Therapists in Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT

Photo of Meg Anderson - Level Up Therapy, LLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Level Up Therapy, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59801  (Online Only)
Sometimes our life experiences have a way of causing an altered view of ourselves and the world around us. Trauma and grief can also cause us to disconnect from our lives and the people we love, leaving us feeling unsettled, anxious, and lost. My approach to counseling involves creating a safe space for my clients that supports self-exploration, understanding, and personal growth. My strength-based, trauma-informed practice draws primarily from cognitive behavioral therapy, solution-focused therapy, mindfulness practices, and internal family systems. Together, we can define your goals and values, and explore who you truly are.
Sometimes our life experiences have a way of causing an altered view of ourselves and the world around us. Trauma and grief can also cause us to disconnect from our lives and the people we love, leaving us feeling unsettled, anxious, and lost. My approach to counseling involves creating a safe space for my clients that supports self-exploration, understanding, and personal growth. My strength-based, trauma-informed practice draws primarily from cognitive behavioral therapy, solution-focused therapy, mindfulness practices, and internal family systems. Together, we can define your goals and values, and explore who you truly are.
(406) 747-0223 View (406) 747-0223
Photo of Kelly P Scariano, LCSW, LAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kelly P Scariano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
Hello! My name is Kelly Scariano and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Missoula. I am passionate about working with adolescents and adults to help them create lasting and powerful change in their lives. I specialize in relationship issues, addiction, depression, anxiety and grief/loss. By assisting clients in gaining insight and self-awareness we work together to identify and resolve unhealthy behaviors, which are getting in the way of forming lasting and loving relationships. I am known for my warmth, compassion and insight. I create safety, trust and a strong working relationship with each individual or couple.
Hello! My name is Kelly Scariano and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Missoula. I am passionate about working with adolescents and adults to help them create lasting and powerful change in their lives. I specialize in relationship issues, addiction, depression, anxiety and grief/loss. By assisting clients in gaining insight and self-awareness we work together to identify and resolve unhealthy behaviors, which are getting in the way of forming lasting and loving relationships. I am known for my warmth, compassion and insight. I create safety, trust and a strong working relationship with each individual or couple.
(406) 204-0498 View (406) 204-0498
Photo of Rachael Dunkel - Bridger Peaks Counseling - Missoula, LCPC, Counselor
Bridger Peaks Counseling - Missoula
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
Bridger Peaks Counseling is a multidisciplinary therapy practice based in Missoula and Bozeman, Montana dedicated to helping transform individual wellbeing and community mental health. We support individuals, couples, and groups through online and in-person therapy with a collaborative, compassionate, and evidence-based approach. We believe in a connected, compassionate world in which everyone has the resources and support to heal from trauma and lead happier, healthier lives. We are allies and advocates for all identities, backgrounds, and mental health needs.
Bridger Peaks Counseling is a multidisciplinary therapy practice based in Missoula and Bozeman, Montana dedicated to helping transform individual wellbeing and community mental health. We support individuals, couples, and groups through online and in-person therapy with a collaborative, compassionate, and evidence-based approach. We believe in a connected, compassionate world in which everyone has the resources and support to heal from trauma and lead happier, healthier lives. We are allies and advocates for all identities, backgrounds, and mental health needs.
(406) 209-8711 View (406) 209-8711
Photo of Craig Ravesloot, PhD, Psychologist
Craig Ravesloot
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59801
Are you tired of going through the motions and repeating the same patterns? You can find solutions to the problems you face. Maybe it's time to let go of old limiting beliefs that create depression and anxiety and other painful experiences. I have over 25 years of experience helping people change habits so they can find happiness. I can help you understand how thoughts and feelings complicate problems and make them worse. I will help you change so you can avoid repeating the same patterns and become a better version of yourself.
Are you tired of going through the motions and repeating the same patterns? You can find solutions to the problems you face. Maybe it's time to let go of old limiting beliefs that create depression and anxiety and other painful experiences. I have over 25 years of experience helping people change habits so they can find happiness. I can help you understand how thoughts and feelings complicate problems and make them worse. I will help you change so you can avoid repeating the same patterns and become a better version of yourself.
(406) 300-3689 View (406) 300-3689
Photo of Treasa Glinnwater, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Treasa Glinnwater
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
Youa are taking a courageous step to begin therapy. You may be suffering from depression, anxiety, addiction and recovery, trauma, sexual issues, self-limiting beliefs, low self esteem, trouble with relationships, endless stress. I have over 25 years of experience treating these problems and am able to provide a safe space for you to navigate your sense of self and create a meaningful change.
Youa are taking a courageous step to begin therapy. You may be suffering from depression, anxiety, addiction and recovery, trauma, sexual issues, self-limiting beliefs, low self esteem, trouble with relationships, endless stress. I have over 25 years of experience treating these problems and am able to provide a safe space for you to navigate your sense of self and create a meaningful change.
(406) 270-9225 View (406) 270-9225
Photo of Dr. Caroline Krenn, MA, PsyD, LCPC, Counselor
Dr. Caroline Krenn
Counselor, MA, PsyD, LCPC
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802  (Online Only)
At times we can become so overwhelmed we feel lost. Our pain can overcome our capacity towards transformative healing and growth. In these moments, it is my honor and privilege to offer a light in the dark.
At times we can become so overwhelmed we feel lost. Our pain can overcome our capacity towards transformative healing and growth. In these moments, it is my honor and privilege to offer a light in the dark.
(406) 296-5562 View (406) 296-5562
Photo of Jennifer Carlson, LCSW, MSEd, SEP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Carlson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSEd, SEP
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59801
Welcome. I seek to provide individuals and couples with an engaging and collaborative process. Aspiring to be curious and supportive as you identify & explore uncomfortable feelings, discordant self-beliefs, or painful relational dynamics that are keeping you from having more meaningful, enlivened, and loving connections to yourself and others. Navigating together, we will address areas, that may include love, family dynamics, internal conflict, issues of health, work, friendship, school, trauma, addiction, & loss. With couples' areas of exploration sex/intimacy, premarital counselling, financial issues, betrayal & fertility.
Welcome. I seek to provide individuals and couples with an engaging and collaborative process. Aspiring to be curious and supportive as you identify & explore uncomfortable feelings, discordant self-beliefs, or painful relational dynamics that are keeping you from having more meaningful, enlivened, and loving connections to yourself and others. Navigating together, we will address areas, that may include love, family dynamics, internal conflict, issues of health, work, friendship, school, trauma, addiction, & loss. With couples' areas of exploration sex/intimacy, premarital counselling, financial issues, betrayal & fertility.
(406) 416-5434 View (406) 416-5434
Photo of Becca Wagner, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Becca Wagner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
My therapeutic focus is to meet each person where they are at in their journey and to work alongside every person to help them accomplish their goals, together as a team. I create a warm and inviting atmosphere to ensure every person feels as safe as possible throughout every session.
My therapeutic focus is to meet each person where they are at in their journey and to work alongside every person to help them accomplish their goals, together as a team. I create a warm and inviting atmosphere to ensure every person feels as safe as possible throughout every session.
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Photo of Suzanne M Richards, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Suzanne M Richards
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
Not accepting new clients
**Please note: I am not currently accepting new clients. I have 25 years experience providing psychotherapy for individuals, couples and families who are dealing with issues related to personal/relational growth, trauma, addiction and recovery, depression, anxiety, procrastination and motivation. I provide psychotherapy which is based on principles of mindfulness. I am a graduate of both the Hakomi and Sensorimotor Institutes which trains clinicians in the area of mindfulness based body centered psychotherapy.
**Please note: I am not currently accepting new clients. I have 25 years experience providing psychotherapy for individuals, couples and families who are dealing with issues related to personal/relational growth, trauma, addiction and recovery, depression, anxiety, procrastination and motivation. I provide psychotherapy which is based on principles of mindfulness. I am a graduate of both the Hakomi and Sensorimotor Institutes which trains clinicians in the area of mindfulness based body centered psychotherapy.
(406) 623-9934 View (406) 623-9934
Photo of Elizabeth Urschel, MFA, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elizabeth Urschel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MFA, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
Not accepting new clients
I believe that in times of profound suffering, we search for meaning and purpose. After loss, we may need specialized support to navigate what is for many of us a forever changed landscape. It is natural to feel stuck and alone, lost, anxious or depressed. In therapy, we will explore and be with your grief in no predetermined format, while also reorienting to possibilities, new paths forward, and values. I truly believe that we can learn to survive traumatic losses and to experience joy and the richness of the present again while investing deeply in relationships. I am honored to witness your philosophical and spiritual journeys!
I believe that in times of profound suffering, we search for meaning and purpose. After loss, we may need specialized support to navigate what is for many of us a forever changed landscape. It is natural to feel stuck and alone, lost, anxious or depressed. In therapy, we will explore and be with your grief in no predetermined format, while also reorienting to possibilities, new paths forward, and values. I truly believe that we can learn to survive traumatic losses and to experience joy and the richness of the present again while investing deeply in relationships. I am honored to witness your philosophical and spiritual journeys!
(406) 642-8553 View (406) 642-8553
Photo of Theresa O'Keefe, MS, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Theresa O'Keefe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
My “Therapist Mission Statement” is to aid you on your journey of emotional healing, courageous vulnerability, and attachment security. I work from a perspective that prioritizes the importance of emotions, self-esteem, and relationships. Clients have described me as “warm, collaborative, easy to talk to, and insightful”. I strive to facilitate therapy that is as helpful and comfortable as possible. I believe in crafting each session to the specific needs of the individual or couple. At different times I will be your cheerleader, emotional witness, process consultant, reality-checker, co-regulator, and emotional translator.
My “Therapist Mission Statement” is to aid you on your journey of emotional healing, courageous vulnerability, and attachment security. I work from a perspective that prioritizes the importance of emotions, self-esteem, and relationships. Clients have described me as “warm, collaborative, easy to talk to, and insightful”. I strive to facilitate therapy that is as helpful and comfortable as possible. I believe in crafting each session to the specific needs of the individual or couple. At different times I will be your cheerleader, emotional witness, process consultant, reality-checker, co-regulator, and emotional translator.
(406) 820-1443 x8 View (406) 820-1443 x8
Photo of Jonathan Sky Cova, MA, LCPC, LAC, Counselor
Jonathan Sky Cova
Counselor, MA, LCPC, LAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
We can make immediate progress. My mission is to help you find your inner strengths and cut to the chase of living a valued life. Worried about your place in life? Doing unhelpful behaviors? Stuck in your thoughts? Not able to commit to the actions to increase your effectiveness? I can help you navigate emotional, behavioral, and thinking challenges, helping you focus on what's important in your life. Looking forward to helping you navigate!
We can make immediate progress. My mission is to help you find your inner strengths and cut to the chase of living a valued life. Worried about your place in life? Doing unhelpful behaviors? Stuck in your thoughts? Not able to commit to the actions to increase your effectiveness? I can help you navigate emotional, behavioral, and thinking challenges, helping you focus on what's important in your life. Looking forward to helping you navigate!
(406) 612-1525 View (406) 612-1525
Photo of Kate K. Newby, MA, LCPC, Counselor
Kate K. Newby
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
Navigating life transitions—such as loss, divorce, or health challenges—can feel overwhelming. In moments of fear and uncertainty, Kate offers an invitation to approach these changes with openness, safety, and intuition. Drawing from her own experiences, Kate forms deep, empathetic connections, using humor and understanding to make healing accessible. Her clients appreciate her relatable style, which shifts focus from dwelling on the past to exploring new possibilities, empowering them to move beyond obstacles and envision a future filled with growth.
Navigating life transitions—such as loss, divorce, or health challenges—can feel overwhelming. In moments of fear and uncertainty, Kate offers an invitation to approach these changes with openness, safety, and intuition. Drawing from her own experiences, Kate forms deep, empathetic connections, using humor and understanding to make healing accessible. Her clients appreciate her relatable style, which shifts focus from dwelling on the past to exploring new possibilities, empowering them to move beyond obstacles and envision a future filled with growth.
(406) 820-1992 View (406) 820-1992
Photo of Rebecca Spencer, LCSW, LAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca Spencer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802  (Online Only)
People are often drawn to therapy by a catalyst, a traumatic experience or formative moment awakens a troubling realization that all is not right. Whether we lean on unhealthy coping skills, abuse drugs or alcohol, engage in toxic relationships, or any number of other visible actualizations of internal struggle, the trauma makes itself known and heard. Engaging therapy is an important first step in facing those emotions and beginning to re-process them in a manner that serves the self and paves a road forward.
People are often drawn to therapy by a catalyst, a traumatic experience or formative moment awakens a troubling realization that all is not right. Whether we lean on unhealthy coping skills, abuse drugs or alcohol, engage in toxic relationships, or any number of other visible actualizations of internal struggle, the trauma makes itself known and heard. Engaging therapy is an important first step in facing those emotions and beginning to re-process them in a manner that serves the self and paves a road forward.
(406) 732-7938 View (406) 732-7938
Photo of Jamie L Stocker, LCPC, ATR, Art Therapist
Jamie L Stocker
Art Therapist, LCPC, ATR
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
I welcome you to my Art Therapy and Counseling practice (now including a four legged assistant "MJ.") After receiving my Bachelor's here in Missoula, I completed my Master of Arts in Art Therapy Counseling in Oregon. I have held professional licensures with the State of Oregon (2011-2013) and the State of Montana since 2013. I am a nationally registered Art Therapist (ATR).
I welcome you to my Art Therapy and Counseling practice (now including a four legged assistant "MJ.") After receiving my Bachelor's here in Missoula, I completed my Master of Arts in Art Therapy Counseling in Oregon. I have held professional licensures with the State of Oregon (2011-2013) and the State of Montana since 2013. I am a nationally registered Art Therapist (ATR).
(406) 709-7958 View (406) 709-7958
Photo of Jessica Fetzer, MA, LCPC, NCC, Counselor
Jessica Fetzer
Counselor, MA, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
Being human can be messy, painful, and gut-wrenching. It can also be full of wonder, joy, and breathtaking beauty. I am passionate about embracing the duality of life in order to help others cope with the myriad of challenges placed before them. I believe therapy has the power to shape our perspective and shed light on ways to better cope with life's challenges, while bringing the beauty back into focus.
Being human can be messy, painful, and gut-wrenching. It can also be full of wonder, joy, and breathtaking beauty. I am passionate about embracing the duality of life in order to help others cope with the myriad of challenges placed before them. I believe therapy has the power to shape our perspective and shed light on ways to better cope with life's challenges, while bringing the beauty back into focus.
(406) 420-7093 View (406) 420-7093
Photo of Thomas C. Hamburgen, PhD, Psychologist
Thomas C. Hamburgen
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802  (Online Only)
I am in private practice, working with individuals on the OCD spectrum as well as anxiety disorders.
I am in private practice, working with individuals on the OCD spectrum as well as anxiety disorders.
(406) 412-7013 View (406) 412-7013
Photo of Heather Shultz, MA, LCPC, NCC, Counselor
Heather Shultz
Counselor, MA, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
My counseling approach is warm and non-judgmental. I strive to create a space for you to feel heard and safe in order to explore current challenges in your life. I see clients with varying concerns such as anxiety, depression, trauma, life changes, and those wanting a safe and comfortable space to process life and gain self-awareness.
My counseling approach is warm and non-judgmental. I strive to create a space for you to feel heard and safe in order to explore current challenges in your life. I see clients with varying concerns such as anxiety, depression, trauma, life changes, and those wanting a safe and comfortable space to process life and gain self-awareness.
(406) 400-9968 View (406) 400-9968
Photo of Emily Pray, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emily Pray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I'm currently accepting new referrals, and am eager to help individuals overcome difficult life transitions, anxiety, depression and/or feelings of being 'stuck'. Life can throw curveballs, but with the right tools and support you'll be able to navigate with confidence. I work well helping individuals who have trouble with anxious and worried thinking, have poor self-confidence, or are making their way through changes in life like graduating from college and starting a career, managing rocky relationships, or reframing their newfound freedom after raising a family. Stress is tough, but thankfully finding help doesn't have to be!
I'm currently accepting new referrals, and am eager to help individuals overcome difficult life transitions, anxiety, depression and/or feelings of being 'stuck'. Life can throw curveballs, but with the right tools and support you'll be able to navigate with confidence. I work well helping individuals who have trouble with anxious and worried thinking, have poor self-confidence, or are making their way through changes in life like graduating from college and starting a career, managing rocky relationships, or reframing their newfound freedom after raising a family. Stress is tough, but thankfully finding help doesn't have to be!
(406) 412-1818 View (406) 412-1818
Photo of Kristin E. Fox - Kristin E. Fox, LCSW, LLC, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kristin E. Fox, LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT 59802
I'm currently accepting clients for in-person in Missoula, MT and tele-health sessions in both MT/ID. My approach to therapy is relational and strengths-based. I believe creating strong therapeutic relationships is essential for change to take place. I meet clients where they're at with compassion, empathy and without judgement. Through developing a safe, trusting therapeutic relationship, my hope is that clients will feel heard, work to break unhealthy patterns, improve their confidence, build insight, develop new skills, discover their inner strengths and use them in their everyday life to work towards their goals.
I'm currently accepting clients for in-person in Missoula, MT and tele-health sessions in both MT/ID. My approach to therapy is relational and strengths-based. I believe creating strong therapeutic relationships is essential for change to take place. I meet clients where they're at with compassion, empathy and without judgement. Through developing a safe, trusting therapeutic relationship, my hope is that clients will feel heard, work to break unhealthy patterns, improve their confidence, build insight, develop new skills, discover their inner strengths and use them in their everyday life to work towards their goals.
(406) 313-3460 View (406) 313-3460
1

See more therapy options for Heart Of Missoula, Missoula

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT

100+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
90% Depression
88% Relationship Issues
82% Trauma and PTSD
78% Self Esteem
69% Stress
68% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

97% BlueCross and BlueShield
85% PacificSource
84% Allegiance

How Therapists in Heart Of Missoula, Missoula, MT see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

70% Female
29% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Heart Of Missoula, Missoula?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.