Therapists in Rye Brook, NY

Photo of Northeast Cognitive Assessment, Psychologist in Rye Brook, NY
Northeast Cognitive Assessment
Psychologist, PsyD, ABPP-CN
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
Cognitive assessment is the behavioral measurement of brain function. The evaluation consists of medical record review, clinical interview, and paper and pencil testing such as drawing pictures or solving puzzles. The neuropsychologist will compare your scores to healthy people of the same demographics and create a picture of how your brain is functioning.
Cognitive assessment is the behavioral measurement of brain function. The evaluation consists of medical record review, clinical interview, and paper and pencil testing such as drawing pictures or solving puzzles. The neuropsychologist will compare your scores to healthy people of the same demographics and create a picture of how your brain is functioning.
(914) 312-4732 View (914) 312-4732
Photo of Angela Grassi, Marriage & Family Therapist in Rye Brook, NY
Angela Grassi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS LMFT
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573  (Online Only)
I understand the challenges that individuals and couples face in relationships. Whether it's learning new communication skills, or breaking patterns that no longer serve you, we can work together to get what you need out of your relationships. Clients who work with me will gain insight and feel confident about their ability to make changes and navigate life successfully. Create connection rather than conflict, relief from anxiety and increase self esteem.
I understand the challenges that individuals and couples face in relationships. Whether it's learning new communication skills, or breaking patterns that no longer serve you, we can work together to get what you need out of your relationships. Clients who work with me will gain insight and feel confident about their ability to make changes and navigate life successfully. Create connection rather than conflict, relief from anxiety and increase self esteem.
(914) 768-4572 View (914) 768-4572
Photo of Jennifer Colby, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rye Brook, NY
Jennifer Colby
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ASWCM, CCM
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
Not accepting new clients
My practice focuses on the issues surrounding older adults and their families. Many times, older adults need help to work through issues such as loss of independence, transition, or bereavement. Similarly families may need help with changing family roles and relationships. My goal is to provide guidance so the older adult and family achieve a sense of peace within a safe environment. I have worked with older individuals who suffer depression, dementia, anxiety, and adjustment disorder; I also work with family dynamics surrounding an older adult: spouse-spouse relationships, child-parent relationships, sibling relationships.
My practice focuses on the issues surrounding older adults and their families. Many times, older adults need help to work through issues such as loss of independence, transition, or bereavement. Similarly families may need help with changing family roles and relationships. My goal is to provide guidance so the older adult and family achieve a sense of peace within a safe environment. I have worked with older individuals who suffer depression, dementia, anxiety, and adjustment disorder; I also work with family dynamics surrounding an older adult: spouse-spouse relationships, child-parent relationships, sibling relationships.
(914) 312-4774 View (914) 312-4774
Photo of Sharon Herzog, Psychologist in Rye Brook, NY
Sharon Herzog
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
As a parent and psychologist, I understand the demands facing women today as they navigate the myriad of interests and obligations in their life. My practice focuses on womens issues including depression, anxiety, pregnancy/postpartum issues, work/family balance, role identity and family conflict.
As a parent and psychologist, I understand the demands facing women today as they navigate the myriad of interests and obligations in their life. My practice focuses on womens issues including depression, anxiety, pregnancy/postpartum issues, work/family balance, role identity and family conflict.
(917) 477-3008 View (917) 477-3008
Susan Adler
Psychologist, PsyD, ABSNP
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
I am a NYS Psychologist and School Neuropsychologist. I have been trained in Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and I find the combination enhances each other. I help children, adolescents, and adults be more in charge of and thus more productive in their lives. In additon to seeing ages 10 on in psychotherapy, I also perform Neuropsychological Evaluations as well as Psychoeducational Evaluations for children ages 6 on, adolescents, and young adults.
I am a NYS Psychologist and School Neuropsychologist. I have been trained in Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and I find the combination enhances each other. I help children, adolescents, and adults be more in charge of and thus more productive in their lives. In additon to seeing ages 10 on in psychotherapy, I also perform Neuropsychological Evaluations as well as Psychoeducational Evaluations for children ages 6 on, adolescents, and young adults.
(914) 703-4413 View (914) 703-4413
Photo of Lauren Rose, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rye Brook, NY
Lauren Rose
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Lauren, Rose, LCSW
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
Sometimes life feels stressful and overwhelming. It may be hard to figure out where to start to feel better. I have spent over 30 years helping people address similar struggles and learning to live happier, less stressful lives. My unique style and warm, supportive manner can help you to better understand yourself and the challenges you face. In a supportive, non-judgmental setting we work together through your own person journey exploring how you have gotten here and how to work with the feelings and obstacles you currently face, developing greater flexibility and resilience along the way.
Sometimes life feels stressful and overwhelming. It may be hard to figure out where to start to feel better. I have spent over 30 years helping people address similar struggles and learning to live happier, less stressful lives. My unique style and warm, supportive manner can help you to better understand yourself and the challenges you face. In a supportive, non-judgmental setting we work together through your own person journey exploring how you have gotten here and how to work with the feelings and obstacles you currently face, developing greater flexibility and resilience along the way.
(914) 269-2668 View (914) 269-2668
Photo of Jason Duncan, Psychologist in Rye Brook, NY
Jason Duncan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
I am a psychologist providing therapy and assessment services for children through adults. I have extensive clinical experience and am an expert Cognitive Behavioral Therapist. I’ve been trained by top therapy institutes, am a board member for well accomplished CBT organizations, and run the official podcast for the national CBT organization. I strive to regularly advance my knowledge and provide leading scientific treatments. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, panic, OCD, trauma, stress, insomnia, ADHD, defiance, and work/school issues. Many of my clients lead busy lives; therefore, I offer evening appointments.
I am a psychologist providing therapy and assessment services for children through adults. I have extensive clinical experience and am an expert Cognitive Behavioral Therapist. I’ve been trained by top therapy institutes, am a board member for well accomplished CBT organizations, and run the official podcast for the national CBT organization. I strive to regularly advance my knowledge and provide leading scientific treatments. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, panic, OCD, trauma, stress, insomnia, ADHD, defiance, and work/school issues. Many of my clients lead busy lives; therefore, I offer evening appointments.
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Photo of Lauren Dobbs, Psychologist in Rye Brook, NY
Lauren Dobbs
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rye Brook, NY 10573
Dr. Dobbs is an accomplished clinical psychologist with over fifteen years of experience between teaching and clinical work. She specializes in working with children, teens, and adults and has worked across various settings, including private practice, school, residential, and community mental health. Her therapeutic approach is rooted in the gold standard of treatment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which provides faster, more effective results. With children and teens, she goes beyond the traditional confines of therapy by harnessing their natural creativity, integrating art, music, games, journaling, and other creative outlets.
Dr. Dobbs is an accomplished clinical psychologist with over fifteen years of experience between teaching and clinical work. She specializes in working with children, teens, and adults and has worked across various settings, including private practice, school, residential, and community mental health. Her therapeutic approach is rooted in the gold standard of treatment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which provides faster, more effective results. With children and teens, she goes beyond the traditional confines of therapy by harnessing their natural creativity, integrating art, music, games, journaling, and other creative outlets.
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Photo of Maria Savino, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rye Brook, NY
Maria Savino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW, CCTSI
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573  (Online Only)
Perhaps you are experiencing stress in your days, have relationships filled with conflict, or are not feeling passionate about your career - thinking your goals seem out of reach. A total approach through clarifying your needs, identifying your goals, managing stress, increasing coping skills, and improving relationships, comprehensively we will make strides towards greater overall life satisfaction. Collaboratively we will create functional habits and make positive changes, by overcoming mental/emotional obstacles which prevent you from living your best life. The psychotherapy process will support you in addressing challenges which prevent you from living authentically and becoming the best version of yourself.
Perhaps you are experiencing stress in your days, have relationships filled with conflict, or are not feeling passionate about your career - thinking your goals seem out of reach. A total approach through clarifying your needs, identifying your goals, managing stress, increasing coping skills, and improving relationships, comprehensively we will make strides towards greater overall life satisfaction. Collaboratively we will create functional habits and make positive changes, by overcoming mental/emotional obstacles which prevent you from living your best life. The psychotherapy process will support you in addressing challenges which prevent you from living authentically and becoming the best version of yourself.
(917) 746-7547 View (917) 746-7547
Photo of Dr. Cheryl Lopez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rye Brook, NY
Dr. Cheryl Lopez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Rye Brook, NY 10573  (Online Only)
I am an English/Spanish Bilingual trauma specialist who has trained and completed her MS from Columbia University School of Social Work. My specialty is in child development, and trauma (abuse, grief, DV, and assessing for PTSD). As a clinician, I have focused my treatments with families, youth and children. I also specialize in mood disorders and behaviors impacting interpersonal relationships.
I am an English/Spanish Bilingual trauma specialist who has trained and completed her MS from Columbia University School of Social Work. My specialty is in child development, and trauma (abuse, grief, DV, and assessing for PTSD). As a clinician, I have focused my treatments with families, youth and children. I also specialize in mood disorders and behaviors impacting interpersonal relationships.
(914) 231-0389 x1652 View (914) 231-0389 x1652
Shari Cohen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, JD
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
I am an experienced Marriage & Family Therapist licensed in NY, NJ, CT, FL, MA & ME. My goal and my passion is to work with my clients on whatever concerns they may have and to help them, with compassion and competence, make their lives more satisfying and fulfilling. I specialize in working with individuals, couples, families and groups going through life changes which may result in stress, anxiety and/or depression including marriage/divorce/remarriage, relationship issues, parenting, personal development, aging and illness.
I am an experienced Marriage & Family Therapist licensed in NY, NJ, CT, FL, MA & ME. My goal and my passion is to work with my clients on whatever concerns they may have and to help them, with compassion and competence, make their lives more satisfying and fulfilling. I specialize in working with individuals, couples, families and groups going through life changes which may result in stress, anxiety and/or depression including marriage/divorce/remarriage, relationship issues, parenting, personal development, aging and illness.
(914) 618-5715 View (914) 618-5715
Photo of Michaela D'Urso, Pre-Licensed Professional in Rye Brook, NY
Michaela D'Urso
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
Michaela is a passionate Cognitive Behavioral therapist (which is the most effective, researched, and validated therapy to date). She will work with you to identify and change overly negative thinking and unhelpful behaviors that interfere with your mood, reaching your goals, or hampering interpersonal relationships. She works with those struggling with depression, anxiety, worry, phobias, stress, body image issues, performance anxiety, defiant behavior in children, relationship struggles, and work/school issues.
Michaela is a passionate Cognitive Behavioral therapist (which is the most effective, researched, and validated therapy to date). She will work with you to identify and change overly negative thinking and unhelpful behaviors that interfere with your mood, reaching your goals, or hampering interpersonal relationships. She works with those struggling with depression, anxiety, worry, phobias, stress, body image issues, performance anxiety, defiant behavior in children, relationship struggles, and work/school issues.
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Photo of Courtney Santucci, Psychologist in Rye Brook, NY
Courtney Santucci
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573  (Online Only)
As a New York, Connecticut, and PSYPACT licensed Clinical Psychologist, I provide services to children, adolescents, adults and families looking to address emotional distress, interpersonal difficulties, and challenging behavioral patterns. I have extensive training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Family Based Treatment for eating disorders (FBT) and use these gold-standard treatments to provide research backed clinical care. I believe in creating an individualized approach to treatment to meet the unique needs of my clients while promoting trust, validation and collaboration in therapy.
As a New York, Connecticut, and PSYPACT licensed Clinical Psychologist, I provide services to children, adolescents, adults and families looking to address emotional distress, interpersonal difficulties, and challenging behavioral patterns. I have extensive training in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Family Based Treatment for eating disorders (FBT) and use these gold-standard treatments to provide research backed clinical care. I believe in creating an individualized approach to treatment to meet the unique needs of my clients while promoting trust, validation and collaboration in therapy.
(914) 342-7579 View (914) 342-7579
Photo of Eliot Goldman, Psychologist in Rye Brook, NY
Eliot Goldman
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
My practice involves a focus on both diagnostic evaluation and treatment. I am highly experienced in evaluating children, adolescents and adults regarding issues of learning disorders, ADHD as well as mood and anxiety difficulties. In addition, I provide coaching and/or cognitive remediation tailored to individuals challenged by attention, memory or executive functioning.
My practice involves a focus on both diagnostic evaluation and treatment. I am highly experienced in evaluating children, adolescents and adults regarding issues of learning disorders, ADHD as well as mood and anxiety difficulties. In addition, I provide coaching and/or cognitive remediation tailored to individuals challenged by attention, memory or executive functioning.
(914) 618-5241 View (914) 618-5241
Photo of Akeisha Rivera, Psychologist in Rye Brook, NY
Akeisha Rivera
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573  (Online Only)
I'm Dr. Akeisha Rivera and I'm a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with training in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT). I specialize in helping couples overcome infidelity, affairs, constant fighting, a lack of intimacy, and emotional disconnection. I do this by helping you communicate in a safe, nonjudgmental space and by providing you with tools to help you thrive within your relationship. My goal is to help you become the best possible version of yourself so that you and your partner can rebuild your bond and make it stronger than ever before.
I'm Dr. Akeisha Rivera and I'm a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with training in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT). I specialize in helping couples overcome infidelity, affairs, constant fighting, a lack of intimacy, and emotional disconnection. I do this by helping you communicate in a safe, nonjudgmental space and by providing you with tools to help you thrive within your relationship. My goal is to help you become the best possible version of yourself so that you and your partner can rebuild your bond and make it stronger than ever before.
(914) 825-4132 View (914) 825-4132
Photo of Joseph M Aquino, Psychologist in Rye Brook, NY
Joseph M Aquino
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
Are you feeling stressed and full of tension? Are you feeling down more often than you would like? You can invest in yourself and a healthier, happier way of living. People who have chosen to enter therapy have said that the decision to do so was the best thing they have ever done. Their lives changed. If the difficulties cited above describe how you often feel, consider treatment with an experienced psychologist who can help. We can explore the issues that have created these feelings, and treatment will be shaped with an awareness of your world.
Are you feeling stressed and full of tension? Are you feeling down more often than you would like? You can invest in yourself and a healthier, happier way of living. People who have chosen to enter therapy have said that the decision to do so was the best thing they have ever done. Their lives changed. If the difficulties cited above describe how you often feel, consider treatment with an experienced psychologist who can help. We can explore the issues that have created these feelings, and treatment will be shaped with an awareness of your world.
(914) 618-5062 View (914) 618-5062
Photo of Clorinda Bulfamante, Psychologist in Rye Brook, NY
Clorinda Bulfamante
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
I am a clinical psychologist providing therapy and assessment services in Scarsdale and Greenwich. I treat various conditions, such as depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, social anxiety, and school/work issues. I also focus on life transitions, whether that be a recent move, transition from college, changes in family dynamics, or changes in significant relationships. Furthermore, I have extensive experience in conducting psychological assessments. Therapeutically, I focus on developing teens and adults, where as I provide assessments for all ages.
I am a clinical psychologist providing therapy and assessment services in Scarsdale and Greenwich. I treat various conditions, such as depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, social anxiety, and school/work issues. I also focus on life transitions, whether that be a recent move, transition from college, changes in family dynamics, or changes in significant relationships. Furthermore, I have extensive experience in conducting psychological assessments. Therapeutically, I focus on developing teens and adults, where as I provide assessments for all ages.
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Photo of Bernard C. Woychowski, Psychologist in Rye Brook, NY
Bernard C. Woychowski
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
Treatment Services Provided: Individual, Couple, and Group Therapy for Adults. In my early training, I concentrated on treating adults who suffered with mental and emotional challenges. I later obtained certifications for the treatment of children & adolescents, and for the treatment of individuals having difficulties with substance use. My participation in postgraduate training has been with the Metropolitan Institute for Training in Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy, the Psychodrama Center of New York, the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy lnstitute, and the Westchester Center for the Study of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy.
Treatment Services Provided: Individual, Couple, and Group Therapy for Adults. In my early training, I concentrated on treating adults who suffered with mental and emotional challenges. I later obtained certifications for the treatment of children & adolescents, and for the treatment of individuals having difficulties with substance use. My participation in postgraduate training has been with the Metropolitan Institute for Training in Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy, the Psychodrama Center of New York, the Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy lnstitute, and the Westchester Center for the Study of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy.
(914) 295-0506 View (914) 295-0506
Photo of Kimberly Naclerio, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Rye Brook, NY
Kimberly Naclerio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has 20 years of experience employing a Cognitive Behavioral Approach with adults, children, couples and families who have been struggling to cope with depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorders, behavioral issues, ADHD, relationship issues and parenting difficulties. The Cognitive Behavioral Approach helps clients make positive changes in their lives by gaining more insight into their thinking and behavioral patterns. I provide real life tools to help my clients improve their coping skills, communcation skills, self esteem, stress management and parenting skills.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has 20 years of experience employing a Cognitive Behavioral Approach with adults, children, couples and families who have been struggling to cope with depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorders, behavioral issues, ADHD, relationship issues and parenting difficulties. The Cognitive Behavioral Approach helps clients make positive changes in their lives by gaining more insight into their thinking and behavioral patterns. I provide real life tools to help my clients improve their coping skills, communcation skills, self esteem, stress management and parenting skills.
(914) 368-7816 View (914) 368-7816
Photo of Lisa Striar, Psychologist in Rye Brook, NY
Lisa Striar
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Rye Brook, NY 10573
I have a specialized practice for children and adolescents focusing on psycho-educational and neuropsychological evaluations. I conduct evaluations to assess areas of strength and possible concern that may impact a child or adolescent's daily functioning at home, school, and their social-emotional development.
I have a specialized practice for children and adolescents focusing on psycho-educational and neuropsychological evaluations. I conduct evaluations to assess areas of strength and possible concern that may impact a child or adolescent's daily functioning at home, school, and their social-emotional development.
(914) 559-7695 View (914) 559-7695

See more therapy options for Rye Brook

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Rye Brook, NY

70+

Average cost per session

$195

Therapists in Rye Brook, NY who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
94% Depression
88% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
78% Coping Skills
71% Family Conflict
63% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% Aetna
77% Oxford
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Rye Brook, NY see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
14% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Rye Brook?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.