plan to best handle the situation.
(704) 837-4820 View (704) 837-4820
Photo of Caitlin Rattigan, MSW, LCSW, PCRP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Caitlin Rattigan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, PCRP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203  (Online Only)
Are you new to Charlotte and looking for a therapist? Are you dealing with anxious thoughts, a stressful job, or a difficult life transition? You don't have to face challenging life circumstances alone. My approach is to create an open space where you can discuss your worries, work to discover your inherent self-worth, and develop coping skills that you can use when you feel overwhelmed. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, indecision, or just having difficulty coping with everything on your plate, I am here to help you find the means to thrive!
Are you new to Charlotte and looking for a therapist? Are you dealing with anxious thoughts, a stressful job, or a difficult life transition? You don't have to face challenging life circumstances alone. My approach is to create an open space where you can discuss your worries, work to discover your inherent self-worth, and develop coping skills that you can use when you feel overwhelmed. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, indecision, or just having difficulty coping with everything on your plate, I am here to help you find the means to thrive!
(980) 449-2406 View (980) 449-2406
Photo of Dr. Corrine Harris, PhD, LCMHC
Dr. Corrine Harris
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, PhD, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Are you noticing changes in your mood but don't know where to start to get back on track? Do you feel burnt out due to struggles balancing multiple roles and responsibilities? Do you struggle with making your needs a priority? Are you noticing issues in your relationships with communication? Are you worried about making a change but know that you can't stay stuck where you currently are? Welcome to Harris Counseling Services PLLC, where we will walk with you on your journey to better. Welcome to a safe, nonjudgemental place where you can breathe, rest, be, learn more about yourself, and work to reach healing, balance, and wholeness.
Are you noticing changes in your mood but don't know where to start to get back on track? Do you feel burnt out due to struggles balancing multiple roles and responsibilities? Do you struggle with making your needs a priority? Are you noticing issues in your relationships with communication? Are you worried about making a change but know that you can't stay stuck where you currently are? Welcome to Harris Counseling Services PLLC, where we will walk with you on your journey to better. Welcome to a safe, nonjudgemental place where you can breathe, rest, be, learn more about yourself, and work to reach healing, balance, and wholeness.
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Photo of Samantha Newton, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Samantha Newton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203  (Online Only)
On the outside, you are the picture of success. But inside, you are feeling anxious and insecure. Despite being successful, hardworking, and seemingly happy, life is really hard for you. You constantly overthink and replay past conversations and situations over and over again in your head. You find yourself saying "yes" to people, when you really want to say "no" and get frustrated and resentful. Your fear of failure drives you to throw yourself into work/school, but you're exhausted and unhappy. You have FOMO, but are sometimes so full of self doubt that you avoid social interactions. You just want to feel more confident.
On the outside, you are the picture of success. But inside, you are feeling anxious and insecure. Despite being successful, hardworking, and seemingly happy, life is really hard for you. You constantly overthink and replay past conversations and situations over and over again in your head. You find yourself saying "yes" to people, when you really want to say "no" and get frustrated and resentful. Your fear of failure drives you to throw yourself into work/school, but you're exhausted and unhappy. You have FOMO, but are sometimes so full of self doubt that you avoid social interactions. You just want to feel more confident.
(704) 459-1955 View (704) 459-1955
Photo of Charlotte Smith Pering, MA, LCMHC
Charlotte Smith Pering
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
Charlotte is a strengths based clinician who is supportive, compassionate, and non- judgmental. She utilizes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and incorporates this treatment modality into her work when she finds appropriate. 
Charlotte feels as though the best treatment and healing happens when there is collaboration between therapist and client and when they work together as a team. She believes that true wellness and healing happens when mental health, and emotional health are in congruence.
Charlotte is a strengths based clinician who is supportive, compassionate, and non- judgmental. She utilizes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and incorporates this treatment modality into her work when she finds appropriate. 
Charlotte feels as though the best treatment and healing happens when there is collaboration between therapist and client and when they work together as a team. She believes that true wellness and healing happens when mental health, and emotional health are in congruence.
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Photo of Rachel Crawford, MA, ATR-BC, LCMHC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rachel Crawford
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, ATR-BC, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
I currently offer services for individuals experiencing grief and loss; trauma including sexual abuse and gender based violence; corporate wellbeing issues including work-life imbalance, burnout, compassion fatigue, and vicarious traumatization; as well as reproductive issues including abortion, infertility, miscarriage, infant loss, and perinatal mood and anxiety disorders.
I currently offer services for individuals experiencing grief and loss; trauma including sexual abuse and gender based violence; corporate wellbeing issues including work-life imbalance, burnout, compassion fatigue, and vicarious traumatization; as well as reproductive issues including abortion, infertility, miscarriage, infant loss, and perinatal mood and anxiety disorders.
(980) 577-1843 View (980) 577-1843
Photo of Sally Harris, LCSW, MACT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sally Harris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MACT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South End, Charlotte, NC 28203
I am a Certified Gottman Couples Therapist helping couples with marriage and/or relationship counseling. This begins with a thorough, research-based assessment which clarifies the particular strengths and needs of each couple. With this information, I collaborate with clients to develop treatment goals and a treatment plan. I have found this process highly beneficial in helping couples work through their challenges and reach increased stability and overall satisfaction in their relationships. I also integrate Christian counseling for those interested in integrating their spiritual and emotional development in their therapy.
I am a Certified Gottman Couples Therapist helping couples with marriage and/or relationship counseling. This begins with a thorough, research-based assessment which clarifies the particular strengths and needs of each couple. With this information, I collaborate with clients to develop treatment goals and a treatment plan. I have found this process highly beneficial in helping couples work through their challenges and reach increased stability and overall satisfaction in their relationships. I also integrate Christian counseling for those interested in integrating their spiritual and emotional development in their therapy.
(704) 269-5731 View (704) 269-5731
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See more therapy options for South End, Charlotte

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in South End, Charlotte, NC

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in South End, Charlotte, NC who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
88% Depression
83% Relationship Issues
80% Self Esteem
74% Stress
71% Life Transitions
69% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Aetna
81% BlueCross and BlueShield
51% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in South End, Charlotte, NC see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in South End, Charlotte?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.