Therapists in Tishomingo County, MS

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Photo of Grady Richard Corbin, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Grady Richard Corbin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Hello There! If you’re feeling stuck in grief, strained in your relationship, overwhelmed by family stress, or carrying more than you can say out loud, therapy can help you find steady ground again. I work with teens, adults, couples, and families who want practical support, and honest conversation. I am a semi-retired, senior clinician now but have had a successful career in the helping profession of therapy, counseling and providing care for those who come my way.
Hello There! If you’re feeling stuck in grief, strained in your relationship, overwhelmed by family stress, or carrying more than you can say out loud, therapy can help you find steady ground again. I work with teens, adults, couples, and families who want practical support, and honest conversation. I am a semi-retired, senior clinician now but have had a successful career in the helping profession of therapy, counseling and providing care for those who come my way.
(662) 337-7816 View (662) 337-7816
Photo of Theresa Parsons, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, BC-TMH
Theresa Parsons
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, BC-TMH
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Licensed in Mississippi and Louisiana. I understand that life can be overwhelming, and I’m here to help you navigate the challenges you face. Whether you're struggling with family issues, trauma, adjusting to life transitions, or managing symptoms of depression and anxiety, I provide a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your thoughts and emotions without judgment. I believe that healing begins with understanding, and together, we will work toward building resilience, improving relationships, and fostering personal growth. In our sessions, you can expect practical tools.
Licensed in Mississippi and Louisiana. I understand that life can be overwhelming, and I’m here to help you navigate the challenges you face. Whether you're struggling with family issues, trauma, adjusting to life transitions, or managing symptoms of depression and anxiety, I provide a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your thoughts and emotions without judgment. I believe that healing begins with understanding, and together, we will work toward building resilience, improving relationships, and fostering personal growth. In our sessions, you can expect practical tools.
(662) 262-8418 View (662) 262-8418
Photo of Kristen Lindsey Cauley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, CSAT, CMAT
Kristen Lindsey Cauley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, CSAT, CMAT
Iuka, MS 38852
Reaching out for help can feel overwhelming—but you don’t have to do it alone. I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker(Supervisor) and Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT) who works with individuals, couples, and families facing sex and pornography addiction, intimacy issues, trauma, and other compulsive behaviors. Along with my CSAT, I am also a Certified Multiple Addictions Therapist (CMAT) that works with adolescents or adults struggling with excessive gaming, internet, or gambling.
Reaching out for help can feel overwhelming—but you don’t have to do it alone. I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker(Supervisor) and Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT) who works with individuals, couples, and families facing sex and pornography addiction, intimacy issues, trauma, and other compulsive behaviors. Along with my CSAT, I am also a Certified Multiple Addictions Therapist (CMAT) that works with adolescents or adults struggling with excessive gaming, internet, or gambling.
(662) 472-5473 View (662) 472-5473
Photo of Tracy Gardner, Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC-S, RPT, BC-TMH, NCC
Tracy Gardner
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC-S, RPT, BC-TMH, NCC
Serves Area
You may be looking for counseling for yourself or your child. You may feel like you've hit a wall emotionally making you feel stuck. You want to get past these emotions and feel more productive and happy again. You may not even remember a time in your life when you were really happy and content. You're possibly dealing with stress, depression, overwhelm, anxiety, family struggles, marriage problems, or struggling to make important life decisions. You're ready to reach out to someone you can trust who will focus on your best interest. We will explore these emotions together finding ways to help you feel better.
You may be looking for counseling for yourself or your child. You may feel like you've hit a wall emotionally making you feel stuck. You want to get past these emotions and feel more productive and happy again. You may not even remember a time in your life when you were really happy and content. You're possibly dealing with stress, depression, overwhelm, anxiety, family struggles, marriage problems, or struggling to make important life decisions. You're ready to reach out to someone you can trust who will focus on your best interest. We will explore these emotions together finding ways to help you feel better.
(662) 667-8320 View (662) 667-8320
Photo of Candace Marie Robinson, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Candace Marie Robinson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
My vision is to help empower and encourage individuals to gain awareness of their goals, beliefs, and identities. I enjoy providing a non-judgmental, safe space for all emotions and experiences to be heard. I utilize techniques such as Art Therapy, CBT, EMDR, Solution Focused Therapy, and TF-CBT. I’m passionate about helping individuals identify their values and intentions while guiding them towards self-actualization. I acquire positive confrontation leadership skills. I enjoy working in a team environment where I can continue to learn from others and challenge myself.
My vision is to help empower and encourage individuals to gain awareness of their goals, beliefs, and identities. I enjoy providing a non-judgmental, safe space for all emotions and experiences to be heard. I utilize techniques such as Art Therapy, CBT, EMDR, Solution Focused Therapy, and TF-CBT. I’m passionate about helping individuals identify their values and intentions while guiding them towards self-actualization. I acquire positive confrontation leadership skills. I enjoy working in a team environment where I can continue to learn from others and challenge myself.
(662) 536-6210 View (662) 536-6210
Photo of Phillip Barry, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, ACS, BC-TMH
Phillip Barry
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, ACS, BC-TMH
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
My ideal clients are open to self-discovery and personal growth, even if the journey feels uncertain. Many are healing from wounds tied to childhood, religion, or other formative experiences, and long for more connected, authentic relationships. Together, we explore emotions, communication patterns, and new ways of being. I provide a warm, safe, and affirming space for people from all walks of life—including those in the LGBTQIA+ community and anyone with a non-traditional path—to feel seen, supported, and empowered to create a meaningful life.
My ideal clients are open to self-discovery and personal growth, even if the journey feels uncertain. Many are healing from wounds tied to childhood, religion, or other formative experiences, and long for more connected, authentic relationships. Together, we explore emotions, communication patterns, and new ways of being. I provide a warm, safe, and affirming space for people from all walks of life—including those in the LGBTQIA+ community and anyone with a non-traditional path—to feel seen, supported, and empowered to create a meaningful life.
(662) 872-0503 View (662) 872-0503
Photo of Barbara Cox, Pre-Licensed Professional, MRC, LBSW, P-LPC
Barbara Cox
Pre-Licensed Professional, MRC, LBSW, P-LPC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
With 19 years of experience providing therapeutic services, I specialize in working with individuals struggling with addiction and co-occurring mental health disorders. I believe in a holistic, person-centered approach to treatment that addresses the emotional, psychological, behavioral, and environmental factors impacting recovery and overall wellness.
With 19 years of experience providing therapeutic services, I specialize in working with individuals struggling with addiction and co-occurring mental health disorders. I believe in a holistic, person-centered approach to treatment that addresses the emotional, psychological, behavioral, and environmental factors impacting recovery and overall wellness.
(662) 667-8722 View (662) 667-8722
Photo of Rebekah Bennett, Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Rebekah Bennett
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
What would life feel like if you finally had a safe place where you were heard, understood, and supported through life’s challenges? I hope to provide compassionate, client-centered care that honors each individual’s unique strengths. Through collaboration and evidence-based strategies, I help support clients in breaking their larger goals into manageable steps, building on existing strengths, and developing the skills needed to overcome obstacles.
What would life feel like if you finally had a safe place where you were heard, understood, and supported through life’s challenges? I hope to provide compassionate, client-centered care that honors each individual’s unique strengths. Through collaboration and evidence-based strategies, I help support clients in breaking their larger goals into manageable steps, building on existing strengths, and developing the skills needed to overcome obstacles.
(662) 445-4431 View (662) 445-4431
Photo of Stephanie Norris-Sartain Eaton - Compass Counseling Center, Licensed Professional Counselor, Ed S, NCC, NCSC, LPC, BC-TMH
Compass Counseling Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, Ed S, NCC, NCSC, LPC, BC-TMH
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Is your child dealing with behavioral problems or mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, or social stress? As a parent, it is easy to feel powerless watching your child battle something, not knowing how to help. I have dedicated my life to helping families through these and many other challenges. You may not be able to control the issues your child is facing in school, behavioral challenges, or change past traumatic events, but you can get them the help they need today. It’s a step you can take for your child that can change the entire course of their life.
Is your child dealing with behavioral problems or mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, or social stress? As a parent, it is easy to feel powerless watching your child battle something, not knowing how to help. I have dedicated my life to helping families through these and many other challenges. You may not be able to control the issues your child is facing in school, behavioral challenges, or change past traumatic events, but you can get them the help they need today. It’s a step you can take for your child that can change the entire course of their life.
(662) 300-3549 View (662) 300-3549

Online Therapists

Photo of Bernadette Jackson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Bernadette Jackson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I became a social worker because I believe in the power of compassion, connection, and advocacy to change lives. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 15 years of experience serving children, families, and older adults, I am committed to creating safe, supportive spaces where individuals feel heard, valued, and empowered to thrive. My approach is grounded in respect, cultural humility, and a strengths-based perspective, honoring each person’s resilience and unique life experiences. I believe healing happens in relationship, and I work collaboratively with clients to support growth, hope, and meaningful change.
I became a social worker because I believe in the power of compassion, connection, and advocacy to change lives. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 15 years of experience serving children, families, and older adults, I am committed to creating safe, supportive spaces where individuals feel heard, valued, and empowered to thrive. My approach is grounded in respect, cultural humility, and a strengths-based perspective, honoring each person’s resilience and unique life experiences. I believe healing happens in relationship, and I work collaboratively with clients to support growth, hope, and meaningful change.
(662) 459-8502 View (662) 459-8502
Photo of Manessha Floyd, Pre-Licensed Professional, P-LPC, MEd, PSC
Manessha Floyd
Pre-Licensed Professional, P-LPC, MEd, PSC
1 Endorsed
Olive Branch, MS 38654
"Breathing. Healing. Thriving", is the depth and diversity of my experience. For over 20 years, I served as a school counselor across every educational level-elementary, middle, high school, and college. This unique background has given me a deep understanding of the challenges individuals face across all stages of life. I have witnessed firsthand how early experiences shape our self-esteem, relationships, and coping skills. I've walked with individuals through moments of crisis, growth, and transformation. Because of this, I bring a holistic perspective to counseling, honoring both the inner child and the evolving adult.
"Breathing. Healing. Thriving", is the depth and diversity of my experience. For over 20 years, I served as a school counselor across every educational level-elementary, middle, high school, and college. This unique background has given me a deep understanding of the challenges individuals face across all stages of life. I have witnessed firsthand how early experiences shape our self-esteem, relationships, and coping skills. I've walked with individuals through moments of crisis, growth, and transformation. Because of this, I bring a holistic perspective to counseling, honoring both the inner child and the evolving adult.
(662) 503-3051 View (662) 503-3051
Photo of Danielle Maack, Psychologist, PhD
Danielle Maack
Psychologist, PhD
3 Endorsed
Oxford, MS 38655
Delta Autumn Consulting in Oxford, Mississippi provides evidence-based services for psychological difficulties. This profile is for Dr. Danielle Maack, who specializes in the treatment of psychological difficulties in adults and older adolescents. This includes general treatment for anxiety, depression, and adjustment issues as well as specialized techniques for more severe difficulties of emotion regulation (namely Dialectical Behavior Therapy, or DBT). Additionally, Dr. Maack is skilled in behavioral marriage therapy, a strongly scientific form of relationship repair/enhancement offered at very few other locations in Mississippi.
Delta Autumn Consulting in Oxford, Mississippi provides evidence-based services for psychological difficulties. This profile is for Dr. Danielle Maack, who specializes in the treatment of psychological difficulties in adults and older adolescents. This includes general treatment for anxiety, depression, and adjustment issues as well as specialized techniques for more severe difficulties of emotion regulation (namely Dialectical Behavior Therapy, or DBT). Additionally, Dr. Maack is skilled in behavioral marriage therapy, a strongly scientific form of relationship repair/enhancement offered at very few other locations in Mississippi.
(662) 598-4193 View (662) 598-4193
Photo of Melissa Claire Cooper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Melissa Claire Cooper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
3 Endorsed
Columbus, MS 39701
Through Monarch Counseling & Wellness, I offer individual and couples counseling for adults and adolescents (ages 15+) seeking healing and support from trauma, grief/loss, and difficult life challenges. Common problems my clients face are Depression, Anxiety, Personality Disorders, Addiction, PTSD, and challenges related to those who identify as LGBTQ+. I am an EMDR trained therapist and also IFS Level 1 trained. I also offer training and supervision services for those seeking LCSW licensure.
Through Monarch Counseling & Wellness, I offer individual and couples counseling for adults and adolescents (ages 15+) seeking healing and support from trauma, grief/loss, and difficult life challenges. Common problems my clients face are Depression, Anxiety, Personality Disorders, Addiction, PTSD, and challenges related to those who identify as LGBTQ+. I am an EMDR trained therapist and also IFS Level 1 trained. I also offer training and supervision services for those seeking LCSW licensure.
(662) 430-5703 View (662) 430-5703
Photo of Faith V McCarty, Counselor, LPC, NCC, MEd, BC-TMH
Faith V McCarty
Counselor, LPC, NCC, MEd, BC-TMH
1 Endorsed
Oxford, MS 38655
Life can be hard. Unfortunately, despite our best planning efforts, life rarely goes how we want it. That can often leave us feeling discouraged, anxious, depressed, overwhelmed, frustrated and many other emotions. I am passionate about helping others get through some of the hardest and some of the best seasons of their life. I know that it can be hard and scary to give counseling a try or it seems your problems aren’t big enough to go to counseling, but I say that there is never anything too small or too big to bring into the counseling room.
Life can be hard. Unfortunately, despite our best planning efforts, life rarely goes how we want it. That can often leave us feeling discouraged, anxious, depressed, overwhelmed, frustrated and many other emotions. I am passionate about helping others get through some of the hardest and some of the best seasons of their life. I know that it can be hard and scary to give counseling a try or it seems your problems aren’t big enough to go to counseling, but I say that there is never anything too small or too big to bring into the counseling room.
(662) 301-9344 View (662) 301-9344
Photo of Katie Kowalke, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CTRS
Katie Kowalke
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CTRS
Online Only
Hi, I’m Katie. I hold a Master of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Divine Mercy University and a Bachelor of Science in Therapeutic Recreation from the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse. I was raised with the philosophy that physical activity plays a powerful role in healing processes and can positively influence behavior. I am passionate about working with diverse clients to promote wellness, happiness, and personal growth through meaningful activity and therapeutic engagement. Through integration of Thomistic Psychology, I can help you find greater flourishing as you become the person you were created to be!
Hi, I’m Katie. I hold a Master of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Divine Mercy University and a Bachelor of Science in Therapeutic Recreation from the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse. I was raised with the philosophy that physical activity plays a powerful role in healing processes and can positively influence behavior. I am passionate about working with diverse clients to promote wellness, happiness, and personal growth through meaningful activity and therapeutic engagement. Through integration of Thomistic Psychology, I can help you find greater flourishing as you become the person you were created to be!
(715) 661-6315 View (715) 661-6315
Photo of Jeremiah Andrews, Licensed Professional Counselor, M.S., LPC
Jeremiah Andrews
Licensed Professional Counselor, M.S., LPC
Online Only
Starting therapy can feel vulnerable. Life can feel overwhelming when emotions, stress, or old patterns take over. Many clients come seeking clarity, confidence, and steadiness while navigating anxiety, relationship stress, or difficulty managing intense emotions. A safe, collaborative space allows you to explore your experiences and build practical skills for lasting growth.
Starting therapy can feel vulnerable. Life can feel overwhelming when emotions, stress, or old patterns take over. Many clients come seeking clarity, confidence, and steadiness while navigating anxiety, relationship stress, or difficulty managing intense emotions. A safe, collaborative space allows you to explore your experiences and build practical skills for lasting growth.
(601) 654-5382 View (601) 654-5382
Photo of Carrie A Carr - Hope Enrichment Center Corinth, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Hope Enrichment Center Corinth
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
3 Endorsed
Corinth, MS 38834
Hope Enrichment Center strives to inspire positive change in the lives of those they serve. We have assembled a caring, compassionate and competent staff of qualified mental health professional that specialize in a variety of populations, age groups, and clinical concerns. Our mission is to work along side our clients in guiding them towards their desired goals for health and healing. We look forward to serving you and the community of Alcorn County!
Hope Enrichment Center strives to inspire positive change in the lives of those they serve. We have assembled a caring, compassionate and competent staff of qualified mental health professional that specialize in a variety of populations, age groups, and clinical concerns. Our mission is to work along side our clients in guiding them towards their desired goals for health and healing. We look forward to serving you and the community of Alcorn County!
(662) 807-6197 View (662) 807-6197
Photo of Hannah Seelen, Licensed Professional Counselor
Hannah Seelen
Licensed Professional Counselor
Tupelo, MS 38804
Are you feeling overwhelmed? Whether it is from watching your child struggle or constantly putting others' needs before your own. Perhaps you are seeking meaningful change: healthier boundaries, relief from depression and anxiety, healing past trauma, or helping your child thrive. You are ready for healing and you do not have to face it alone.
Are you feeling overwhelmed? Whether it is from watching your child struggle or constantly putting others' needs before your own. Perhaps you are seeking meaningful change: healthier boundaries, relief from depression and anxiety, healing past trauma, or helping your child thrive. You are ready for healing and you do not have to face it alone.
(662) 863-3740 View (662) 863-3740
Photo of Madison McElroy, Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, P-LPC
Madison McElroy
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, P-LPC
Columbus, MS 39705
I am dedicated to helping individuals navigate life’s challenges and achieve personal growth through a combination of therapeutic approaches. With a compassionate and empathetic style, I strive to create a safe and supportive environment where individuals feel heard and understood. My overall focus is on empowerment, fostering resilience, and promoting overall well-being.
I am dedicated to helping individuals navigate life’s challenges and achieve personal growth through a combination of therapeutic approaches. With a compassionate and empathetic style, I strive to create a safe and supportive environment where individuals feel heard and understood. My overall focus is on empowerment, fostering resilience, and promoting overall well-being.
(662) 339-5451 View (662) 339-5451
Photo of Kawaski Owens, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Kawaski Owens
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Hello! My name is Kawaski Owens and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I have experience working with diverse populations to resolve various mental health concerns like anxiety, depression, relationships, and trauma. Therapy is a journey of trust and transparency. I like to believe the client is the professional of their life who trusts me to assist with helping them to realize their goals. I use a person-centered approach meaning we go at your pace ensuring that you are comfortable and respected during our sessions.
Hello! My name is Kawaski Owens and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I have experience working with diverse populations to resolve various mental health concerns like anxiety, depression, relationships, and trauma. Therapy is a journey of trust and transparency. I like to believe the client is the professional of their life who trusts me to assist with helping them to realize their goals. I use a person-centered approach meaning we go at your pace ensuring that you are comfortable and respected during our sessions.
(662) 427-2831 View (662) 427-2831

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tishomingo County, MS

< 10

Therapists in Tishomingo County, MS who prioritize treating:

89% Relationship Issues
89% Depression
89% Anxiety
89% Grief
89% Trauma and PTSD
89% Social Anxiety
89% Complex PTSD

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
88% Cigna and Evernorth
63% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Tishomingo County, MS see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
22% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tishomingo County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.