Therapists in Pasadena, CA

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Photo of German Ernesto Ortiz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
German Ernesto Ortiz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
I specialize in providing support to men seeking to gain control in their lives and are ready to take the necessary steps to make those changes. The men of today has to face obstacles in life differently than with previous generations, and navigating through all these roadblocks alone is extremely challenging for ones mental health. We all need additional support in different stages of our lives. Divorce/separation, custody issues, midlife/existential crisis, depression, and anxiety are just some of the problems the men of today have to live with.
I specialize in providing support to men seeking to gain control in their lives and are ready to take the necessary steps to make those changes. The men of today has to face obstacles in life differently than with previous generations, and navigating through all these roadblocks alone is extremely challenging for ones mental health. We all need additional support in different stages of our lives. Divorce/separation, custody issues, midlife/existential crisis, depression, and anxiety are just some of the problems the men of today have to live with.
(626) 606-1547 View (626) 606-1547
Photo of Michael Gregory Mann, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Michael Gregory Mann
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
I work primarily with men, teens, and their families. Those I work with often feel stuck in some way, whether that is stuck in a job, or in depression, or with anxiety, or negative patterns in relationships. It is a privilege to walk alongside those who come into my office, to learn their stories, their strengths, and their struggles, and to give them a safe place to learn about themselves and move toward growth and thriving.
I work primarily with men, teens, and their families. Those I work with often feel stuck in some way, whether that is stuck in a job, or in depression, or with anxiety, or negative patterns in relationships. It is a privilege to walk alongside those who come into my office, to learn their stories, their strengths, and their struggles, and to give them a safe place to learn about themselves and move toward growth and thriving.
(626) 768-1256 View (626) 768-1256
Photo of John Guthrie, Psychologist in Pasadena, CA
John Guthrie
Psychologist, PhD, CSAT, EMDR
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91106
I help adult individuals whose lives are adversely impacted by one or more of the following: sex/porn addiction, partner betrayal trauma, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. I also help couples seeking help for healing from infidelity or for overcoming other relational problems in order to strengthen their relationship.
I help adult individuals whose lives are adversely impacted by one or more of the following: sex/porn addiction, partner betrayal trauma, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. I also help couples seeking help for healing from infidelity or for overcoming other relational problems in order to strengthen their relationship.
(626) 669-3981 View (626) 669-3981
Photo of Gerald Monk, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Gerald Monk
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91104
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California since 2006. I was a registered psychologist, counselor, and family mediator in New Zealand before moving to the United States as a professor in marriage and family therapy at San Diego State University. I worked and trained in educational psychology before being immersed in narrative therapy, narrative mediation, and solution-focused therapy in the 1990s. I have worked a lot in schools with children and teens, addressed parenting challenges, helped blended families address unique crises that arise, help clients with separation and divorce.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California since 2006. I was a registered psychologist, counselor, and family mediator in New Zealand before moving to the United States as a professor in marriage and family therapy at San Diego State University. I worked and trained in educational psychology before being immersed in narrative therapy, narrative mediation, and solution-focused therapy in the 1990s. I have worked a lot in schools with children and teens, addressed parenting challenges, helped blended families address unique crises that arise, help clients with separation and divorce.
(323) 716-0288 View (323) 716-0288
Photo of Huntington Psychological Services, Psychologist in Pasadena, CA
Huntington Psychological Services
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
My name is Dr. Allen Sung, and I am a licensed clinical psychologist and the Clinical Director of Huntington Psychological Services in Pasadena, CA. I specialize in psychological and neuropsychological testing and assessments for children and adults experiencing educational, social, emotional, and behavioral challenges. I hold a Bachelor of Arts from UCLA and a Master's and Doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology. I strive to conduct evaluations with the same care, compassion, and professionalism that I would expect for myself or my loved ones.
My name is Dr. Allen Sung, and I am a licensed clinical psychologist and the Clinical Director of Huntington Psychological Services in Pasadena, CA. I specialize in psychological and neuropsychological testing and assessments for children and adults experiencing educational, social, emotional, and behavioral challenges. I hold a Bachelor of Arts from UCLA and a Master's and Doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology. I strive to conduct evaluations with the same care, compassion, and professionalism that I would expect for myself or my loved ones.
(626) 209-9322 View (626) 209-9322
Photo of Anastasia Kefalas, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Pasadena, CA
Anastasia Kefalas
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
Hello there! I am here to walk alongside you as you navigate your journey toward healing. Life can be full of unexpected challenges, especially when emotions and stressors come into play, leaving us feeling a bit overwelled and lost. But remember, you are not on this journey alone. I believe in a collaborative and empathetic approach to therapy. I provide a safe and non-judgmental environment where you can freely process your feelings and experiences, leading to deeper understanding and healing along the way.
Hello there! I am here to walk alongside you as you navigate your journey toward healing. Life can be full of unexpected challenges, especially when emotions and stressors come into play, leaving us feeling a bit overwelled and lost. But remember, you are not on this journey alone. I believe in a collaborative and empathetic approach to therapy. I provide a safe and non-judgmental environment where you can freely process your feelings and experiences, leading to deeper understanding and healing along the way.
(626) 746-5899 View (626) 746-5899
Photo of Vanessa Espinosa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Vanessa Espinosa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91106
Therapy is a unique opportunity for exploration and understanding of one's own story, and can facilitate healing and transformation during trying times. In my practice, I work collaboratively with clients to uncover and strengthen their inner wisdom, while teaching them skills needed to maneuver through life's challenges, changes and transitions. I provide a supportive and hope-filled environment that allows for a journey of self-discovery, and helps to foster self-love, self-compassion, and acceptance.
Therapy is a unique opportunity for exploration and understanding of one's own story, and can facilitate healing and transformation during trying times. In my practice, I work collaboratively with clients to uncover and strengthen their inner wisdom, while teaching them skills needed to maneuver through life's challenges, changes and transitions. I provide a supportive and hope-filled environment that allows for a journey of self-discovery, and helps to foster self-love, self-compassion, and acceptance.
(562) 551-6164 View (562) 551-6164
Photo of Jeff Galens, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Jeff Galens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91105  (Online Only)
If I had to choose three words that encapsulated my therapeutic approach, the words would be authenticity, compassion, and context. I learned how to deconstruct chaotic complex situations into digestible and palatable pieces. I learned to individualize and tailor interventions to meet students where they were at, not where I wanted them to be. I learned that no student, teacher, or classroom can optimally function in isolation, but rather thrive when choosing to operate interdependently.
If I had to choose three words that encapsulated my therapeutic approach, the words would be authenticity, compassion, and context. I learned how to deconstruct chaotic complex situations into digestible and palatable pieces. I learned to individualize and tailor interventions to meet students where they were at, not where I wanted them to be. I learned that no student, teacher, or classroom can optimally function in isolation, but rather thrive when choosing to operate interdependently.
(510) 901-4082 View (510) 901-4082
Photo of Guadalupe Sosa, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Guadalupe Sosa
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91107  (Online Only)
Good News! It's never to late to restore your relationship with your child, partner, and/or family member. What matters most in raising children? Relationship matters most. If you are feeling overwhelmed, worried and stressed due to your difficulties in parenting your child then working on attachment with your child is the answer. Working on attachment is also the answer in working through your relationship problems with your partner.
Good News! It's never to late to restore your relationship with your child, partner, and/or family member. What matters most in raising children? Relationship matters most. If you are feeling overwhelmed, worried and stressed due to your difficulties in parenting your child then working on attachment with your child is the answer. Working on attachment is also the answer in working through your relationship problems with your partner.
(626) 606-9657 View (626) 606-9657
Photo of Eileen Beirich, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Eileen Beirich
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91104
I am Eileen Beirich, PsyD, MFT. I encourage patients toward an acquired awareness and management of conflict out of attachment and self-regulation issues. Using dynamic family systems, I begin to review a patient's family of origin story about how life has been lived. I introduce an idea of looking at life's picture like it is a tapestry. A tapestry is constructed of many colored threads laid down next to each other to blend into a picture. Sometimes a person does not have a completed tapestry picture of life.
I am Eileen Beirich, PsyD, MFT. I encourage patients toward an acquired awareness and management of conflict out of attachment and self-regulation issues. Using dynamic family systems, I begin to review a patient's family of origin story about how life has been lived. I introduce an idea of looking at life's picture like it is a tapestry. A tapestry is constructed of many colored threads laid down next to each other to blend into a picture. Sometimes a person does not have a completed tapestry picture of life.
(626) 935-9933 View (626) 935-9933
Photo of Cymone N. Damon Sams, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Cymone N. Damon Sams
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
In my therapeutic practice, I integrate the depths of existential and humanistic therapies with a keen focus on the intricacies of racial issues, identity exploration, and the transformative potential of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. My approach is underpinned by a commitment to understanding and nurturing the complex web of human connections, guided by attachment-based theory. This perspective enables me to support clients in exploring and healing relational patterns that have been shaped by early attachments and life experiences, fostering healthier and more fulfilling interpersonal relationships.
In my therapeutic practice, I integrate the depths of existential and humanistic therapies with a keen focus on the intricacies of racial issues, identity exploration, and the transformative potential of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. My approach is underpinned by a commitment to understanding and nurturing the complex web of human connections, guided by attachment-based theory. This perspective enables me to support clients in exploring and healing relational patterns that have been shaped by early attachments and life experiences, fostering healthier and more fulfilling interpersonal relationships.
(626) 605-2177 View (626) 605-2177
Photo of Harvey Pacht, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Harvey Pacht
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101  (Online Only)
Feeling stuck in your relationship because it keeps cycling over and over the same way? Does it leaves you with a sense of frustration and helplessness that everything you have tried to fix it has not worked? What was once wonderful has turned into either constant fighting or the cold distance of loneliness. And it feels like it will never change. This is where most couples find themselves when they reach out to me. There is a difference between pain and suffering. Life has painful events but suffering results from suppressed love with the sense that it will never change.
Feeling stuck in your relationship because it keeps cycling over and over the same way? Does it leaves you with a sense of frustration and helplessness that everything you have tried to fix it has not worked? What was once wonderful has turned into either constant fighting or the cold distance of loneliness. And it feels like it will never change. This is where most couples find themselves when they reach out to me. There is a difference between pain and suffering. Life has painful events but suffering results from suppressed love with the sense that it will never change.
(720) 664-5234 View (720) 664-5234
Photo of Shana Pallotta, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Shana Pallotta
Marriage & Family Therapist, MBA, LMFT
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
I'm a holistic therapist who is passionate about helping you experience a more meaningful and fulfilling life. Change can be daunting. Feeling overwhelmed or stuck can prevent you from living in greater alignment with your purpose. This can impact your relationships, career, and general sense of well-being. My goal is to create a safe space and help empower you to connect with your own authenticity and meaning so that you can break free from the patterns that are limiting you.
I'm a holistic therapist who is passionate about helping you experience a more meaningful and fulfilling life. Change can be daunting. Feeling overwhelmed or stuck can prevent you from living in greater alignment with your purpose. This can impact your relationships, career, and general sense of well-being. My goal is to create a safe space and help empower you to connect with your own authenticity and meaning so that you can break free from the patterns that are limiting you.
(323) 800-5247 View (323) 800-5247
Photo of Monica D Valdivia Aguilar, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Monica D Valdivia Aguilar
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Are you looking for ways to connect with your inner strengths and resiliency - and to learn skills for coping with life's challenges, disappointments and transitions? Do you want to re-establish a connection with yourself or create healthy communication styles in your dating, friendships, family or marriage relationship? Has the pandemic allowed you to pause and re-evaluate next steps with a new path? In my work at Flourish and the Institute for Girls’ Development, I assist high school seniors, young women and women to find balance and learn ways to cultivate strengths.
Are you looking for ways to connect with your inner strengths and resiliency - and to learn skills for coping with life's challenges, disappointments and transitions? Do you want to re-establish a connection with yourself or create healthy communication styles in your dating, friendships, family or marriage relationship? Has the pandemic allowed you to pause and re-evaluate next steps with a new path? In my work at Flourish and the Institute for Girls’ Development, I assist high school seniors, young women and women to find balance and learn ways to cultivate strengths.
(626) 594-4962 x108 View (626) 594-4962 x108
Photo of Roberto J Olivo Marriage and Family Therapist, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Roberto J Olivo Marriage and Family Therapist
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
Intimate relationships could be difficult to maintain and understand. Sometimes we are left confused and hurt by the behaviors and words of others. Our responses to these unfortunate behaviors might create a negative reaction which could worsen the feelings of despair. Having a personal psychotherapist with whom to explore some of these problems could be very rewarding and healing. Finding assertive ways to express our emotions using a win/win approach might assist in the healing of those injuries. Anxiety, depression and interpersonal conflict could be minimized or eliminated with the appropriate interventions.
Intimate relationships could be difficult to maintain and understand. Sometimes we are left confused and hurt by the behaviors and words of others. Our responses to these unfortunate behaviors might create a negative reaction which could worsen the feelings of despair. Having a personal psychotherapist with whom to explore some of these problems could be very rewarding and healing. Finding assertive ways to express our emotions using a win/win approach might assist in the healing of those injuries. Anxiety, depression and interpersonal conflict could be minimized or eliminated with the appropriate interventions.
(626) 604-9123 View (626) 604-9123
Photo of Ronald W Banks, Psychologist in Pasadena, CA
Ronald W Banks
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91107
Not accepting new clients
I enjoy assisting clients to develop a better understanding of themselves and their lives. Respect for my clients is first and foremost. I approach treatment from an integrative framework. Research has shown that many people are more receptive to non-traditional forms of health care than ever before. However, many of them experience difficulty finding a mental health professional who provides this type of treatment.
I enjoy assisting clients to develop a better understanding of themselves and their lives. Respect for my clients is first and foremost. I approach treatment from an integrative framework. Research has shown that many people are more receptive to non-traditional forms of health care than ever before. However, many of them experience difficulty finding a mental health professional who provides this type of treatment.
(213) 223-6102 View (213) 223-6102
Photo of Sepideh Garmroudi, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Sepideh Garmroudi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Sepideh Garmroudi is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of California and a Registered Associate Professional Clinical Counselor at Pasadena Trauma Therapy, Inc. She specializes in the treatment of trauma, relationship issues, transitional issues, self-esteem issues, cultural issues, immigration issues, and stress-related issues. She use IFS (Internal Family System), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help her clients feel their emotions safely and help them make sense of their needs, desires, and emotional responses.
Sepideh Garmroudi is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of California and a Registered Associate Professional Clinical Counselor at Pasadena Trauma Therapy, Inc. She specializes in the treatment of trauma, relationship issues, transitional issues, self-esteem issues, cultural issues, immigration issues, and stress-related issues. She use IFS (Internal Family System), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Mindfulness, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help her clients feel their emotions safely and help them make sense of their needs, desires, and emotional responses.
(310) 562-8469 View (310) 562-8469
Photo of Cara Frierson-O'Donnell, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Cara Frierson-O'Donnell
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Are you facing change? Maybe considering making changes but, feel too overwhelmed? Life changes, even those typically seen as "good", have the potential to evoke anxiety, fear, or depression. As we grow up we internalize messages from those around us and our experiences. Discovering and challenging those messages can help one learn to manage and tolerate their emotions. Together we can explore what messages are getting in your way. We can discover what is right for you and how you want to rewrite them.
Are you facing change? Maybe considering making changes but, feel too overwhelmed? Life changes, even those typically seen as "good", have the potential to evoke anxiety, fear, or depression. As we grow up we internalize messages from those around us and our experiences. Discovering and challenging those messages can help one learn to manage and tolerate their emotions. Together we can explore what messages are getting in your way. We can discover what is right for you and how you want to rewrite them.
(818) 986-3358 View (818) 986-3358
Photo of Britta Leffler, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Pasadena, CA
Britta Leffler
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
Hi! My name is Britta and I am an AMFT based in Los Angeles, California. I have been working with adult individuals, couples, and families since 2020, and I aim to support radical healing and integration. My background includes working as a clinician in community mental health settings as well as in private practice settings, offering individual, family, and group therapy. My unique approach to therapy is rooted in both psychodynamic and somatic modalities, weaving various styles together to enable clients to fully identify and move through unresolved trauma in order to experience authentic healing and sustainable change.
Hi! My name is Britta and I am an AMFT based in Los Angeles, California. I have been working with adult individuals, couples, and families since 2020, and I aim to support radical healing and integration. My background includes working as a clinician in community mental health settings as well as in private practice settings, offering individual, family, and group therapy. My unique approach to therapy is rooted in both psychodynamic and somatic modalities, weaving various styles together to enable clients to fully identify and move through unresolved trauma in order to experience authentic healing and sustainable change.
(818) 862-3801 View (818) 862-3801
Photo of Annie Bailey, Psychologist in Pasadena, CA
Annie Bailey
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91105
Annie Bailey is a Psychologist in California who has been practicing since 2009. She received her PhD in Clinical Psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University. Annie's overall treatment philosophy is that the purpose of treatment is to help people improve the quality and satisfaction they experience in their lives and improve the quality of their relationships with others.
Annie Bailey is a Psychologist in California who has been practicing since 2009. She received her PhD in Clinical Psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University. Annie's overall treatment philosophy is that the purpose of treatment is to help people improve the quality and satisfaction they experience in their lives and improve the quality of their relationships with others.
(323) 641-4552 View (323) 641-4552

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Pasadena, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Pasadena, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Grief
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

65% Aetna
55% Cigna and Evernorth
52% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Pasadena, CA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Pasadena?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.