Photo of Shamelya Perry, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Shamelya Perry
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LCAS, MAC, SAP
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27604
I utilize Motivational Interviewing, CBT, Solution Focused Approach, Mindfulness Activities, ACT, and etc.
Hello, I am Shamelya Perry and I am a mom of three beautiful children and one fur baby. I am a Licensed Addiction Counselor and a Master Addiction Counselor with 7 years of experience. I am a graduate of Grand Canyon University with a MS in Addiction Counseling and Capella University with a MS in Human Services.
I utilize Motivational Interviewing, CBT, Solution Focused Approach, Mindfulness Activities, ACT, and etc.
Hello, I am Shamelya Perry and I am a mom of three beautiful children and one fur baby. I am a Licensed Addiction Counselor and a Master Addiction Counselor with 7 years of experience. I am a graduate of Grand Canyon University with a MS in Addiction Counseling and Capella University with a MS in Human Services.
(919) 705-0290 View (919) 705-0290
Photo of Caitlin Paez, Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Caitlin Paez
Counselor, LCAS, LCMHC, CCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27609
During this time, I have utilized motivational interviewing, and CBT/DBT skills to assist others with realizing their potential and attaining goals.
I have gained clinical experience with working alongside adults who would like to address concerns of mental health symptoms, family/relationship concerns, addiction, trauma, grief and overall life transitions.
During this time, I have utilized motivational interviewing, and CBT/DBT skills to assist others with realizing their potential and attaining goals.
I have gained clinical experience with working alongside adults who would like to address concerns of mental health symptoms, family/relationship concerns, addiction, trauma, grief and overall life transitions.
(984) 228-2655 View (984) 228-2655
Photo of Danielle Hood, Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Danielle Hood
Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27609
My clinical approach to your journey would include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), and Person-Centered therapy.
When you make the decision to take charge of your mental health and venture into therapy, you want to find a therapist who makes you feel comfortable and encouraged. Someone who will listen, understand, and most importantly - care about your therapeutic growth. People seek therapy for numerous reasons, like depression, trauma, anxiety, life transitions, etc. No matter what brings you to therapy, I would love to assist you throughout the process, to reach your goals. We don't have to do all of it alone. We were never meant to.” -Dr. Brené Brown
My clinical approach to your journey would include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), and Person-Centered therapy.
When you make the decision to take charge of your mental health and venture into therapy, you want to find a therapist who makes you feel comfortable and encouraged. Someone who will listen, understand, and most importantly - care about your therapeutic growth. People seek therapy for numerous reasons, like depression, trauma, anxiety, life transitions, etc. No matter what brings you to therapy, I would love to assist you throughout the process, to reach your goals. We don't have to do all of it alone. We were never meant to.” -Dr. Brené Brown
(919) 343-9315 View (919) 343-9315
Photo of Jaclyn Ditter, Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Jaclyn Ditter
Counselor, LCAS, LCMHC, CCS, QS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27609
My focus pulls from Person Centered, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused and Motivational Interviewing.
My name is Jaclyn Ditter and I am Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor and Clinical Addictions Specialist. I am also a Certified Counselor Supervisor for the State of North Carolina and provide supervision to therapists trying to obtain licensure. My counseling background working in mental health and substance use has been fundamental in the development of treating emerging adults and established adult populations, as well as, families in their transition from addiction to recovery.
My focus pulls from Person Centered, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused and Motivational Interviewing.
My name is Jaclyn Ditter and I am Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor and Clinical Addictions Specialist. I am also a Certified Counselor Supervisor for the State of North Carolina and provide supervision to therapists trying to obtain licensure. My counseling background working in mental health and substance use has been fundamental in the development of treating emerging adults and established adult populations, as well as, families in their transition from addiction to recovery.
(919) 583-6235 View (919) 583-6235
Photo of Nelly Mukamilova, Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Nelly Mukamilova
Counselor, LCMHCA, LCAS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27612
Majority of the techniques used in my practice stem from a cognitive behavioral philosophy, however, I may also utilize concepts from solutions-focused, dialectical-behavioral therapy, and motivational interviewing.
One of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand your own story. Cultivating a strong and healthy relationship with yourself is the foundation for healing and wellness in your life. I believe that you possess the strength and power within yourself to enact the necessary change in your life. My role is to help you discover these qualities and learn how to use them to your benefit. Together, we will walk through the uncomfortable terrain towards self-acceptance, because only when you accept yourself fully will you step into a healthier and more authentic way of living.
Majority of the techniques used in my practice stem from a cognitive behavioral philosophy, however, I may also utilize concepts from solutions-focused, dialectical-behavioral therapy, and motivational interviewing.
One of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand your own story. Cultivating a strong and healthy relationship with yourself is the foundation for healing and wellness in your life. I believe that you possess the strength and power within yourself to enact the necessary change in your life. My role is to help you discover these qualities and learn how to use them to your benefit. Together, we will walk through the uncomfortable terrain towards self-acceptance, because only when you accept yourself fully will you step into a healthier and more authentic way of living.
(984) 254-3817 View (984) 254-3817
Photo of Brooke Owens, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Brooke Owens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-A, LCAS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27617
I utilize a variety of evidence-based interventions including, but not limited to, Motivational Interviewing, CBT, ACT, Solution Focused, as well as DBT informed interventions.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker Associate, and a Licensed Clinical Addiction Specialist. I believe the therapeutic rapport is important in facilitating change and forward movement in therapy, and I feel it is important to create a non-judgmental therapeutic space. I take a person centered, strengths-based approach in working with clients. My goal as a therapist is to help clients overcome behavioral challenges, develop coping skills, and realize their full potential. I specialize in the treatment of addiction, anxiety, depression, trauma/ PTSD, grief, and SPMI.
I utilize a variety of evidence-based interventions including, but not limited to, Motivational Interviewing, CBT, ACT, Solution Focused, as well as DBT informed interventions.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker Associate, and a Licensed Clinical Addiction Specialist. I believe the therapeutic rapport is important in facilitating change and forward movement in therapy, and I feel it is important to create a non-judgmental therapeutic space. I take a person centered, strengths-based approach in working with clients. My goal as a therapist is to help clients overcome behavioral challenges, develop coping skills, and realize their full potential. I specialize in the treatment of addiction, anxiety, depression, trauma/ PTSD, grief, and SPMI.
(984) 203-7513 x4 View (984) 203-7513 x4
Photo of Holly Testerman Neumann, Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Holly Testerman Neumann
Counselor, LCAS, LCMHC, CTT- II
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27601
My style is narrative in nature, utilizing Experiential Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Brainspotting, Motivational Interviewing and other modalities.
Are you struggling? Life shows up and things get difficult. Maybe there are behaviors you want to change or a relationship you would like to see improve. Is there something in your past you would like to let go of? There is no reason to be alone in your pain. Pain is often a motivating factor for change.
My style is narrative in nature, utilizing Experiential Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Brainspotting, Motivational Interviewing and other modalities.
Are you struggling? Life shows up and things get difficult. Maybe there are behaviors you want to change or a relationship you would like to see improve. Is there something in your past you would like to let go of? There is no reason to be alone in your pain. Pain is often a motivating factor for change.
(828) 415-5480 View (828) 415-5480
Photo of Arthur Payne, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Arthur Payne
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LCAS, CCS
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27615
I most commonly use a strengths based perspective with CBT, Motivational Interviewing, and Acceptance and Commitment therapy.
I am an experienced therapist and have a lot of skills working with people that confront challenges in their lives. I have worked with both adolescents and adults as well as older adults and there is nothing better for me as a clinician to see people overcome their challenges and return to a higher quality of life, connected to their families and support networks. I have experience working with people from all walks of life and circumstances.
I most commonly use a strengths based perspective with CBT, Motivational Interviewing, and Acceptance and Commitment therapy.
I am an experienced therapist and have a lot of skills working with people that confront challenges in their lives. I have worked with both adolescents and adults as well as older adults and there is nothing better for me as a clinician to see people overcome their challenges and return to a higher quality of life, connected to their families and support networks. I have experience working with people from all walks of life and circumstances.
(919) 823-3701 View (919) 823-3701
Photo of Charlie B Counselman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Charlie B Counselman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-A, LCAS-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27612  (Online Only)
Charlie B. Counselman is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker Associate and a Licensed Clinical Addictions Specialist Associate located in the Morrisville, North Carolina area. Charlie specializes in meeting his clients virtually via tele-health to treat those looking for help with Depression, Anxiety, Men’s Issues, Alcohol and Substance Use Issues, Marriage and Relationships Issues, and Process Addictions. Charlie utilizes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing Therapy, and 12-step Facilitation.
Charlie B. Counselman is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker Associate and a Licensed Clinical Addictions Specialist Associate located in the Morrisville, North Carolina area. Charlie specializes in meeting his clients virtually via tele-health to treat those looking for help with Depression, Anxiety, Men’s Issues, Alcohol and Substance Use Issues, Marriage and Relationships Issues, and Process Addictions. Charlie utilizes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing Therapy, and 12-step Facilitation.
(919) 689-4685 View (919) 689-4685
Photo of Tova Woullard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Tova Woullard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS-A, CADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27612  (Online Only)
Cognitive Restructuring, Solution Focused Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Multicultural therapy, Acceptance & Commitment Therapy, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, Client/Person Centered Therapy, Motivational Interviewing Therapy, Play Therapy, Grief Therapy, Family Therapy, Spirituality, Strength-Based Therapy and more.
Children: 6 to 17. I serve those with ADHD, adjustment disorders, anxiety, depression, PTSD, body dysmorphia, identity disorders, schizophrenia, addictions, truancy issues, low-self-esteem issues, oppositional defiant disorders, & OCD, and mood disorders. Adults (18+): I work with those who have anxiety, depression, low-self-esteem, addictions, ADHD, personality disorders, identity issues, adjusting to new conditions, PTSD, body dysmorphia, separation (a break-up, divorce, separation issues, new parents, teachers, retired individuals, those with immunodeficiency disorders, anger issues, domestic violence issues, & empty nesters.
Cognitive Restructuring, Solution Focused Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Multicultural therapy, Acceptance & Commitment Therapy, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, Client/Person Centered Therapy, Motivational Interviewing Therapy, Play Therapy, Grief Therapy, Family Therapy, Spirituality, Strength-Based Therapy and more.
Children: 6 to 17. I serve those with ADHD, adjustment disorders, anxiety, depression, PTSD, body dysmorphia, identity disorders, schizophrenia, addictions, truancy issues, low-self-esteem issues, oppositional defiant disorders, & OCD, and mood disorders. Adults (18+): I work with those who have anxiety, depression, low-self-esteem, addictions, ADHD, personality disorders, identity issues, adjusting to new conditions, PTSD, body dysmorphia, separation (a break-up, divorce, separation issues, new parents, teachers, retired individuals, those with immunodeficiency disorders, anger issues, domestic violence issues, & empty nesters.
(704) 666-4698 View (704) 666-4698
Photo of Insight Family Center, LLC in Raleigh, NC
Insight Family Center, LLC
MA, LPC, LCAS-A
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27609
At Insight Family Center, LLC we provide premium psychiatry,mental health and substance abuse services. Our priority is to provide our clients with techniques that will assist them in obtaining their desired outcomes to reach their personal goals.
At Insight Family Center, LLC we provide premium psychiatry,mental health and substance abuse services. Our priority is to provide our clients with techniques that will assist them in obtaining their desired outcomes to reach their personal goals.
(919) 626-3979 View (919) 626-3979
Photo of Brandon Robinson, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Brandon Robinson
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LCAS, CCS, LCMHC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27612
NOW > Offering "Structured Family Interventions" to help family members cope with a loved one with addiction issues, and facilitate them getting to primary treatment. It can be frustrating to feel and behave a certain way, knowing that you have or can be better at living. I am comfortable with those who know that something is not working and are considering how to change, so they can ultimately function better. My clients are those who come for one on one counseling, family members, and couples who struggle with addiction in the home. I have a wide range of experience in treating addiction, mental health, and supporting recovery.
NOW > Offering "Structured Family Interventions" to help family members cope with a loved one with addiction issues, and facilitate them getting to primary treatment. It can be frustrating to feel and behave a certain way, knowing that you have or can be better at living. I am comfortable with those who know that something is not working and are considering how to change, so they can ultimately function better. My clients are those who come for one on one counseling, family members, and couples who struggle with addiction in the home. I have a wide range of experience in treating addiction, mental health, and supporting recovery.
(919) 666-3074 View (919) 666-3074
Photo of Jillian Williamson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Jillian Williamson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27615  (Online Only)
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 18 years of experience within the mental health field. I have worked in a variety of settings including community mental centers, public health, psychiatric units, and partial hospitalization programs. My areas of expertise include stress/anxiety, depression, grief and loss, addiction, health issues, family/relationship issues, and personal growth. I utilize therapeutic approaches that explore each individual's psychological and social needs. It's my goal to assist my clients in the healing process, build self-worth, improve communication in their relationships, and reach their goals.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 18 years of experience within the mental health field. I have worked in a variety of settings including community mental centers, public health, psychiatric units, and partial hospitalization programs. My areas of expertise include stress/anxiety, depression, grief and loss, addiction, health issues, family/relationship issues, and personal growth. I utilize therapeutic approaches that explore each individual's psychological and social needs. It's my goal to assist my clients in the healing process, build self-worth, improve communication in their relationships, and reach their goals.
(919) 823-3605 View (919) 823-3605
Photo of Carla J Andersson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Carla J Andersson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27615
Carla Andersson received her graduate degree with a Masters in Social Work (MSW) from The University of Kentucky and now works as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) providing Psychotherapy. Carla spent more than two decades working with individuals and their families challenged by advanced disease management issues that culminated into accessing end of life care. Carla describes her role as helping others to become emotionally intelligent and learn mental health tips and tricks to grow into one's best self. When quality of life is desired, why not invest in oneself? The rewards are endless.
Carla Andersson received her graduate degree with a Masters in Social Work (MSW) from The University of Kentucky and now works as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) providing Psychotherapy. Carla spent more than two decades working with individuals and their families challenged by advanced disease management issues that culminated into accessing end of life care. Carla describes her role as helping others to become emotionally intelligent and learn mental health tips and tricks to grow into one's best self. When quality of life is desired, why not invest in oneself? The rewards are endless.
(984) 833-3422 x727 View (984) 833-3422 x727
Photo of Parr Therapeutic Solutions, Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Parr Therapeutic Solutions
Counselor, MA Ed, LCMHCA, LCASA, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27615
I believe counseling may include healing emotional wounds, developing coping skills and/or striving towards improving oneself. I work with clients who struggle with substance and alcohol misuse, depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, life transitions, relationship concerns, race or gender related stressors and mood disorders. I have experience facilitating intensive outpatient groups and providing couples counseling.
I believe counseling may include healing emotional wounds, developing coping skills and/or striving towards improving oneself. I work with clients who struggle with substance and alcohol misuse, depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, life transitions, relationship concerns, race or gender related stressors and mood disorders. I have experience facilitating intensive outpatient groups and providing couples counseling.
(984) 204-6949 View (984) 204-6949
Photo of Darcee L Ruble, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Darcee L Ruble
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MEd, LCMHC, LCAS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27615
Welcome and congratulations on taking a very important and difficult step. The decision to invest in your emotional life can be one of the hardest to make. I have 22 years experience specializing in relationships, anxiety, mood disorders and addiction treatment to help you and your loved ones through this process. Throughout life we change, grow and have experiences that can lift us up or leave us hurting and scared. Through collaboration and trust we can begin to unravel unhealthy practices and ideas that have formed and find hope; moving you towards a life free from fear and full of happiness.
Welcome and congratulations on taking a very important and difficult step. The decision to invest in your emotional life can be one of the hardest to make. I have 22 years experience specializing in relationships, anxiety, mood disorders and addiction treatment to help you and your loved ones through this process. Throughout life we change, grow and have experiences that can lift us up or leave us hurting and scared. Through collaboration and trust we can begin to unravel unhealthy practices and ideas that have formed and find hope; moving you towards a life free from fear and full of happiness.
(919) 634-6012 View (919) 634-6012
Photo of Anderson Orr, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Anderson Orr
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MEd, MRE, LCAS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Raleigh, NC 27609
If you, or someone you care about, is looking for an alternative to AA and '12-step' programs I encourage you to give me a call. Since the early 1990s I have been offering addictive behavioral counseling based on a sensible and practical cognitive-behavioral approach and SMART® Recovery. I view addictive habits and recovery as learned behaviors/habit patterns. 'Recovery,' stopping the addiction and living comfortably, is something one learns how to do. Stopping addictive habits is a means to an end --increasing satisfaction and enjoyment in one's life and reducing or eliminating self-inflicted discomfort and distress.
If you, or someone you care about, is looking for an alternative to AA and '12-step' programs I encourage you to give me a call. Since the early 1990s I have been offering addictive behavioral counseling based on a sensible and practical cognitive-behavioral approach and SMART® Recovery. I view addictive habits and recovery as learned behaviors/habit patterns. 'Recovery,' stopping the addiction and living comfortably, is something one learns how to do. Stopping addictive habits is a means to an end --increasing satisfaction and enjoyment in one's life and reducing or eliminating self-inflicted discomfort and distress.
(919) 249-7219 View (919) 249-7219
Photo of Jo-Anne V. Ludwig, MA,LCAS,LCMHC,PA, Licensed Professional Counselor in Raleigh, NC
Jo-Anne V. Ludwig, MA,LCAS,LCMHC,PA
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCAS, LCMHCS, NCC, SAP
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27615
Thanks for taking the time to read my profile. My practice focuses on helping adults, frustrated parents, distant couples, functionally-dysfunctional families, adolescents and millenials. Issues range from: dealing with addiction,change, anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, co-dependency, drugs, eating disorders, self-esteem, infidelity, grief, loss, life coaching, wellness, and unexpected life's problems and transitions. My treatment approach is Cognitive Behavioral both supportive and collaborative. I welcome you to take that first step. One of the best the investments you can make in today's world is in your own peace of mind!
Thanks for taking the time to read my profile. My practice focuses on helping adults, frustrated parents, distant couples, functionally-dysfunctional families, adolescents and millenials. Issues range from: dealing with addiction,change, anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, co-dependency, drugs, eating disorders, self-esteem, infidelity, grief, loss, life coaching, wellness, and unexpected life's problems and transitions. My treatment approach is Cognitive Behavioral both supportive and collaborative. I welcome you to take that first step. One of the best the investments you can make in today's world is in your own peace of mind!
(919) 429-8484 View (919) 429-8484
Photo of Wes Swan, Psychological Associate in Raleigh, NC
Wes Swan
Psychological Associate, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27605
Being a human is hard. But working with the right counselor can help. Maybe you feel anxious, unmotivated, or unsure. So... what's the solution? Can you really learn to love yourself, deep down, living from a place of peace and clarity? Counseling is a way to find a home within yourself. I enjoy helping adults and teenagers who suffer from anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, addiction, and more. I welcome folks from all backgrounds who want to discover their negative patterns and create changes that lasts.
Being a human is hard. But working with the right counselor can help. Maybe you feel anxious, unmotivated, or unsure. So... what's the solution? Can you really learn to love yourself, deep down, living from a place of peace and clarity? Counseling is a way to find a home within yourself. I enjoy helping adults and teenagers who suffer from anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, addiction, and more. I welcome folks from all backgrounds who want to discover their negative patterns and create changes that lasts.
(336) 490-5945 View (336) 490-5945
Photo of Flourish Counseling and Consulting, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Raleigh, NC
Flourish Counseling and Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCSWA, LCMHC, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
Raleigh, NC 27609
We know that initiating counseling services for your child or yourself can be very challenging. Please know you are making a positive step towards a healthy change in your life and we are here to help you every step of the way.
We know that initiating counseling services for your child or yourself can be very challenging. Please know you are making a positive step towards a healthy change in your life and we are here to help you every step of the way.
(704) 850-9783 View (704) 850-9783
Motivational Interviewing Therapists

How does motivational interviewing work?

Motivational interviewing aims to uncover a person’s internal motivation to change their life. Toward this end, the therapist listens, empathizes, and collaborates with the client based on their perspective; the therapist doesn’t adhere to a predetermined plan for change or impose their viewpoint on the client. Discovering an individual’s most important reasons for change, and guiding them to achieve those changes, can empower people to shift from ambivalence to action.

Is motivational interviewing evidence-based?

Yes, research shows that motivational interviewing can help treat alcohol and substance use — and in different ways such as reducing drinking, reducing resistance, and increasing the likelihood of staying in treatment. Motivational interviewing has also been shown to help people lose weight, adhere to medication regimens, improve diet for those with Type II diabetes, and improve healthy behaviors in children.

How long does motivational interviewing last?

Motivational interviewing is a short-term therapy that can last just one or two sessions. In some cases, motivational interviewing may be used in conjunction with longer-term therapies, but for most people, motivational interviewing is a brief intervention that aims to help patients understand their personal, specific, and internal reasons for changing their life.

What differentiates motivational interviewing from person-centered therapy?

In person-centered therapy, the individual is in the driver’s seat of the treatment process, creating space for them to trust their instincts and arrive at their own solutions. The two approaches are similar because motivational interviewing is also client-centered; however, person-centered therapy is more open-ended while motivational interviewing is somewhat more structured; the goal is to change, and the therapist helps the client specifically discover their internal motivations to modify their behavior.