Motivational Interviewing Therapists in 91106

Photo of Vanessa Espinosa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 91106, CA
Vanessa Espinosa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91106
Trainings and certifications include Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Interpersonal Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Expressive Arts and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy.
Therapy is a unique opportunity for exploration and understanding of one's own story, and can facilitate healing and transformation during trying times. In my practice, I work collaboratively with clients to uncover and strengthen their inner wisdom, while teaching them skills needed to maneuver through life's challenges, changes and transitions. I provide a supportive and hope-filled environment that allows for a journey of self-discovery, and helps to foster self-love, self-compassion, and acceptance.
Trainings and certifications include Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Interpersonal Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Expressive Arts and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy.
Therapy is a unique opportunity for exploration and understanding of one's own story, and can facilitate healing and transformation during trying times. In my practice, I work collaboratively with clients to uncover and strengthen their inner wisdom, while teaching them skills needed to maneuver through life's challenges, changes and transitions. I provide a supportive and hope-filled environment that allows for a journey of self-discovery, and helps to foster self-love, self-compassion, and acceptance.
(562) 551-6164 View (562) 551-6164
Photo of Tamsin Goldsmith, Marriage & Family Therapist in 91106, CA
Tamsin Goldsmith
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106
I utilize an integrative model of therapy that’s primarily composed of attachment-based therapy, motivational interviewing, mindfulness techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
I love my work supporting people in creating the life they want. I have an extensive background in helping patients work through eating disorders, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, suicidality, self-harm and complex trauma. I use a direct, strength-based approach and evidence based interventions- it’s very important to me that therapy feels supportive and provides results. The modalities I utilize to treat eating disorders include CBT, Family Based Therapy, and Adolescent Focused Therapy.
I utilize an integrative model of therapy that’s primarily composed of attachment-based therapy, motivational interviewing, mindfulness techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
I love my work supporting people in creating the life they want. I have an extensive background in helping patients work through eating disorders, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, suicidality, self-harm and complex trauma. I use a direct, strength-based approach and evidence based interventions- it’s very important to me that therapy feels supportive and provides results. The modalities I utilize to treat eating disorders include CBT, Family Based Therapy, and Adolescent Focused Therapy.
(415) 338-9682 View (415) 338-9682
Photo of Anna Fautz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 91106, CA
Anna Fautz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106
I utilize a variety of therapeutic approaches, including CBT, DBT, narrative therapy, solutions-focused therapy, as well as motivational interviewing, and life coaching strategies.
Hello, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and PsyD; I have been practicing in the field since 2012. I have worked as a therapist in institutional and private settings helping individuals to cope with anxiety, depression, anger management, relationship problems, previous traumas, and various adjustment difficulties and life challenges. I enjoy working with my clients to change the way they respond to life's stresses and believe that adjusting one's perspective can increase happiness, success, and relationship satisfaction.
I utilize a variety of therapeutic approaches, including CBT, DBT, narrative therapy, solutions-focused therapy, as well as motivational interviewing, and life coaching strategies.
Hello, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and PsyD; I have been practicing in the field since 2012. I have worked as a therapist in institutional and private settings helping individuals to cope with anxiety, depression, anger management, relationship problems, previous traumas, and various adjustment difficulties and life challenges. I enjoy working with my clients to change the way they respond to life's stresses and believe that adjusting one's perspective can increase happiness, success, and relationship satisfaction.
(831) 278-6346 View (831) 278-6346
Photo of Ernesto Paz, Marriage & Family Therapist in 91106, CA
Ernesto Paz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
I also bring in elements from mindfulness, Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), motivational interviewing, solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy.
As a therapist, my broader goal is in helping you experience higher states of fulfillment, joy, and peace of mind - rather than simply helping you decrease the symptoms you're having. It's about happiness and each person's unique recipe for that. I work well with a wide variety of psychoemotional problems such as anxiety, depression, substance misuse, and relationship difficulties with family, friendships, the self, or your love life. I have years of experience working in addiction treatment which has allowed me to work with an incredibly diverse population of all backgrounds.
I also bring in elements from mindfulness, Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), motivational interviewing, solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy.
As a therapist, my broader goal is in helping you experience higher states of fulfillment, joy, and peace of mind - rather than simply helping you decrease the symptoms you're having. It's about happiness and each person's unique recipe for that. I work well with a wide variety of psychoemotional problems such as anxiety, depression, substance misuse, and relationship difficulties with family, friendships, the self, or your love life. I have years of experience working in addiction treatment which has allowed me to work with an incredibly diverse population of all backgrounds.
(510) 880-1918 View (510) 880-1918
Photo of Valerie Labanca, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 91106, CA
Valerie Labanca
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
I have extensive training in a variety of evidence-based practices, such as Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Mindfulness CBT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Solution-Focused, Psychodynamic therapy, attachment-based therapy, and relational therapy. I have had many years of experience working with people struggling with depression, anxiety, PTSD, domestic violence, mood disorders, ADHD, postpartum depression/anxiety, issues related to infertility, interpersonal relational challenges, panic disorders, immigration challenges, parenting challenges, insomnia, trans-related challenges
I have extensive training in a variety of evidence-based practices, such as Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Mindfulness CBT, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Solution-Focused, Psychodynamic therapy, attachment-based therapy, and relational therapy. I have had many years of experience working with people struggling with depression, anxiety, PTSD, domestic violence, mood disorders, ADHD, postpartum depression/anxiety, issues related to infertility, interpersonal relational challenges, panic disorders, immigration challenges, parenting challenges, insomnia, trans-related challenges
(510) 726-1002 View (510) 726-1002
Photo of Dr. Desirée Hermosillo, Marriage & Family Therapist in 91106, CA
Dr. Desirée Hermosillo
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
Hola, My name is Dr. Desirée Hermosillo. I am a Latino/a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 8 year's experience as a mental health therapist. I am also a registered Psychological Associate under a Licensed Psychologist. I practice under my LMFT at my group practice: Hermosillo Family Therapy, Inc. I started my career working with foster/adopted youth, adolescents, and families in residential and school based programs. I have experience working with depression, anxiety, trauma (immigration/abuse), PTSD, ADHD, behavior issues, self-harm/SI, life transitions (work, school, identity, relationships) and grief and loss.
Hola, My name is Dr. Desirée Hermosillo. I am a Latino/a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 8 year's experience as a mental health therapist. I am also a registered Psychological Associate under a Licensed Psychologist. I practice under my LMFT at my group practice: Hermosillo Family Therapy, Inc. I started my career working with foster/adopted youth, adolescents, and families in residential and school based programs. I have experience working with depression, anxiety, trauma (immigration/abuse), PTSD, ADHD, behavior issues, self-harm/SI, life transitions (work, school, identity, relationships) and grief and loss.
(626) 263-6843 View (626) 263-6843
Photo of Anna Marjanian, Associate Clinical Social Worker in 91106, CA
Anna Marjanian
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
My path in social work began in childhood in simply wanting to help others. I always felt a calling to make a difference in the lives of others. I believe strongly in forming relationships with others in order to create a meaningful connection that seeks to guide and nurture healing. I first began my career in working with at-risk youth in the foster care system. I learned that at-risk populations need the most help, but have the hardest time getting it. They need someone who can make their voice heard and someone who can advocate for them in order to effect change.
My path in social work began in childhood in simply wanting to help others. I always felt a calling to make a difference in the lives of others. I believe strongly in forming relationships with others in order to create a meaningful connection that seeks to guide and nurture healing. I first began my career in working with at-risk youth in the foster care system. I learned that at-risk populations need the most help, but have the hardest time getting it. They need someone who can make their voice heard and someone who can advocate for them in order to effect change.
(626) 605-2978 View (626) 605-2978
Photo of Dr. Londyn Miller, Marriage & Family Therapist in 91106, CA
Dr. Londyn Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT, MCLC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
Welcome home to yourself. You are a creative entrepreneur, person of color, neurodivergent and conqueror. You want to obtain inner and outer peace, connect with others in ways that work and stop creating the same negative cycles in relationships. You want to better manage your emotions, be confident in your decision-making and transform the deeper pain which has been troubling you (and possibly generations before you). Pain often indicates the need for our compassionate attention to certain aspects of our inner life which need tending to.
Welcome home to yourself. You are a creative entrepreneur, person of color, neurodivergent and conqueror. You want to obtain inner and outer peace, connect with others in ways that work and stop creating the same negative cycles in relationships. You want to better manage your emotions, be confident in your decision-making and transform the deeper pain which has been troubling you (and possibly generations before you). Pain often indicates the need for our compassionate attention to certain aspects of our inner life which need tending to.
(213) 267-6645 View (213) 267-6645
Photo of Nancy Uberto, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 91106, CA
Nancy Uberto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
The Healing Collective, PC is a private practice that offers an array of mental health treatment and wellness services within the community of Pasadena and throughout the state of California. THC is comprised of qualified and experienced mental health professionals. Our licensed therapists are trained in a variety of trauma-informed, holistic, strengths-based, and culturally competent mental health treatments. We provide mental health treatment to adolescents, adults, families, and couples. Our mental health services include individual therapy, family therapy, couples therapy and group therapy ( both coming soon).
The Healing Collective, PC is a private practice that offers an array of mental health treatment and wellness services within the community of Pasadena and throughout the state of California. THC is comprised of qualified and experienced mental health professionals. Our licensed therapists are trained in a variety of trauma-informed, holistic, strengths-based, and culturally competent mental health treatments. We provide mental health treatment to adolescents, adults, families, and couples. Our mental health services include individual therapy, family therapy, couples therapy and group therapy ( both coming soon).
(626) 329-4431 View (626) 329-4431
Photo of Norma Covarrubias, Marriage & Family Therapist in 91106, CA
Norma Covarrubias
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
Welcome! This is your first step towards self healing through talk therapy. As life get Busy, sometimes we need a space that is outside our family, friends, and community that can help bring fresh perspective and strategies to help bring a different outcomes with life struggles. As a trauma informed/first-generation therapist, I am honored to be a part of your journey of self-discovery. Providing support and working through intergenerational trauma that will enable empowerment in my clients to develop resilience and coping strategies that will promote healing is my main goal. Today is the day to create change!
Welcome! This is your first step towards self healing through talk therapy. As life get Busy, sometimes we need a space that is outside our family, friends, and community that can help bring fresh perspective and strategies to help bring a different outcomes with life struggles. As a trauma informed/first-generation therapist, I am honored to be a part of your journey of self-discovery. Providing support and working through intergenerational trauma that will enable empowerment in my clients to develop resilience and coping strategies that will promote healing is my main goal. Today is the day to create change!
(626) 238-0342 View (626) 238-0342
Photo of Christine Kurata, Marriage & Family Therapist in 91106, CA
Christine Kurata
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
In all phases of life, we face constant change and unexpected circumstances. Even for those who are strongly independent and resilient, life can be overwhelming at times. Therapy can be a space to explore the parts of life that feel uncertain and unmanageable, and identify where you want to go from here. Building the foundation for growth in therapy starts by creating a safe, genuine space where people can feel heard, understood, and valued for the person they are. I believe that people can foster long-term growth through understanding their journey, connecting with their true emotions, and empowering choice with authenticity.
In all phases of life, we face constant change and unexpected circumstances. Even for those who are strongly independent and resilient, life can be overwhelming at times. Therapy can be a space to explore the parts of life that feel uncertain and unmanageable, and identify where you want to go from here. Building the foundation for growth in therapy starts by creating a safe, genuine space where people can feel heard, understood, and valued for the person they are. I believe that people can foster long-term growth through understanding their journey, connecting with their true emotions, and empowering choice with authenticity.
(626) 314-5894 View (626) 314-5894
Photo of Anna Liu, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 91106, CA
Anna Liu
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MBA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
You crush it at work! But you feel like a total failure in your relationships. Exhaustion and hopelessness permeate your existence like a dark fog. Caffeine and self-propulsion have become your two best friends. Relationships should be fulfilling, right? Then why do you feel so numb, disengaged, and often embarrassed by your reactions to others? Sure, you hit your numbers at work. But your reward is dragging yourself home to a lonely, sexless marriage. Another conflict ensues. Great. Your wife’s judgmental stare leaves you feeling ashamed and like you’re 5 years old again. Let’s face it – you haven’t felt loved in years.
You crush it at work! But you feel like a total failure in your relationships. Exhaustion and hopelessness permeate your existence like a dark fog. Caffeine and self-propulsion have become your two best friends. Relationships should be fulfilling, right? Then why do you feel so numb, disengaged, and often embarrassed by your reactions to others? Sure, you hit your numbers at work. But your reward is dragging yourself home to a lonely, sexless marriage. Another conflict ensues. Great. Your wife’s judgmental stare leaves you feeling ashamed and like you’re 5 years old again. Let’s face it – you haven’t felt loved in years.
(626) 317-8495 View (626) 317-8495
Photo of Rita Phetmixay, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 91106, CA
Rita Phetmixay
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
You are here for that sense of belonging & connection, especially when multiple global crises have left communities hopeless, and in a constant state of vigilance. While some anxiety/depression is a normal response to the hyper-violence we are facing as a collective (on screens or in reality), it can feel extremely overwhelming to experience this every day, on top of expectations from work, family, and other relationships. As a child of the Lao Isaan/Southeast Asian diaspora, my passion is working with fellow children of refugee/immigrant diasporas to feel seen + heard + validated through an anti-oppressive framework.
You are here for that sense of belonging & connection, especially when multiple global crises have left communities hopeless, and in a constant state of vigilance. While some anxiety/depression is a normal response to the hyper-violence we are facing as a collective (on screens or in reality), it can feel extremely overwhelming to experience this every day, on top of expectations from work, family, and other relationships. As a child of the Lao Isaan/Southeast Asian diaspora, my passion is working with fellow children of refugee/immigrant diasporas to feel seen + heard + validated through an anti-oppressive framework.
(323) 379-0612 View (323) 379-0612
Photo of Clarissa J Delgado-Salas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 91106, CA
Clarissa J Delgado-Salas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed by stress, anxiety, or the lingering effects of past traumas? I specialize in providing support and guidance for individuals seeking a path to healing and self-discovery. I provide a supportive and non-judgmental space to explore emotions, coping strategies for stress and anxiety, and guidance in navigating past traumas. My goal is your personal growth, improved emotional well-being, strengthened coping mechanisms, enhanced relationships, and a more positive outlook on life.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by stress, anxiety, or the lingering effects of past traumas? I specialize in providing support and guidance for individuals seeking a path to healing and self-discovery. I provide a supportive and non-judgmental space to explore emotions, coping strategies for stress and anxiety, and guidance in navigating past traumas. My goal is your personal growth, improved emotional well-being, strengthened coping mechanisms, enhanced relationships, and a more positive outlook on life.
(626) 263-6824 View (626) 263-6824
Photo of Daniel S. Leon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 91106, CA
Daniel S. Leon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106
As the Founder and Clinical Director of Oakwood Family Treatment Centers, I have been treating adolescents, young adults and their families for over 30 years as a psychotherapist, clinical director and consultant in both outpatient and residential programs. I treat such disorders as anxiety, trauma, family conflict, drug, alcohol and behavioral addictions, co-dependency, depression, ADHD, self-harming behaviors, and self esteem issues.
As the Founder and Clinical Director of Oakwood Family Treatment Centers, I have been treating adolescents, young adults and their families for over 30 years as a psychotherapist, clinical director and consultant in both outpatient and residential programs. I treat such disorders as anxiety, trauma, family conflict, drug, alcohol and behavioral addictions, co-dependency, depression, ADHD, self-harming behaviors, and self esteem issues.
(844) 707-8420 View (844) 707-8420
Photo of Adriana Bugarin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 91106, CA
Adriana Bugarin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
The Healing Collective, PC is a private practice that offers an array of mental health treatment and wellness services within the community of Pasadena and throughout the state of California. THC is comprised of qualified and experienced mental health professionals. Our licensed therapists are trained in a variety of trauma-informed, holistic, strengths-based, and culturally competent mental health treatments. We provide mental health treatment to adolescents, adults, families, and couples. Our mental health services include individual therapy, family therapy, couples therapy and group therapy ( both coming soon).
The Healing Collective, PC is a private practice that offers an array of mental health treatment and wellness services within the community of Pasadena and throughout the state of California. THC is comprised of qualified and experienced mental health professionals. Our licensed therapists are trained in a variety of trauma-informed, holistic, strengths-based, and culturally competent mental health treatments. We provide mental health treatment to adolescents, adults, families, and couples. Our mental health services include individual therapy, family therapy, couples therapy and group therapy ( both coming soon).
(626) 779-9584 View (626) 779-9584
Photo of Dacia Fusaro, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 91106, CA
Dacia Fusaro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106
I am passionate about working with people who want to heal past trauma and find more safety and happiness within themselves and their relationships as well as those who are moving through grief and loss. Is the past interfering with your quality of life and ability to sustain healthy relationships in the present? Do you feel stuck and unsure how to move forward? Have you recently lost someone you love or experienced a major life transition? Do you experience feelings of shame and hopelessness, nightmares, ruminating thoughts or addictive behavior? I provide a safe space to address past and present traumatic experiences and losses.
I am passionate about working with people who want to heal past trauma and find more safety and happiness within themselves and their relationships as well as those who are moving through grief and loss. Is the past interfering with your quality of life and ability to sustain healthy relationships in the present? Do you feel stuck and unsure how to move forward? Have you recently lost someone you love or experienced a major life transition? Do you experience feelings of shame and hopelessness, nightmares, ruminating thoughts or addictive behavior? I provide a safe space to address past and present traumatic experiences and losses.
(626) 714-2608 View (626) 714-2608
Photo of Cristina Magalhaes, Psychologist in 91106, CA
Cristina Magalhaes
Psychologist, PhD, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91106
Stress and anxiety can drain emotional and physical energy, making even the smallest life obstacles seem impossible to overcome. When we are anxious or stressed, we have trouble sleeping, feel exhausted from worrying, and have difficulty concentrating and making decisions. Anxiety and stress can also make people socially avoidant, risk aversive, or hypervigilant, as if something catastrophic is just about to happen. If you are often worried, tense, or keyed up, or have frequent panic attacks, know that anxiety can be treated successfully.
Stress and anxiety can drain emotional and physical energy, making even the smallest life obstacles seem impossible to overcome. When we are anxious or stressed, we have trouble sleeping, feel exhausted from worrying, and have difficulty concentrating and making decisions. Anxiety and stress can also make people socially avoidant, risk aversive, or hypervigilant, as if something catastrophic is just about to happen. If you are often worried, tense, or keyed up, or have frequent panic attacks, know that anxiety can be treated successfully.
(954) 839-6179 View (954) 839-6179
Photo of Amani Odom, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 91106, CA
Amani Odom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
Living in the moment means letting go of the past & not waiting for the future. It means living your life consciously, aware that each moment you breathe is a gift." -Oprah W. I am a witness to the family stories of trauma, racism, environmental & social injustices that negatively impact family structures. This experience influenced my desire to become a clinician to support the healing process of individuals subject to historical life events & current circumstances which circumvent individuals from accessing their full potentials & their capacity to influence their lives with efficacy.
Living in the moment means letting go of the past & not waiting for the future. It means living your life consciously, aware that each moment you breathe is a gift." -Oprah W. I am a witness to the family stories of trauma, racism, environmental & social injustices that negatively impact family structures. This experience influenced my desire to become a clinician to support the healing process of individuals subject to historical life events & current circumstances which circumvent individuals from accessing their full potentials & their capacity to influence their lives with efficacy.
(626) 699-9567 View (626) 699-9567
Photo of Jeanine Espejo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 91106, CA
Jeanine Espejo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106  (Online Only)
Life is filled with a variety of colors and hues. Some of which can be beautiful, chaotic and can be overwhelming all at once. I'm here to support you through your journey. Acknowledging the highs and lows of life is where we can begin to support your inner self.
Life is filled with a variety of colors and hues. Some of which can be beautiful, chaotic and can be overwhelming all at once. I'm here to support you through your journey. Acknowledging the highs and lows of life is where we can begin to support your inner self.
(626) 243-7098 View (626) 243-7098
Motivational Interviewing Therapists

How does motivational interviewing work?

Motivational interviewing aims to uncover a person’s internal motivation to change their life. Toward this end, the therapist listens, empathizes, and collaborates with the client based on their perspective; the therapist doesn’t adhere to a predetermined plan for change or impose their viewpoint on the client. Discovering an individual’s most important reasons for change, and guiding them to achieve those changes, can empower people to shift from ambivalence to action.

Is motivational interviewing evidence-based?

Yes, research shows that motivational interviewing can help treat alcohol and substance use — and in different ways such as reducing drinking, reducing resistance, and increasing the likelihood of staying in treatment. Motivational interviewing has also been shown to help people lose weight, adhere to medication regimens, improve diet for those with Type II diabetes, and improve healthy behaviors in children.

How long does motivational interviewing last?

Motivational interviewing is a short-term therapy that can last just one or two sessions. In some cases, motivational interviewing may be used in conjunction with longer-term therapies, but for most people, motivational interviewing is a brief intervention that aims to help patients understand their personal, specific, and internal reasons for changing their life.

What differentiates motivational interviewing from person-centered therapy?

In person-centered therapy, the individual is in the driver’s seat of the treatment process, creating space for them to trust their instincts and arrive at their own solutions. The two approaches are similar because motivational interviewing is also client-centered; however, person-centered therapy is more open-ended while motivational interviewing is somewhat more structured; the goal is to change, and the therapist helps the client specifically discover their internal motivations to modify their behavior.