Attachment-based Therapists in Chapel Hill, NC

Photo of Taylor Eron, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Taylor Eron
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27514  (Online Only)
In order to treat a variety of psychological issues, I utilize an array of evidence-based treatment models including DBT, IFS, attachment-based, CBT, ACT, IPT, Motivational Interviewing, and mindfulness.
I am passionate about working with adults from all backgrounds, including creative minds, curious spirits, highly sensitive folks, and lifelong learners. I am LGBTQ+-affirming and committed to anti-racist work. I work with individuals wanting to address issues within their relationships, explore their past selves to better understand who they are and want to be, manage anxiety better in their day-to-day lives, and feel supported during major life transitions. Issues I find myself typically working with are related to attachment, anxiety, emotion regulation, interpersonal strategies, life transitions, stress, and self-esteem.
In order to treat a variety of psychological issues, I utilize an array of evidence-based treatment models including DBT, IFS, attachment-based, CBT, ACT, IPT, Motivational Interviewing, and mindfulness.
I am passionate about working with adults from all backgrounds, including creative minds, curious spirits, highly sensitive folks, and lifelong learners. I am LGBTQ+-affirming and committed to anti-racist work. I work with individuals wanting to address issues within their relationships, explore their past selves to better understand who they are and want to be, manage anxiety better in their day-to-day lives, and feel supported during major life transitions. Issues I find myself typically working with are related to attachment, anxiety, emotion regulation, interpersonal strategies, life transitions, stress, and self-esteem.
(984) 265-2075 View (984) 265-2075
Photo of Taylor Starns, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Taylor Starns
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Waitlist for new clients
These modalities include CBT, Attachment-Based Therapy, EMDR, Psychoeducation, and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy.
As a Therapist, I believe that central to our success is a safe, supportive therapeutic relationship. I prioritize creating a safe relational space for my clients so that we can identify areas of strength and areas of growth. I specialize in Mood Disorders such as anxiety and depression, Eating Disorders, life transitions, Gender and Sexuality, and social/relational issues. I am a Certified EMDR Practitioner with extensive training and experience in supporting LGBTQIA+ adolescents and adults through transitions and mental health distress.
These modalities include CBT, Attachment-Based Therapy, EMDR, Psychoeducation, and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy.
As a Therapist, I believe that central to our success is a safe, supportive therapeutic relationship. I prioritize creating a safe relational space for my clients so that we can identify areas of strength and areas of growth. I specialize in Mood Disorders such as anxiety and depression, Eating Disorders, life transitions, Gender and Sexuality, and social/relational issues. I am a Certified EMDR Practitioner with extensive training and experience in supporting LGBTQIA+ adolescents and adults through transitions and mental health distress.
(919) 348-4936 View (919) 348-4936
Karen Catoe PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MPH, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
I value and enjoy working with clients of all ages. Primary areas of focus are: coping with life transitions, helping clients to have more satisfying relationships, working with parents to support attachment goals for healthy development of their child, and sitting with the grief that our inevitable losses bring. I specialize in working with clients with eating disorders, trauma and PTSD, and anxiety disorders. My approach is integrative, drawing from effective treatments (DBT, CBT, attachment-based) to meet your particular needs. I provide short-term and long-term services to individuals and families.
I value and enjoy working with clients of all ages. Primary areas of focus are: coping with life transitions, helping clients to have more satisfying relationships, working with parents to support attachment goals for healthy development of their child, and sitting with the grief that our inevitable losses bring. I specialize in working with clients with eating disorders, trauma and PTSD, and anxiety disorders. My approach is integrative, drawing from effective treatments (DBT, CBT, attachment-based) to meet your particular needs. I provide short-term and long-term services to individuals and families.
(919) 813-2852 View (919) 813-2852
Photo of Sally F Maslansky, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Sally F Maslansky
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27516  (Online Only)
Therapy at its best is a unique collaboration between therapist and client. I offer my education, training and experience along with an open mind and attuned communication to assist my clients' in exploring the issues they bring to therapy. As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I specialize in working with adults, couples, adolescents and families working on interpersonal and intra-personal issues. I am committed to nurturing my client's personal growth and development towards achieving a deeper sense of self knowing and the ability to live an integrated, emotionally regulated and balanced life.
Therapy at its best is a unique collaboration between therapist and client. I offer my education, training and experience along with an open mind and attuned communication to assist my clients' in exploring the issues they bring to therapy. As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I specialize in working with adults, couples, adolescents and families working on interpersonal and intra-personal issues. I am committed to nurturing my client's personal growth and development towards achieving a deeper sense of self knowing and the ability to live an integrated, emotionally regulated and balanced life.
(919) 714-4139 View (919) 714-4139
Photo of Leslie Gunderson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Leslie Gunderson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MS
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27517
I use attachment-based, CBT, EFT, and Gottman models of therapy, as well as play therapy with children.
If you need strategies for improving communication and repairing damage in your relationship, if you need help improving family relationships and coping with a child's anxiety/big feelings, or if you want to create a plan for better family blending and coparenting, I am here to help. I specialize in teaching communication skills, repairing attachment, navigating betrayal, and teaching coping skills for anxiety in children and adults. I provide Discernment Counseling for couples considering divorce, and I am a facilitator for the Prepare/Enrich premarital program.
I use attachment-based, CBT, EFT, and Gottman models of therapy, as well as play therapy with children.
If you need strategies for improving communication and repairing damage in your relationship, if you need help improving family relationships and coping with a child's anxiety/big feelings, or if you want to create a plan for better family blending and coparenting, I am here to help. I specialize in teaching communication skills, repairing attachment, navigating betrayal, and teaching coping skills for anxiety in children and adults. I provide Discernment Counseling for couples considering divorce, and I am a facilitator for the Prepare/Enrich premarital program.
(919) 948-7172 View (919) 948-7172
Photo of Thorne Myers, Master of Social Work in Chapel Hill, NC
Thorne Myers
Master of Social Work, MSW, LCSWA
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Waitlist for new clients
My name is Thorne (they/them) and I am a white, queer, non-binary licensed clinical social worker associate (LCSWA) offering both individuals and couples/relationship therapy in Durham, NC. My work is grounded in fierce compassion and a belief that everyone is capable of healing and feeling like they belong. It is my experience that one of the key elements of transformative therapy is our relationship; that we are a good “fit” and that you feel safe to share your joy, anger, grief, and tears. My style is gentle, attentive, playful, and person-centered–drawing from relational, narrative, and attachment-based therapy approaches.
My name is Thorne (they/them) and I am a white, queer, non-binary licensed clinical social worker associate (LCSWA) offering both individuals and couples/relationship therapy in Durham, NC. My work is grounded in fierce compassion and a belief that everyone is capable of healing and feeling like they belong. It is my experience that one of the key elements of transformative therapy is our relationship; that we are a good “fit” and that you feel safe to share your joy, anger, grief, and tears. My style is gentle, attentive, playful, and person-centered–drawing from relational, narrative, and attachment-based therapy approaches.
View
Photo of Deepa Bhatt-Mackin, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Chapel Hill, NC
Deepa Bhatt-Mackin
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27514  (Online Only)
As a licensed clinical mental health counselor, I offer telehealth sessions for adolescents, families, and adults. For children under 13, I offer parenting support, consultation, and parent-child sessions. I assist clients with a variety of presenting issues, including anxiety, depression, neurodivergence (Giftedness/LD/ADHD/2e), relationship problems, and identity development. My extensive training includes a variety of therapeutic approaches, such as psychodynamic, attachment-based, Internal Family Systems, cognitive behavioral therapy, and solution-focused. I also provide ADHD and executive functioning skills coaching.
As a licensed clinical mental health counselor, I offer telehealth sessions for adolescents, families, and adults. For children under 13, I offer parenting support, consultation, and parent-child sessions. I assist clients with a variety of presenting issues, including anxiety, depression, neurodivergence (Giftedness/LD/ADHD/2e), relationship problems, and identity development. My extensive training includes a variety of therapeutic approaches, such as psychodynamic, attachment-based, Internal Family Systems, cognitive behavioral therapy, and solution-focused. I also provide ADHD and executive functioning skills coaching.
(919) 343-0027 View (919) 343-0027
Photo of Kinga Gudor @ Deep Connections Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Kinga Gudor @ Deep Connections Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27599  (Online Only)
Do you feel disconnected and lonely in your relationship? I can help you re-connect and feel again the bond you once had. I use Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy ( EFT), an attachment based therapy method. I am also trained in EMDR ( Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing), ACT ( Acceptance and Commitment Therapy- a combination of CBT and mindfulness techniques) and IFS ( Internal Family Systems ) which are helpful in processing trauma.
Do you feel disconnected and lonely in your relationship? I can help you re-connect and feel again the bond you once had. I use Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy ( EFT), an attachment based therapy method. I am also trained in EMDR ( Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing), ACT ( Acceptance and Commitment Therapy- a combination of CBT and mindfulness techniques) and IFS ( Internal Family Systems ) which are helpful in processing trauma.
(252) 300-3150 View (252) 300-3150
Photo of Evelyn Ponce, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Evelyn Ponce
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27514  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach is rooted in a variety of treatment modalities including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Attachment-based, Trauma Focused, & Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP).
Welcome! I am a therapist providing virtual only sessions. I specialize in depression, anxiety disorders (including social phobia), pregnancy, and postpartum. I have experience in community-based mental health as well as school and government-based agencies. I work best with people who want to take an active role in building the life they want, figuring out the person they want to be and how we can build on all of their innate strengths to live a rich and meaningful life, even in the face of disappointment, loss, frustration, and pain.
My therapeutic approach is rooted in a variety of treatment modalities including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Attachment-based, Trauma Focused, & Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP).
Welcome! I am a therapist providing virtual only sessions. I specialize in depression, anxiety disorders (including social phobia), pregnancy, and postpartum. I have experience in community-based mental health as well as school and government-based agencies. I work best with people who want to take an active role in building the life they want, figuring out the person they want to be and how we can build on all of their innate strengths to live a rich and meaningful life, even in the face of disappointment, loss, frustration, and pain.
(919) 351-6147 View (919) 351-6147
Photo of Liz Minnich, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Chapel Hill, NC
Liz Minnich
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27516  (Online Only)
Using Attachment-Based Therapy and CBT my caseload consists of: Survivors of trauma, survivors of abuse, adult children of alcoholics/mentally ill/abusive parents, young adults in transition, people pleasers, and perfectionists.
Welcome! I hold the belief that every person is inherently good, lovable, capable, and resilient. Ideally, my role is to support clients in discovering their true selves in a safe, and caring environment. Simply put, I encourage all of my clients to come as they are. ​ I commit to create a space in which we can reflect on the past and the present and practice new ways to connect authentically with others, quiet the inner critic, and live a life lead by their unique values.
Using Attachment-Based Therapy and CBT my caseload consists of: Survivors of trauma, survivors of abuse, adult children of alcoholics/mentally ill/abusive parents, young adults in transition, people pleasers, and perfectionists.
Welcome! I hold the belief that every person is inherently good, lovable, capable, and resilient. Ideally, my role is to support clients in discovering their true selves in a safe, and caring environment. Simply put, I encourage all of my clients to come as they are. ​ I commit to create a space in which we can reflect on the past and the present and practice new ways to connect authentically with others, quiet the inner critic, and live a life lead by their unique values.
(919) 794-8326 View (919) 794-8326
Photo of Amy Leach, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Amy Leach
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
I am a licensed clinical social worker and I work with children, adults and couple. I have had the honor of helping people to address anxiety, depression, identity exploration, relationship concerns, family issues, and trauma.
I am a licensed clinical social worker and I work with children, adults and couple. I have had the honor of helping people to address anxiety, depression, identity exploration, relationship concerns, family issues, and trauma.
(984) 400-0779 View (984) 400-0779
Photo of Rafael Martinez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chapel Hill, NC
Rafael Martinez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Waitlist for new clients
I whole-heartedly believe that you are the expert on you! I hold the framework in our work together that you contain the inner wisdom around what you need for healing and growth. My role is to help you identify, strengthen, and listen to that inner guidance. At times this inner-knowing can become muted or distorted.
I whole-heartedly believe that you are the expert on you! I hold the framework in our work together that you contain the inner wisdom around what you need for healing and growth. My role is to help you identify, strengthen, and listen to that inner guidance. At times this inner-knowing can become muted or distorted.
(984) 999-1592 View (984) 999-1592
Photo of Tori Carrice, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chapel Hill, NC
Tori Carrice
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Waitlist for new clients
Therapy is such a unique experience but what I appreciate most is that each therapeutic relationship is particular and solely for YOU. In my therapy practice, I collaborate with you around your wishes and hopes, ideally creating a space where you feel empowered and as much a facilitator of your progress as I am. I believe in the healing potentials of a safe and supportive relationship, and this is what I strive to cultivate with each of my clients. I feel comfortable working with folks around anxiety, depression, trauma, neurodivergence needs, and burnout from their helping/healing roles.
Therapy is such a unique experience but what I appreciate most is that each therapeutic relationship is particular and solely for YOU. In my therapy practice, I collaborate with you around your wishes and hopes, ideally creating a space where you feel empowered and as much a facilitator of your progress as I am. I believe in the healing potentials of a safe and supportive relationship, and this is what I strive to cultivate with each of my clients. I feel comfortable working with folks around anxiety, depression, trauma, neurodivergence needs, and burnout from their helping/healing roles.
(984) 646-6239 View (984) 646-6239
Photo of Lydia Stellwag, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Lydia Stellwag
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
I am a passionate psychotherapist dedicated to providing neurodiversity-affirming care. As a queer, autistic and ADHD self-advocate, I bring a unique perspective to my practice and take pride in creating a safe and inclusive environment for my clients. My therapeutic approach combines various modalities, including motivational interviewing, trauma-focused CBT, person-centered therapy, and internal family systems. By drawing from these methodologies, I tailor sessions to meet the specific needs of individuals, pre-teens, teenagers, and young adults.
I am a passionate psychotherapist dedicated to providing neurodiversity-affirming care. As a queer, autistic and ADHD self-advocate, I bring a unique perspective to my practice and take pride in creating a safe and inclusive environment for my clients. My therapeutic approach combines various modalities, including motivational interviewing, trauma-focused CBT, person-centered therapy, and internal family systems. By drawing from these methodologies, I tailor sessions to meet the specific needs of individuals, pre-teens, teenagers, and young adults.
(984) 228-2661 View (984) 228-2661
Photo of Kat Morriss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Kat Morriss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27517  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a clinical social worker specializing in Gottman Method Couples Therapy. I'm also passionate about helping adult children and their parents recover from relational trauma, establish healthy boundaries, and develop effective communication skills. I enjoy supporting current parents as well as folks at all stages of the family planning process.
I am a clinical social worker specializing in Gottman Method Couples Therapy. I'm also passionate about helping adult children and their parents recover from relational trauma, establish healthy boundaries, and develop effective communication skills. I enjoy supporting current parents as well as folks at all stages of the family planning process.
(919) 695-9517 View (919) 695-9517
Photo of Zumrad Ahmedjanova, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Zumrad Ahmedjanova
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAS, CCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27517
I am currently accepting clients for premarital counseling. I am a clinical social worker, addiction specialist and a certified supervisor. I support healing by fostering healthy relationship. I found that clients that value a psychobiological approach (relations between mind and body) tend to be drawn to me. I work with individuals and couples who don't want to settle in unhappiness and worry. I support my clients through transitions and change. My work with clients revolves around supporting them to prioritize their needs, as well as to identify coping mechanisms and resources available to them.
I am currently accepting clients for premarital counseling. I am a clinical social worker, addiction specialist and a certified supervisor. I support healing by fostering healthy relationship. I found that clients that value a psychobiological approach (relations between mind and body) tend to be drawn to me. I work with individuals and couples who don't want to settle in unhappiness and worry. I support my clients through transitions and change. My work with clients revolves around supporting them to prioritize their needs, as well as to identify coping mechanisms and resources available to them.
(919) 364-6346 View (919) 364-6346
Photo of Allison Schad, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Allison Schad
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS, SEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27516  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Let’s be real, life can be stressful. Whether it’s coping with present day experiences, unpacking past hurts, or finding different ways to be in the future, therapy can help. As a somatic psychotherapist, I believe in your ability to heal, to be present, & to change. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, LGBTQ+ issues, adjusting to personal & professional life challenges, & sustaining recovery from substance use. I enjoy working with students, professionals, & those in the healthcare field.
Let’s be real, life can be stressful. Whether it’s coping with present day experiences, unpacking past hurts, or finding different ways to be in the future, therapy can help. As a somatic psychotherapist, I believe in your ability to heal, to be present, & to change. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, LGBTQ+ issues, adjusting to personal & professional life challenges, & sustaining recovery from substance use. I enjoy working with students, professionals, & those in the healthcare field.
(919) 918-0361 View (919) 918-0361
Photo of Victoria Michelle Welch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Victoria Michelle Welch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CPTT-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27517
Parenting a child with special needs or an adopted child who has experienced trauma requires extraordinary strength. Care-giving for aging parents presents similar demands that intensify our need for a listening ear and access to resources. If you are in the midst of the tension between managing a child or parent's medical and emotional needs while equipping him/her to independently provide as much self-care as possible, you could use some serious encouragement. The internal conflict that arises as you meet -- and fail to meet -- the parenting/care-giving challenge(s) is an experience not meant to be faced alone.
Parenting a child with special needs or an adopted child who has experienced trauma requires extraordinary strength. Care-giving for aging parents presents similar demands that intensify our need for a listening ear and access to resources. If you are in the midst of the tension between managing a child or parent's medical and emotional needs while equipping him/her to independently provide as much self-care as possible, you could use some serious encouragement. The internal conflict that arises as you meet -- and fail to meet -- the parenting/care-giving challenge(s) is an experience not meant to be faced alone.
(919) 897-7508 View (919) 897-7508
Photo of Caroline Holcomb, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Caroline Holcomb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Waitlist for new clients
My approach to therapy is warm, collaborative, and centered on your strengths. I believe that a trusting relationship with your therapist can be incredibly healing, and I hope to provide a safe, compassionate environment for connection and change. I enjoy working with individuals and couples on a range of concerns including anxiety, depression, grief & loss, relationship issues, eating disorders & body image, life transitions, and identity. No matter what brings you in, my goal is to create a space where you can feel seen and where we can uncover the innate resources & wisdom within you that bring you to the answers you seek.
My approach to therapy is warm, collaborative, and centered on your strengths. I believe that a trusting relationship with your therapist can be incredibly healing, and I hope to provide a safe, compassionate environment for connection and change. I enjoy working with individuals and couples on a range of concerns including anxiety, depression, grief & loss, relationship issues, eating disorders & body image, life transitions, and identity. No matter what brings you in, my goal is to create a space where you can feel seen and where we can uncover the innate resources & wisdom within you that bring you to the answers you seek.
(984) 213-4971 View (984) 213-4971
Photo of Gina Boyle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Gina Boyle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSWA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27516
Therapy is a safe, non-judgmental space for you to be witnessed, understood, and gently challenged to take action on what you truly value most. It's an opportunity for you to enhance your total well-being & deepen your engagement in life. I work best with individuals who are interested in understanding how they got stuck & who want to develop the skills & insights to move forward in ways which are meaningful to them. I utilize a holistic approach attuned to your needs & I truly listen.
Therapy is a safe, non-judgmental space for you to be witnessed, understood, and gently challenged to take action on what you truly value most. It's an opportunity for you to enhance your total well-being & deepen your engagement in life. I work best with individuals who are interested in understanding how they got stuck & who want to develop the skills & insights to move forward in ways which are meaningful to them. I utilize a holistic approach attuned to your needs & I truly listen.
View

Attachment-based Therapists

Is attachment-based therapy the same as attachment therapy?

Attachment-based therapy may be confused with what is called “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy”), a discredited and dangerous approach to treating children with attachment disorders, autism, or other mental health concerns. Attachment therapy—not attachment-based therapy—may involve restraining a child, forcing eye contact, and other coercive or abusive techniques. None of these practices are used in attachment-based therapy and the two modalities are in no way related.

What should I expect from attachment-based therapy?

Attachment-based therapy is based on attachment theory, which posits that children’s early relationships with their caregivers strongly influence their ability to navigate the world later in life. Thus, adults who seek attachment-based therapy should expect to deeply explore their childhood, identifying the dynamics or experiences that disrupted their attachment and the steps necessary to overcome challenges that arose as a result. Parents and children should expect to explore the possible factors that disrupted the parent-child relationship and work toward restoring trust and connection.

How long does attachment-based therapy last?

Certain forms of attachment-based therapy, especially those designed for parents and children, last for a set number of sessions; for example, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up, a specific attachment-based approach for young children who have undergone early adversity, unfolds over 10 one-hour sessions. When attachment-based therapy is practiced on adults or combined with other modalities, it may not last a specific length of time; clients may wish to ask prospective therapists how long they expect treatment to take.

Does attachment-based therapy work?

Most of the research on attachment-based therapy focuses on children and adolescents. Some of this research shows a positive effect, especially for attachment-based family therapy (ABFT). Other studies, however, have found that attachment-based therapy is no more effective than other approaches to childhood depression, anxiety, or suicidality. Less is known about the therapy’s efficacy on adult populations.