Therapists in Toledo, OH

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Photo of Donna Croniser, Counselor in Toledo, OH
Donna Croniser
Counselor, LPCC-S, MEd
Verified Verified
Toledo, OH 43606
Life is a series of transitions and changes. Often times it is difficult to navigate through these times with the challenges they bring personally and in our relationships with each other. I bring over 30 years of experience and insights to help you successfully manage and experience your world. I work with individuals, couples and families. When it is appropriate to do so, I prefer to work in a family systems context, giving the greatest potential for success.
Life is a series of transitions and changes. Often times it is difficult to navigate through these times with the challenges they bring personally and in our relationships with each other. I bring over 30 years of experience and insights to help you successfully manage and experience your world. I work with individuals, couples and families. When it is appropriate to do so, I prefer to work in a family systems context, giving the greatest potential for success.
(419) 318-1458 View (419) 318-1458
Photo of Anna D. Reed, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toledo, OH
Anna D. Reed
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
Toledo, OH 43606
Sometimes the demands of childhood and teen years are more than kids (and parents!) can handle. Problems in childhood not only affect children and teens, but their families too. I consider myself a partner in the change process as I help individuals or families work through whatever is troubling them. I have specific training in working with children, teens and families. I work with clients by first understanding their needs and pull from a variety of interventions and methods in order to best serve my clients. I work collaboratively with clients and aim to go at a pace which is comfortable, yet conducive to progress.
Sometimes the demands of childhood and teen years are more than kids (and parents!) can handle. Problems in childhood not only affect children and teens, but their families too. I consider myself a partner in the change process as I help individuals or families work through whatever is troubling them. I have specific training in working with children, teens and families. I work with clients by first understanding their needs and pull from a variety of interventions and methods in order to best serve my clients. I work collaboratively with clients and aim to go at a pace which is comfortable, yet conducive to progress.
(419) 869-3139 View (419) 869-3139
Photo of Jessica Jambor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toledo, OH
Jessica Jambor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43606
Jessica may be a good fit as a therapist for you if you struggle with PTSD, suicidal ideation, self-image, grief, or anxiety. Also, if you do not feel good enough in many areas of your life. Her clients appreciate her welcoming and patient approach. ​"I am passionate about connecting with people and providing a safe and judgment free space in which you can share your authentic self. I aim to make therapy more approachable and less intimidating. My goal is to work through anxieties, traumas, or barriers that are in the way of becoming who you truly are.
Jessica may be a good fit as a therapist for you if you struggle with PTSD, suicidal ideation, self-image, grief, or anxiety. Also, if you do not feel good enough in many areas of your life. Her clients appreciate her welcoming and patient approach. ​"I am passionate about connecting with people and providing a safe and judgment free space in which you can share your authentic self. I aim to make therapy more approachable and less intimidating. My goal is to work through anxieties, traumas, or barriers that are in the way of becoming who you truly are.
(419) 374-9636 View (419) 374-9636
Photo of The Mental Health Collaborative, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Toledo, OH
The Mental Health Collaborative
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43623
Life is tough, but finding quality mental health care doesn’t have to be. We understand what you are going through and we are committed to providing mental health care that helps you cope with life’s ups and downs. Through medication management and therapy services, The Mental Health Collaborative helps you to feel better, together. We are a group of counselors and psychiatrists who believe that the best mental health care comes from collaboration. We provide our patients with quality mental health care throughout their life through therapy and medication management.
Life is tough, but finding quality mental health care doesn’t have to be. We understand what you are going through and we are committed to providing mental health care that helps you cope with life’s ups and downs. Through medication management and therapy services, The Mental Health Collaborative helps you to feel better, together. We are a group of counselors and psychiatrists who believe that the best mental health care comes from collaboration. We provide our patients with quality mental health care throughout their life through therapy and medication management.
(419) 792-3559 View (419) 792-3559
Photo of Doreen Pant, LISW-S, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toledo, OH
Doreen Pant, LISW-S, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43617
Are you looking for healing and hope? Let me help you build upon your strengths and find solutions for happiness. In a supportive and understanding environment, we will explore challenges and move towards a journey of developing coping skills and strategies for change and success. You deserve the blessings of better tomorrows! Why not start today?
Are you looking for healing and hope? Let me help you build upon your strengths and find solutions for happiness. In a supportive and understanding environment, we will explore challenges and move towards a journey of developing coping skills and strategies for change and success. You deserve the blessings of better tomorrows! Why not start today?
(419) 273-9873 View (419) 273-9873
Photo of Heather Nicole Schmidt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toledo, OH
Heather Nicole Schmidt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Toledo, OH 43606  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Taking that first step toward positive change is often the most important and the most difficult. The fact that you are reading this is a good sign that you are contemplating making some changes so you are already making progress! It is empowering to see such changes begin to unfold motivating you toward clarity and acceptance. With over 20 years of experience, I have assisted individuals in overcoming barriers that hold them back from becoming their ideal selves. From adjustment to life-altering changes to post-trauma, grief, guilt, hopelessness, severe mental illness, suicidality and self-harm.
Taking that first step toward positive change is often the most important and the most difficult. The fact that you are reading this is a good sign that you are contemplating making some changes so you are already making progress! It is empowering to see such changes begin to unfold motivating you toward clarity and acceptance. With over 20 years of experience, I have assisted individuals in overcoming barriers that hold them back from becoming their ideal selves. From adjustment to life-altering changes to post-trauma, grief, guilt, hopelessness, severe mental illness, suicidality and self-harm.
(567) 229-1719 View (567) 229-1719
Photo of Donna Cunningham, Counselor in Toledo, OH
Donna Cunningham
Counselor, PhD, LPCC-S, SUPV
Verified Verified
Toledo, OH 43615  (Online Only)
Life has happened and is still happening! No matter what we do, life continues to happen. Situations occur which turn our stable world into something unfamiliar. These are times for a Counselor. I am a Professional Clinical Counselor. I hold a Masters Degree. I am licensed by the state of Ohio. I service the state of Ohio virtually. I work with Adolescents, Adults and families.
Life has happened and is still happening! No matter what we do, life continues to happen. Situations occur which turn our stable world into something unfamiliar. These are times for a Counselor. I am a Professional Clinical Counselor. I hold a Masters Degree. I am licensed by the state of Ohio. I service the state of Ohio virtually. I work with Adolescents, Adults and families.
(419) 746-4134 View (419) 746-4134
Photo of Ashley Thielman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toledo, OH
Ashley Thielman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Toledo, OH 43615
Not accepting new clients
As a therapist, I am driven by the desire to help individuals become happy, confident advocates to attain needs and goals within their lives, overcoming barriers of systemic, chronic, and/or situational adversities that continue to hold them back. I specialize in treating people who want to work through trauma, addiction, and/or mental health challenges. People who enjoy working with me often like my sarcastic humor and direct, but compassionate, approach.
As a therapist, I am driven by the desire to help individuals become happy, confident advocates to attain needs and goals within their lives, overcoming barriers of systemic, chronic, and/or situational adversities that continue to hold them back. I specialize in treating people who want to work through trauma, addiction, and/or mental health challenges. People who enjoy working with me often like my sarcastic humor and direct, but compassionate, approach.
(419) 318-3818 View (419) 318-3818
Photo of Hannah Andrus, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toledo, OH
Hannah Andrus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Toledo, OH 43623
Hi! I'm Hannah (she/her). As a therapist, I like to think of our work together as a team. No issue or struggle is too small. I want you to be able to recognize and validate your experiences and feelings. We process, reflect, and brainstorm together to find the best possible outcome for you. My goal is to empower and encourage you to work toward your goals and trust yourself. I help you look at all the events in your life that add up to the unique person you have become. Every client is different, and we will identify your personal needs, wants, goals, and struggles, as well as how to start to overcome them.
Hi! I'm Hannah (she/her). As a therapist, I like to think of our work together as a team. No issue or struggle is too small. I want you to be able to recognize and validate your experiences and feelings. We process, reflect, and brainstorm together to find the best possible outcome for you. My goal is to empower and encourage you to work toward your goals and trust yourself. I help you look at all the events in your life that add up to the unique person you have become. Every client is different, and we will identify your personal needs, wants, goals, and struggles, as well as how to start to overcome them.
(419) 910-2633 View (419) 910-2633
Photo of Monica K-Foreman, Counselor in Toledo, OH
Monica K-Foreman
Counselor, MA, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Toledo, OH 43613  (Online Only)
At times life can be difficult and overwhelming. It can feel like our usual coping methods are no longer working. I have been a clinical therapist for over 20 years and have extensive experience in the areas of anxiety, depression, grief and loss, EAP, and substance abuse/addiction. I have worked in community mental health, substance abuse outpatient treatment centers, inpatient psychiatric hospitals and private practices. My goal is to assist people in learning and utilizing more healthy coping skills, better manage stress, increase their ability to problem-solve, and process challenging life changes.
At times life can be difficult and overwhelming. It can feel like our usual coping methods are no longer working. I have been a clinical therapist for over 20 years and have extensive experience in the areas of anxiety, depression, grief and loss, EAP, and substance abuse/addiction. I have worked in community mental health, substance abuse outpatient treatment centers, inpatient psychiatric hospitals and private practices. My goal is to assist people in learning and utilizing more healthy coping skills, better manage stress, increase their ability to problem-solve, and process challenging life changes.
(419) 909-3201 View (419) 909-3201
Photo of Aurora Milliron, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Toledo, OH
Aurora Milliron
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Toledo, OH 43606
Not accepting new clients
I currently have availability for early morning and early afternoon appointments. I work with adults who are seeking therapy to cope with issues from trauma, anxiety and depression. You’ve wandered to this page because you know that something in your life has not been going in the way that you want it. On the outside, everything seems to be just “fine” but on the inside you feel overwhelmed, unresolved and overall not happy. Maybe, something happened recently or in your past that you have not been able to process but have said that you’ve “moved on” from it.
I currently have availability for early morning and early afternoon appointments. I work with adults who are seeking therapy to cope with issues from trauma, anxiety and depression. You’ve wandered to this page because you know that something in your life has not been going in the way that you want it. On the outside, everything seems to be just “fine” but on the inside you feel overwhelmed, unresolved and overall not happy. Maybe, something happened recently or in your past that you have not been able to process but have said that you’ve “moved on” from it.
(419) 406-4419 View (419) 406-4419
Photo of Amy Lavetter, Licensed Professional Counselor in Toledo, OH
Amy Lavetter
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA Ed
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43606
I am a Licensed Professional counselor with 25 years of experience as a teacher prior to becoming a counselor. My mission is to provide a collaborative, supportive and safe place for you to work through the struggles and stressors of life. Together we will empower you to achieve the growth that will lead to your healing and wellness. I think you will appreciate my warmth, sense of humor, compassion, creativity, and authenticity. My approach is person-centered. I integrate a variety of techniques/theories that are tailored to your individual needs and goals.
I am a Licensed Professional counselor with 25 years of experience as a teacher prior to becoming a counselor. My mission is to provide a collaborative, supportive and safe place for you to work through the struggles and stressors of life. Together we will empower you to achieve the growth that will lead to your healing and wellness. I think you will appreciate my warmth, sense of humor, compassion, creativity, and authenticity. My approach is person-centered. I integrate a variety of techniques/theories that are tailored to your individual needs and goals.
(419) 504-5849 View (419) 504-5849
Photo of Shannon Bolander, Counselor in Toledo, OH
Shannon Bolander
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Toledo, OH 43615
Somehow, you’ve taken on more than your fair share again. How does this always seem to happen? It’s like they don’t notice- or care. It would be really nice to feel appreciated for a change, but you can’t remember the last time you even got so much as a thank you. Maybe things would be different if you could just communicate better… but how? Last time you tried that it turned into an argument and you walked away feeling frustrated, guilty and selfish for even saying anything. After all, aren’t you just being overly sensitive? “Just get over it”, you tell yourself for the hundredth time…
Somehow, you’ve taken on more than your fair share again. How does this always seem to happen? It’s like they don’t notice- or care. It would be really nice to feel appreciated for a change, but you can’t remember the last time you even got so much as a thank you. Maybe things would be different if you could just communicate better… but how? Last time you tried that it turned into an argument and you walked away feeling frustrated, guilty and selfish for even saying anything. After all, aren’t you just being overly sensitive? “Just get over it”, you tell yourself for the hundredth time…
(567) 278-9456 x200 View (567) 278-9456 x200
Traven W Towns
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Toledo, OH 43623
Not accepting new clients
I recognize and appreciate that each person is unique, with their own experiences. I tailor my approach and use of therapeutic interventions to meet each individual person’s needs. My goal is to empower my clients and support them throughout their wellness journey, by providing a safe space where people feel comfortable processing their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. I am an LGBTQIA+ affirming and culturally inclusive therapist, with experience working with a wide range of populations and diverse backgrounds.
I recognize and appreciate that each person is unique, with their own experiences. I tailor my approach and use of therapeutic interventions to meet each individual person’s needs. My goal is to empower my clients and support them throughout their wellness journey, by providing a safe space where people feel comfortable processing their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. I am an LGBTQIA+ affirming and culturally inclusive therapist, with experience working with a wide range of populations and diverse backgrounds.
(419) 451-4347 View (419) 451-4347
Photo of Jennifer Lynn Wilson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toledo, OH
Jennifer Lynn Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43617
I am extremely passionate about helping those that are dealing with grief, and even anticipatory grief, in relation to a terminal illness. I have worked in hospice for 17 years and feel that end of life support and education is my calling. It is so important that every individual realize that their way of dealing with grief may be different and that’s ok. Providing clients with a safe place to share their thoughts and feelings is of utmost importance to me.
I am extremely passionate about helping those that are dealing with grief, and even anticipatory grief, in relation to a terminal illness. I have worked in hospice for 17 years and feel that end of life support and education is my calling. It is so important that every individual realize that their way of dealing with grief may be different and that’s ok. Providing clients with a safe place to share their thoughts and feelings is of utmost importance to me.
(419) 573-0212 View (419) 573-0212
Photo of Courtney B May, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toledo, OH
Courtney B May
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43606  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Imagine entering a space where you are free to be your genuine self, flaws and all. A space where you are truly seen, heard, and understood. I consider it an honor to enter this space with my clients and join them on the path of true healing. My experience and specialized trainings in grief, trauma, and family systems allow me to help you manage your current daily struggles and find a healthy balance in relationships. Beyond this I can also help you discover the true roots of your discomfort by working with you to unpack your history and heal stored pain and grief.
Imagine entering a space where you are free to be your genuine self, flaws and all. A space where you are truly seen, heard, and understood. I consider it an honor to enter this space with my clients and join them on the path of true healing. My experience and specialized trainings in grief, trauma, and family systems allow me to help you manage your current daily struggles and find a healthy balance in relationships. Beyond this I can also help you discover the true roots of your discomfort by working with you to unpack your history and heal stored pain and grief.
(419) 451-4436 View (419) 451-4436
Photo of Keith Rufo, Pre-Licensed Professional in Toledo, OH
Keith Rufo
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43606
My goal as a clinician is to work with a variety of individuals to improve their wellbeing. I aim to both discover and support areas of growth and strengths so that individuals may effectively address any concerns. I have training and experience in psychological testing. I provide ADHD and Autism testing for children and adults. I aid in clarification or in differentiating a diagnosis and provide documentation for schools for IEP or 504 Plan management. Testing provides individuals with a tool to better understand their symptoms, provides a diagnosis for clarity, and provides recommendations for growth and realization of potential.
My goal as a clinician is to work with a variety of individuals to improve their wellbeing. I aim to both discover and support areas of growth and strengths so that individuals may effectively address any concerns. I have training and experience in psychological testing. I provide ADHD and Autism testing for children and adults. I aid in clarification or in differentiating a diagnosis and provide documentation for schools for IEP or 504 Plan management. Testing provides individuals with a tool to better understand their symptoms, provides a diagnosis for clarity, and provides recommendations for growth and realization of potential.
(419) 518-5248 View (419) 518-5248
Photo of Dr. Jennifer B. Smirnoff, Counselor in Toledo, OH
Dr. Jennifer B. Smirnoff
Counselor, PhD, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
Toledo, OH 43623  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
As a cognitive behavioral therapist with 25 years of experience, I diagnose and treat a wide variety of mental health disorders. Research has found cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to be the most effective form of psychotherapy for the most commonly experienced mental health issues. My clientele includes those with chronic mental health issues, as well as those coping with stress related to life transitions such as marriage, loss, childbirth, divorce, retirement, etc. Currently, I am taking new clients via telehealth only (video sessions) including adults and children over the age of 13.
As a cognitive behavioral therapist with 25 years of experience, I diagnose and treat a wide variety of mental health disorders. Research has found cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to be the most effective form of psychotherapy for the most commonly experienced mental health issues. My clientele includes those with chronic mental health issues, as well as those coping with stress related to life transitions such as marriage, loss, childbirth, divorce, retirement, etc. Currently, I am taking new clients via telehealth only (video sessions) including adults and children over the age of 13.
(419) 969-3491 View (419) 969-3491
Photo of Toni Epperson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toledo, OH
Toni Epperson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Toledo, OH 43604  (Online Only)
Looking for help? Searching for answers? For change? Do you feel your hope diminishing; that "this is not the life that I should be living, I AM missing something." If you can admit thoughts like this, then you are on the edge of change. Where you are now emotionally is not where you will always be, if you take a step of courage and reach out for help. The life you seek, that you desire, is available to you. You can have it, with one changed thought at a time.
Looking for help? Searching for answers? For change? Do you feel your hope diminishing; that "this is not the life that I should be living, I AM missing something." If you can admit thoughts like this, then you are on the edge of change. Where you are now emotionally is not where you will always be, if you take a step of courage and reach out for help. The life you seek, that you desire, is available to you. You can have it, with one changed thought at a time.
(419) 513-8674 View (419) 513-8674
Photo of Ali Albright, Licensed Professional Counselor in Toledo, OH
Ali Albright
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toledo, OH 43615
I specialize in helping children/adolescents identify and express their needs in healthy and manageable ways. When school, peer, or home interactions become challenging, it's sometimes hard for children/adolescents to feel seen and heard. I am here to help your child identify their strengths, create consistent positive coping strategies, and become their own best advocates in every environment. I have convenient after-school/evening appointment availability!
I specialize in helping children/adolescents identify and express their needs in healthy and manageable ways. When school, peer, or home interactions become challenging, it's sometimes hard for children/adolescents to feel seen and heard. I am here to help your child identify their strengths, create consistent positive coping strategies, and become their own best advocates in every environment. I have convenient after-school/evening appointment availability!
(419) 597-5990 View (419) 597-5990

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Toledo, OH

300+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Toledo, OH who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
89% Depression
82% Self Esteem
76% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
73% Stress
71% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Medical Mutual
73% Aetna
71% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Toledo, OH see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Toledo?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.