Therapists in Belgrade, MT

Photo of Clayleen Kors, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Clayleen Kors
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Belgrade, MT 59714  (Online Only)
Imagine a utopian world where everything always glitters, relationships are easy, work is perpetually fulfilling, fear doesn’t exist, and you graciously welcome every single unexpected situation life throws your way with a wide grin and open arms. Now, open your eyes and keep reading since we both know that isn’t reality. One of my personal values is authenticity and this doesn’t disappear in the room with you. While I can’t promise a life filled with unicorns and rainbows, I can ensure you our time together will be filled with sincerity, support, and likely a bit laughter.
Imagine a utopian world where everything always glitters, relationships are easy, work is perpetually fulfilling, fear doesn’t exist, and you graciously welcome every single unexpected situation life throws your way with a wide grin and open arms. Now, open your eyes and keep reading since we both know that isn’t reality. One of my personal values is authenticity and this doesn’t disappear in the room with you. While I can’t promise a life filled with unicorns and rainbows, I can ensure you our time together will be filled with sincerity, support, and likely a bit laughter.
(406) 296-5544 View (406) 296-5544
Photo of Nicolais Cuyle, MS, LCPC, Counselor
Nicolais Cuyle
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Belgrade, MT 59714
Are you struggling with reoccurring stress, anxiety, experiencing difficulties related to trauma, or experiencing relationship issues? Do you feel disempowered, fearful, angry, depressed, or lost. No one should face these difficulties alone. I support individuals with increasing self-worth and feelings of empowerment; increasing moments of joy and satisfaction, reinforcing self-awareness and resiliency, strengthening positive relationships, increasing skillsets in appropriate boundary-setting, identifying and reinforcing important areas of wellness, and increasing the use of adaptive skills to manage emotionally difficult moments.
Are you struggling with reoccurring stress, anxiety, experiencing difficulties related to trauma, or experiencing relationship issues? Do you feel disempowered, fearful, angry, depressed, or lost. No one should face these difficulties alone. I support individuals with increasing self-worth and feelings of empowerment; increasing moments of joy and satisfaction, reinforcing self-awareness and resiliency, strengthening positive relationships, increasing skillsets in appropriate boundary-setting, identifying and reinforcing important areas of wellness, and increasing the use of adaptive skills to manage emotionally difficult moments.
(406) 400-9528 View (406) 400-9528
Photo of Emily Tutvedt Grossman, MS, LCPC, Counselor
Emily Tutvedt Grossman
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Belgrade, MT 59714
I work best with clients who want to build more meaningful lives. My work is based in helping people who feel unsatisfied or out of control to connect to themselves and move forward accordingly. The clients I work with often report feeling overwhelmed by their emotions, numb to their emotions, or some combination of the two. This emotional dysregulation tends to leave people feeling helpless or out of control; in therapy, I work together with clients to move toward a vibrant way of living and an understanding of the power they hold to shape their lives for the better.
I work best with clients who want to build more meaningful lives. My work is based in helping people who feel unsatisfied or out of control to connect to themselves and move forward accordingly. The clients I work with often report feeling overwhelmed by their emotions, numb to their emotions, or some combination of the two. This emotional dysregulation tends to leave people feeling helpless or out of control; in therapy, I work together with clients to move toward a vibrant way of living and an understanding of the power they hold to shape their lives for the better.
(406) 508-1107 View (406) 508-1107
Photo of Selena Morefield - SKM Counseling, MA, LCPC, Counselor
SKM Counseling
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Belgrade, MT 59714  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
You deserve the opportunity to feel supported & understood during all of life's challenges. I utilize methods based on your individual personality, situation & need. Examples may be increased understanding of self, improved communication skills, individualized coping skills, & higher self confidence. Whether you're struggling with empty nesting, career stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, grief, or more. Ladies, if you are struggling with perimenopause let me be a comfort & trusted resource for you. Share your story with me. Everyone deserves their own supportive personalized therapy. :)
You deserve the opportunity to feel supported & understood during all of life's challenges. I utilize methods based on your individual personality, situation & need. Examples may be increased understanding of self, improved communication skills, individualized coping skills, & higher self confidence. Whether you're struggling with empty nesting, career stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, grief, or more. Ladies, if you are struggling with perimenopause let me be a comfort & trusted resource for you. Share your story with me. Everyone deserves their own supportive personalized therapy. :)
(406) 345-0753 View (406) 345-0753
Photo of Crystal Tetzel, MS, LCPC, CAHPE, IECMHC, Counselor
Crystal Tetzel
Counselor, MS, LCPC, CAHPE, IECMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Belgrade, MT 59714
In my practice, we hold the premise that every person has an innate capacity for healing and unique qualities that have helped them navigate or even survive life. These qualities are called "creative adjustments." However, there can come a time when these creative adjustments become less effective or ineffective. It is here, that we aim to help one achieve healing and relief from pain and discomfort. Our primary work is with children aged 0-18 years and their parents, parents to be, individual adults, and other providers who work with children.
In my practice, we hold the premise that every person has an innate capacity for healing and unique qualities that have helped them navigate or even survive life. These qualities are called "creative adjustments." However, there can come a time when these creative adjustments become less effective or ineffective. It is here, that we aim to help one achieve healing and relief from pain and discomfort. Our primary work is with children aged 0-18 years and their parents, parents to be, individual adults, and other providers who work with children.
(406) 630-5518 View (406) 630-5518
Photo of Jay Paul Getten - Behavioral Health Consulting Solutions, LCPC, LMFT , Counselor
Behavioral Health Consulting Solutions
Counselor, LCPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Belgrade, MT 59714
We do not view neurodiversity (ADHD, autism, and bipolar disorder) as an illness or a disorder to be cured or removed. Instead, we view it as an evolutionary adaptation that served essential roles in the growth and development of human civilization. We believe that much of the dysfunction our clients experience is due to having to navigate environments that are not built for them, instead of any inherent deficits within them.
We do not view neurodiversity (ADHD, autism, and bipolar disorder) as an illness or a disorder to be cured or removed. Instead, we view it as an evolutionary adaptation that served essential roles in the growth and development of human civilization. We believe that much of the dysfunction our clients experience is due to having to navigate environments that are not built for them, instead of any inherent deficits within them.
(406) 356-0639 View (406) 356-0639
Photo of Michael Paul Aranda - Aranda Psychotherapy, PLLC, MA, LCPC, LMFT, EMDRPT2
Aranda Psychotherapy, PLLC
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC, LMFT, EMDRPT2
Verified Verified
Belgrade, MT 59714
I work with clients that are struggling with various issues. I have experience working with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, anxiety, relationship concerns, interpersonal issues, anger episodes, and various other presentations. I also offer supervision for interns and pre-licensed professsionals.
I work with clients that are struggling with various issues. I have experience working with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, anxiety, relationship concerns, interpersonal issues, anger episodes, and various other presentations. I also offer supervision for interns and pre-licensed professsionals.
(406) 813-1696 View (406) 813-1696
Photo of Katja Shimkin, PCLC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Katja Shimkin
Pre-Licensed Professional, PCLC
Verified Verified
Belgrade, MT 59714
Hi there! It sounds like you're looking for support. Here's a bit about me and my approach to counseling so you can decide if you think we'd be a good fit for each other. You can also schedule a 15-minute phone consultation if you’d like to talk live.
Hi there! It sounds like you're looking for support. Here's a bit about me and my approach to counseling so you can decide if you think we'd be a good fit for each other. You can also schedule a 15-minute phone consultation if you’d like to talk live.
(406) 606-6961 View (406) 606-6961
Photo of Laura B Block, LCPC, Counselor
Laura B Block
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Belgrade, MT 59714  (Online Only)
Hello. Are you struggling with ongoing anxiety, depression, addictive behaviors or life transitions? Do you have unprocessed trauma or unresolved grief? Setting out on the journey of growth, healing and recovery can feel overwhelming. Therapy can facilitate greater insight and foster a sense of stability, security and growth.
Hello. Are you struggling with ongoing anxiety, depression, addictive behaviors or life transitions? Do you have unprocessed trauma or unresolved grief? Setting out on the journey of growth, healing and recovery can feel overwhelming. Therapy can facilitate greater insight and foster a sense of stability, security and growth.
(406) 991-1421 View (406) 991-1421
Photo of Heather Nichols, MA, LCPC, ATR, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Heather Nichols
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC, ATR, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Belgrade, MT 59714  (Online Only)
I believe that a compassionate, empathetic and non-judgmental environment is essential in therapy. I know that it takes a lot of courage to reach out for help and it’s important to me to provide a space where you will feel heard, understood and accepted. My goal in the work we will do is to assist in creating change in areas that are important to you. I will collaborate with you to find the approaches that are most helpful and fit your needs. I hope counseling is an opportunity which allows you to develop insight, use personal awareness, learn self-compassion, find tools for enhancing resiliency, and explore your personal story.
I believe that a compassionate, empathetic and non-judgmental environment is essential in therapy. I know that it takes a lot of courage to reach out for help and it’s important to me to provide a space where you will feel heard, understood and accepted. My goal in the work we will do is to assist in creating change in areas that are important to you. I will collaborate with you to find the approaches that are most helpful and fit your needs. I hope counseling is an opportunity which allows you to develop insight, use personal awareness, learn self-compassion, find tools for enhancing resiliency, and explore your personal story.
(406) 319-3540 View (406) 319-3540
Photo of Jacqueline Bence, MS, LCPC, Counselor
Jacqueline Bence
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Belgrade, MT 59714
My primary focus in the room is the therapeutic relationship between you and me. I believe that creating a safe, nonjudgmental space where you feel comfortable and at ease will allow us to have an authentic, open experience with one another. I approach counseling from a person-centered perspective and will treat you with unconditional positive regard. When you feel like you are truly seen and heard then change has the opportunity to grow.
My primary focus in the room is the therapeutic relationship between you and me. I believe that creating a safe, nonjudgmental space where you feel comfortable and at ease will allow us to have an authentic, open experience with one another. I approach counseling from a person-centered perspective and will treat you with unconditional positive regard. When you feel like you are truly seen and heard then change has the opportunity to grow.
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Photo of Tessa Slominski - Whole Hearts Counseling, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Whole Hearts Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Belgrade, MT 59714
Do you ever feel like your young child doesn't listen to you, or they do the opposite of what you ask them to do? Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based therapy to promote attachment using positive attention strategies to guide behaviors, while helping caregivers to provide consistent and predictable consequences when necessary. I work with biological parents, foster and adoptive families, and other caregivers including extended family. We also provide individual therapy to address challenges in parenting, and Circle of Security parenting sessions.
Do you ever feel like your young child doesn't listen to you, or they do the opposite of what you ask them to do? Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based therapy to promote attachment using positive attention strategies to guide behaviors, while helping caregivers to provide consistent and predictable consequences when necessary. I work with biological parents, foster and adoptive families, and other caregivers including extended family. We also provide individual therapy to address challenges in parenting, and Circle of Security parenting sessions.
(406) 295-8212 View (406) 295-8212
Photo of Darla Wilkinson, MMFT, PCLC, LPC Intern
Darla Wilkinson
LPC Intern, MMFT, PCLC
Verified Verified
Belgrade, MT 59714  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
We live in a fallen world and often feel overwhelmed with emotions such as anxiety, depression, or deep sadness. We may buckle under the weight of relational brokenness; strive to come to terms with past trauma; or struggle to navigate the journey of grief after a significant loss - to name a few. My aim is to come alongside each client in their momentary pain, using my training, expertise, and my Christian faith as essential tools to help you reach healing and change. I use a multi-modal approach to counseling, with a special focus on how thoughts, emotions, and actions work together for personal change.
We live in a fallen world and often feel overwhelmed with emotions such as anxiety, depression, or deep sadness. We may buckle under the weight of relational brokenness; strive to come to terms with past trauma; or struggle to navigate the journey of grief after a significant loss - to name a few. My aim is to come alongside each client in their momentary pain, using my training, expertise, and my Christian faith as essential tools to help you reach healing and change. I use a multi-modal approach to counseling, with a special focus on how thoughts, emotions, and actions work together for personal change.
(406) 926-0053 View (406) 926-0053
Photo of Lauren Anderson, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lauren Anderson
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Belgrade, MT 59714
Please Note: I have availability for appointments on Wednesdays and Thursdays between 10-3. I am a Master's level student counselor who believes any individual navigating a profound life transition deserves empathetic, nuanced support. Whether that means figuring out how to create the best possible version of your life in the wake of an undesired loss, come up with an approach that aims to ease future transitions (such as away from a career that is entwined with your identity), or carving the path to a value-driven future, I want to help. The First Responder community, Grievers, and Veterans might find me to be a competent fit.
Please Note: I have availability for appointments on Wednesdays and Thursdays between 10-3. I am a Master's level student counselor who believes any individual navigating a profound life transition deserves empathetic, nuanced support. Whether that means figuring out how to create the best possible version of your life in the wake of an undesired loss, come up with an approach that aims to ease future transitions (such as away from a career that is entwined with your identity), or carving the path to a value-driven future, I want to help. The First Responder community, Grievers, and Veterans might find me to be a competent fit.
(406) 747-7824 View (406) 747-7824
Photo of Laura Nejad, MS, LCPC, Counselor
Laura Nejad
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Belgrade, MT 59714
Currently Accepting New Clients. I believe behavior is communication. Sometimes it takes an outside perspective to understand you, a child, or a teen is communicating. By creating a judgement free space and empowering the client, I aim to engage adults, children, and teens in centering themselves, processing their experiences, and advocating for their needs. I also have experience working with people impacted by disabilities and systemic trauma.
Currently Accepting New Clients. I believe behavior is communication. Sometimes it takes an outside perspective to understand you, a child, or a teen is communicating. By creating a judgement free space and empowering the client, I aim to engage adults, children, and teens in centering themselves, processing their experiences, and advocating for their needs. I also have experience working with people impacted by disabilities and systemic trauma.
(406) 282-8427 View (406) 282-8427
Photo of Maddie Baxter, Pre-Licensed Professional
Maddie Baxter
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Belgrade, MT 59714
I’m Maddie, a Master’s Level Student Counselor. I understand that every person’s journey is different, and I tailor my approach to meet the specific needs of each client. Whether you’re feeling stuck in daily life, struggling with relationships, or dealing with wounds that have impacted you for years, my priority is to build a genuine, safe, and affirming relationship with you. I proudly offer an LGBTQIA2S+ affirming space, ensuring that all identities are respected and celebrated.
I’m Maddie, a Master’s Level Student Counselor. I understand that every person’s journey is different, and I tailor my approach to meet the specific needs of each client. Whether you’re feeling stuck in daily life, struggling with relationships, or dealing with wounds that have impacted you for years, my priority is to build a genuine, safe, and affirming relationship with you. I proudly offer an LGBTQIA2S+ affirming space, ensuring that all identities are respected and celebrated.
(406) 645-5368 View (406) 645-5368
Photo of Dagny R Deutchman, MS
Dagny R Deutchman
MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Belgrade, MT 59714
As someone who has had their own journey with sleep, restfulness and dreams—I’m not leading you anywhere into the depths of the night that I haven’t been. I come with a satchel full of useful tools and a humble curiosity about what it means to rest well, and try again. I work best with clients who are looking to cultivate a better understanding with themselves with curiosity, compassion, and creativity. In our work together my biggest intention is that you will find more restful nights and cultivate a deeper relationship creativity, somatic body, and dreamlife.
As someone who has had their own journey with sleep, restfulness and dreams—I’m not leading you anywhere into the depths of the night that I haven’t been. I come with a satchel full of useful tools and a humble curiosity about what it means to rest well, and try again. I work best with clients who are looking to cultivate a better understanding with themselves with curiosity, compassion, and creativity. In our work together my biggest intention is that you will find more restful nights and cultivate a deeper relationship creativity, somatic body, and dreamlife.
(406) 334-2668 View (406) 334-2668
Photo of Shaun Phoenix, MS, LCPC, Counselor
Shaun Phoenix
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Belgrade, MT 59714
Waitlist for new clients
It is my honor to help you "be who you came here to be" by healing old survival skills, releasing old stories, and discovering the courage and strategies to help you step into manifesting change in your life. We'll collaborate in developing functional ways of getting your needs met, having healthy relationships, and creating your own new definitions of health, strength, and well-being. My transpersonal work includes creating ritual and healing ceremonies, developing an authentic and rich connection to Source as you understand it, and a variety of shamanic healing practices.
It is my honor to help you "be who you came here to be" by healing old survival skills, releasing old stories, and discovering the courage and strategies to help you step into manifesting change in your life. We'll collaborate in developing functional ways of getting your needs met, having healthy relationships, and creating your own new definitions of health, strength, and well-being. My transpersonal work includes creating ritual and healing ceremonies, developing an authentic and rich connection to Source as you understand it, and a variety of shamanic healing practices.
(406) 545-1976 View (406) 545-1976
Photo of Michael Hagenlock, MSW, LCSW, LAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michael Hagenlock
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LAC
Verified Verified
Belgrade, MT 59714
Michael is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and a Licensed Addiction Counselor in the State of Montana. Michael has worked with a cross section of individuals regarding behavioral health, mental health and substance use disorders. Michael has worked in the private sector as independent psychotherapist, worked for state run providers in the community and for the Veterans Administration. Michael has training in Sexual Abuse Response Team (SART) Team Training, Montana Mental Health Crisis Intervention Team Training (CIT), psychological first aid disaster support, depression, insomnia, substance use, disruptive behaviors-anger.
Michael is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and a Licensed Addiction Counselor in the State of Montana. Michael has worked with a cross section of individuals regarding behavioral health, mental health and substance use disorders. Michael has worked in the private sector as independent psychotherapist, worked for state run providers in the community and for the Veterans Administration. Michael has training in Sexual Abuse Response Team (SART) Team Training, Montana Mental Health Crisis Intervention Team Training (CIT), psychological first aid disaster support, depression, insomnia, substance use, disruptive behaviors-anger.
(406) 302-5502 View (406) 302-5502
Photo of Jodie L Sipes, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jodie L Sipes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Belgrade, MT 59714
Waitlist for new clients
Jodie uses a person-centered approach and believes her work is a collaborative effort. She focuses on encouraging hope and fostering resilience while working to help others overcome adversity. Her knowledge in Cognitive Behavior Therapy have helped others work through issues such as anxiety and depression. She is able to bring clarity to complicated matters and can help you build the skills you need. She will help you confront yourself with grace and increase your interpersonal skills that will help you improve your important relationships.
Jodie uses a person-centered approach and believes her work is a collaborative effort. She focuses on encouraging hope and fostering resilience while working to help others overcome adversity. Her knowledge in Cognitive Behavior Therapy have helped others work through issues such as anxiety and depression. She is able to bring clarity to complicated matters and can help you build the skills you need. She will help you confront yourself with grace and increase your interpersonal skills that will help you improve your important relationships.
(406) 324-7771 View (406) 324-7771

See more therapy options for Belgrade

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Belgrade, MT

100+

Average cost per session

$165

Therapists in Belgrade, MT who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
86% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
77% Trauma and PTSD
77% Self Esteem
77% Stress
71% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

99% BlueCross and BlueShield
85% PacificSource
81% Allegiance

How Therapists in Belgrade, MT see their clients

92% In Person and Online
8% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
21% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Belgrade?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.