Therapists in Sibley County, MN

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Photo of Erin Arnst, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Erin Arnst
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Henderson, MN 56044
Not accepting new clients
Hello there! My name is Erin, and I am a dedicated Licensed Independent Clinical Social worker with a passion for fostering embraced engagement and embodying self-authenticity. I bring an integrative and holistic approach to my work and lifestyle, emphasizing the importance of mental, emotional, and spiritual wellness within one’s whole self. As a woman of color and a member of the BIPOC community, I am aware, empathetic, and equipped with a deep understanding of the unique humanness, diversity, the necessity for equity, and cultural competence within the therapeutic setting.
Hello there! My name is Erin, and I am a dedicated Licensed Independent Clinical Social worker with a passion for fostering embraced engagement and embodying self-authenticity. I bring an integrative and holistic approach to my work and lifestyle, emphasizing the importance of mental, emotional, and spiritual wellness within one’s whole self. As a woman of color and a member of the BIPOC community, I am aware, empathetic, and equipped with a deep understanding of the unique humanness, diversity, the necessity for equity, and cultural competence within the therapeutic setting.
(507) 870-3394 View (507) 870-3394
Photo of Iesha McLeod, Psychologist, LCP
Iesha McLeod
Psychologist, LCP
Online Only
My name is Iesha McLeod and I am a Licensed Psychologist (LP) based in Minnesota. I received my Doctorate from Albizu University-Miami and have been practicing for 8 years. I enjoy creating an atmosphere where clients can identify and become their true selves. It is my belief that sometimes experiences in life can taint one’s genuine self and cause them to develop defense mechanisms that prevent their true nature from being shared with the world. I have a passion for helping others navigate through life’s experiences and difficulties in order to embrace and nurture their true identity.
My name is Iesha McLeod and I am a Licensed Psychologist (LP) based in Minnesota. I received my Doctorate from Albizu University-Miami and have been practicing for 8 years. I enjoy creating an atmosphere where clients can identify and become their true selves. It is my belief that sometimes experiences in life can taint one’s genuine self and cause them to develop defense mechanisms that prevent their true nature from being shared with the world. I have a passion for helping others navigate through life’s experiences and difficulties in order to embrace and nurture their true identity.
(651) 432-6073 View (651) 432-6073
Photo of Cheryl Kack - Stepping Stones Counseling LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LADC
Stepping Stones Counseling LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LADC
Arlington, MN 55307
It is important to find the right therapist that you can trust. Congratulations for getting to this point in your life in seeking out the services to assist you in making a positive transition. My name is Cheryl and I am a LICSW and a LADC. Sometimes life hands you difficulties that can be overwhelming. These situations end up causing you to experience trauma, anxiety, depression, anger, confusion, fear or frustration. I believe that successful therapy stems from a positive therapeutic relationship. My process stimulates communication in a respectful, supportive and productive manner.
It is important to find the right therapist that you can trust. Congratulations for getting to this point in your life in seeking out the services to assist you in making a positive transition. My name is Cheryl and I am a LICSW and a LADC. Sometimes life hands you difficulties that can be overwhelming. These situations end up causing you to experience trauma, anxiety, depression, anger, confusion, fear or frustration. I believe that successful therapy stems from a positive therapeutic relationship. My process stimulates communication in a respectful, supportive and productive manner.
(507) 298-2125 View (507) 298-2125
Photo of Iesha McLeod, Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Iesha McLeod
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Online Only
I am a licensed psychologist and completed my bachelor’s degree in clinical/counseling psychology at Saint Xavier University. I have my master’s and doctorate degrees in Clinical Psychology at Albizu University. I worked in the mental health field since 2012 and have experience working with individuals facing difficulties related to trauma, mood disorders, anger management, impulse control disorders, interpersonal concerns, substance related and addictive disorders, neurocognitive impairments, personality disorders, and those involved in the criminal justice system.
I am a licensed psychologist and completed my bachelor’s degree in clinical/counseling psychology at Saint Xavier University. I have my master’s and doctorate degrees in Clinical Psychology at Albizu University. I worked in the mental health field since 2012 and have experience working with individuals facing difficulties related to trauma, mood disorders, anger management, impulse control disorders, interpersonal concerns, substance related and addictive disorders, neurocognitive impairments, personality disorders, and those involved in the criminal justice system.
(952) 243-5173 View (952) 243-5173
Photo of Jan Schwarzrock - Serenity Family Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, RPT
Serenity Family Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, RPT
Serves Area
I believe in providing a caring, supportive, and client-centered environment. I want to offer effective therapeutic interventions to help adults, families, and children manage their mental health symptoms, so they can live a more happy and healthier lifestyle, plus finding their inner peace of "Serenity" in their life. I work with children as young as 4 years old, adolescents, adults, and families. I provide individual, family, and group therapies. I have also worked with a number of diverse individuals and families with a wide range of mental health disorders.
I believe in providing a caring, supportive, and client-centered environment. I want to offer effective therapeutic interventions to help adults, families, and children manage their mental health symptoms, so they can live a more happy and healthier lifestyle, plus finding their inner peace of "Serenity" in their life. I work with children as young as 4 years old, adolescents, adults, and families. I provide individual, family, and group therapies. I have also worked with a number of diverse individuals and families with a wide range of mental health disorders.
(507) 616-0273 View (507) 616-0273

Online Therapists

Photo of Kay Cooper, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Kay Cooper
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I specialize in dealing with the impact of depression, anxiety, grief and trauma that alters client’s lives. I help individuals, couples and families identify and work through abandonment and early attachment injuries to prevent current and future toxic relationship patterns. I am passionate about practicing a culturally specific and holistic approach to therapy.
I specialize in dealing with the impact of depression, anxiety, grief and trauma that alters client’s lives. I help individuals, couples and families identify and work through abandonment and early attachment injuries to prevent current and future toxic relationship patterns. I am passionate about practicing a culturally specific and holistic approach to therapy.
(952) 592-7949 View (952) 592-7949
Photo of Laurie Wevers, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Laurie Wevers
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
6 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55407
The world is crumbling; can you feel it? Of course you can; you feel things deeply. What I’m curious about is if your own life is following suit? You’re feeling untethered, or perhaps life is stripping you of your identity; you are not who you used to be and not yet sure who you’re becoming? As a Queer therapist (I also see straight people!) and spiritual companion, I like to do things a little differently. At this time in my career, I love working with beloved humans who are bravely journeying through deconstructing their lives, sexuality, identities, religion of origin, and perhaps even spirituality. I currently love using IFS!
The world is crumbling; can you feel it? Of course you can; you feel things deeply. What I’m curious about is if your own life is following suit? You’re feeling untethered, or perhaps life is stripping you of your identity; you are not who you used to be and not yet sure who you’re becoming? As a Queer therapist (I also see straight people!) and spiritual companion, I like to do things a little differently. At this time in my career, I love working with beloved humans who are bravely journeying through deconstructing their lives, sexuality, identities, religion of origin, and perhaps even spirituality. I currently love using IFS!
(651) 433-6276 View (651) 433-6276
Photo of Jill Gray, Psychologist, LP
Jill Gray
Psychologist, LP
Roseville, MN 55113
I am passionate about helping people reclaim their lives from trauma or addiction, heal from eating and body image issues, overcome anxiety or depression, and increase their ability to feel peaceful in their lives again. I partner with clients to help them feel they are capable of living life on their terms and handling stresses of daily life effectively. I focus on helping people develop greater emotional regulation, distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness skills.
I am passionate about helping people reclaim their lives from trauma or addiction, heal from eating and body image issues, overcome anxiety or depression, and increase their ability to feel peaceful in their lives again. I partner with clients to help them feel they are capable of living life on their terms and handling stresses of daily life effectively. I focus on helping people develop greater emotional regulation, distress tolerance and interpersonal effectiveness skills.
(612) 688-2806 View (612) 688-2806
Photo of Blanca Obregón, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA LPC
Blanca Obregón
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA LPC
Rochester, MN 55901
Immediate Openings! Therapy is a journey of self-discovery and growth, bringing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors into greater awareness. Throughout life, we encounter experiences that invite us to adjust, reflect, and realign with our authentic selves. My work is grounded in this understanding and in the belief that every person has the capacity for healing and growth. I enjoy working with clients who are ready for change, as well as those who are exploring readiness. Whether you are experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, family stressors, trauma, or life transitions, therapy can be a powerful tool.
Immediate Openings! Therapy is a journey of self-discovery and growth, bringing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors into greater awareness. Throughout life, we encounter experiences that invite us to adjust, reflect, and realign with our authentic selves. My work is grounded in this understanding and in the belief that every person has the capacity for healing and growth. I enjoy working with clients who are ready for change, as well as those who are exploring readiness. Whether you are experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, family stressors, trauma, or life transitions, therapy can be a powerful tool.
(207) 393-2672 View (207) 393-2672
Photo of Christie Ashbeck - Christie Ashbeck Certified RelationalLifeTherapist, Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Christie Ashbeck Certified RelationalLifeTherapist
Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
4 Endorsed
Lake Elmo, MN 55042
I am a trauma-focused psychotherapist dedicated to helping individuals and couples reclaim safety, connection, and inner resilience within themselves and their relationships. Through experiential practices, I offer clients unique tools to access and process core emotions, deepen nervous system regulation, and renegotiate traumatic memories, meeting each person where they are and guiding them at a pace that feels right for them. My ideal clients are deep thinkers who want to explore the root of things and find new ways to respond in their environment, rather than just address symptom management.
I am a trauma-focused psychotherapist dedicated to helping individuals and couples reclaim safety, connection, and inner resilience within themselves and their relationships. Through experiential practices, I offer clients unique tools to access and process core emotions, deepen nervous system regulation, and renegotiate traumatic memories, meeting each person where they are and guiding them at a pace that feels right for them. My ideal clients are deep thinkers who want to explore the root of things and find new ways to respond in their environment, rather than just address symptom management.
(520) 217-1419 View (520) 217-1419
Photo of Lindsey Holm, Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Lindsey Holm
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
2 Endorsed
Eagan, MN 55122
We all encounter stressful situations and events in our lives that can feel overwhelming and even insurmountable at times. These experiences are a normal part of life and may lead us to require a little help from time to time. I adopt a collaborative and strengths-based approach to both therapy and psychological assessment. I believe that each of us has a unique set of strengths and qualities that can be helpful in achieving our personal goals and empowering us to reach our true potential. Together, it is my hope that we will be able to discover things about yourself that will help you to make changes and improvements in your life.
We all encounter stressful situations and events in our lives that can feel overwhelming and even insurmountable at times. These experiences are a normal part of life and may lead us to require a little help from time to time. I adopt a collaborative and strengths-based approach to both therapy and psychological assessment. I believe that each of us has a unique set of strengths and qualities that can be helpful in achieving our personal goals and empowering us to reach our true potential. Together, it is my hope that we will be able to discover things about yourself that will help you to make changes and improvements in your life.
(651) 240-2402 View (651) 240-2402
Photo of Svetlana Petrovich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Svetlana Petrovich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Minneapolis, MN 55403
It is no easy task to lift the shadow of depression, to rebuild your life after a traumatic experience, or to make healthy decisions when chronically stressed, emotionally dysregulated, or when experiencing a relationship/identity crisis. My compassionate, engaging approach and incisive reflection creates a nourishing space for individuals to endeavor on their healing journeys.
It is no easy task to lift the shadow of depression, to rebuild your life after a traumatic experience, or to make healthy decisions when chronically stressed, emotionally dysregulated, or when experiencing a relationship/identity crisis. My compassionate, engaging approach and incisive reflection creates a nourishing space for individuals to endeavor on their healing journeys.
(612) 712-5781 View (612) 712-5781
Photo of Heidi Hulst, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW, MBA
Heidi Hulst
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW, MBA
1 Endorsed
Eagan, MN 55122
Choosing a therapist that will best meet your needs can feel overwhelming, especially when you’re just reading words on a screen. My hope is to share a bit about myself so you’ll feel confident in taking that next important step to reach out to connect. I have had the privilege to work with people from diverse cultures, religions, genders and socioeconomic statues. I am passionate about clients feeling empowered to to be able to confidently navigate the ups and downs of life. I am committed to building a strong therapeutic rapport that enables the client to feel safe, respected and unconditionally supported.
Choosing a therapist that will best meet your needs can feel overwhelming, especially when you’re just reading words on a screen. My hope is to share a bit about myself so you’ll feel confident in taking that next important step to reach out to connect. I have had the privilege to work with people from diverse cultures, religions, genders and socioeconomic statues. I am passionate about clients feeling empowered to to be able to confidently navigate the ups and downs of life. I am committed to building a strong therapeutic rapport that enables the client to feel safe, respected and unconditionally supported.
(651) 571-8283 View (651) 571-8283
Photo of Bee Xiong-Vang - Be Well Psychological Services, LLC, Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Be Well Psychological Services, LLC
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Woodbury, MN 55125
Be Well Psychological Services aims to make psychological health MATTER for everyone. The services are designed to target a wide spectrum of individuals, from folks who consider themselves to be well functioning to folks who have significant challenges. Through the use of psychological methods and services, Be Well helps individuals to understand themselves better. The goal is to shift the mental health lens from “disorder” or “deficit” to “understanding” and “compassion” for self and others. Our services will help you gain better understanding of yourself and your functioning, so you could live the best life possible.
Be Well Psychological Services aims to make psychological health MATTER for everyone. The services are designed to target a wide spectrum of individuals, from folks who consider themselves to be well functioning to folks who have significant challenges. Through the use of psychological methods and services, Be Well helps individuals to understand themselves better. The goal is to shift the mental health lens from “disorder” or “deficit” to “understanding” and “compassion” for self and others. Our services will help you gain better understanding of yourself and your functioning, so you could live the best life possible.
(651) 409-8927 View (651) 409-8927
Photo of Brooke D Nielsen, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Brooke D Nielsen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Stillwater, MN 55082
I hope to be as helpful as possible to all my clients as they struggle with what life brings. I see it as my role as a therapist to come along side my clients as they walk through whatever issue brings them to my office. I have found good therapy starts with understanding the person you desire to support and that is my first goal.
I hope to be as helpful as possible to all my clients as they struggle with what life brings. I see it as my role as a therapist to come along side my clients as they walk through whatever issue brings them to my office. I have found good therapy starts with understanding the person you desire to support and that is my first goal.
(651) 504-3272 View (651) 504-3272
Photo of Pamela Reed, Counselor, MA, LPCC, CCTP
Pamela Reed
Counselor, MA, LPCC, CCTP
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that genuine presence, authentic connection, and a welcoming sense of curiosity, inspires each client to recover and overcome. I hold genuine and positive regard for my clients which enables me to encourage and support them as they come to understand the origins of their challenges and how to meet and transform them. I counsel individuals (ages 17 and up). My practice focuses on trauma, anxiety, depression, transitions, grief and loss, spirituality and meaning, and highly sensitive people. My commitment is to discover the strengths and gifts of each client so they may discover their true self.
I believe that genuine presence, authentic connection, and a welcoming sense of curiosity, inspires each client to recover and overcome. I hold genuine and positive regard for my clients which enables me to encourage and support them as they come to understand the origins of their challenges and how to meet and transform them. I counsel individuals (ages 17 and up). My practice focuses on trauma, anxiety, depression, transitions, grief and loss, spirituality and meaning, and highly sensitive people. My commitment is to discover the strengths and gifts of each client so they may discover their true self.
(651) 240-6906 View (651) 240-6906
Photo of Aaron Robert Elliott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW, LADC
Aaron Robert Elliott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW, LADC
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Waitlist for new clients
Psychotherapy for Adults 18+ In-Person & Virtual in Minnesota, WI, CA, and FLA. Mental health and addiction have greatly affected me in my life, I have been there and I understand. My life and professional experiences have given me the ability to help people where others can't. I provide professional, compassionate psychotherapy for people facing a wide range of mental health concerns, including depression, anxiety, social anxiety, addiction, low self-esteem, and relationship challenges. I also support other therapists and professionals who are seeking space to process and grow.
Psychotherapy for Adults 18+ In-Person & Virtual in Minnesota, WI, CA, and FLA. Mental health and addiction have greatly affected me in my life, I have been there and I understand. My life and professional experiences have given me the ability to help people where others can't. I provide professional, compassionate psychotherapy for people facing a wide range of mental health concerns, including depression, anxiety, social anxiety, addiction, low self-esteem, and relationship challenges. I also support other therapists and professionals who are seeking space to process and grow.
(651) 314-7340 View (651) 314-7340
Photo of Laura Warner, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, LADC
Laura Warner
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, LADC
2 Endorsed
Burnsville, MN 55337
Much of my work focuses on substance use, rebuilding self-esteem, or addressing self-defeating behaviors and thoughts. Whether you’re trying to shift your relationship with substances or you’re working to cultivate a stronger sense of self-worth, I’ll help you untangle the patterns and pressures that keep you stuck. Together, we’ll explore the underlying dynamics, identify practical strategies, and strengthen the internal resilience you already possess even if it’s hard to see right now.
Much of my work focuses on substance use, rebuilding self-esteem, or addressing self-defeating behaviors and thoughts. Whether you’re trying to shift your relationship with substances or you’re working to cultivate a stronger sense of self-worth, I’ll help you untangle the patterns and pressures that keep you stuck. Together, we’ll explore the underlying dynamics, identify practical strategies, and strengthen the internal resilience you already possess even if it’s hard to see right now.
(952) 529-4072 View (952) 529-4072
Photo of Catherine Phibbs, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Catherine Phibbs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Bloomington, MN 55431
Reaching out to a therapist is a bold move. It takes courage to begin the process of self exploration and discovery, and it takes a safe place to do that important work. I am committed to providing that safe space for my clients. I believe that the relationship between a therapist and client is a unique and healing one. It is two minds coming together to explore the ways in which current life stresses intersect with painful past experiences to create suffering. When a client feels respected and seen, they are able to grieve their past hurts and find new paths for coping.
Reaching out to a therapist is a bold move. It takes courage to begin the process of self exploration and discovery, and it takes a safe place to do that important work. I am committed to providing that safe space for my clients. I believe that the relationship between a therapist and client is a unique and healing one. It is two minds coming together to explore the ways in which current life stresses intersect with painful past experiences to create suffering. When a client feels respected and seen, they are able to grieve their past hurts and find new paths for coping.
(612) 255-9308 View (612) 255-9308
Photo of Susan Gustafson - Stone Arch Psychology and Health Services, Psychologist
Welcome to Stone Arch Psychology and Health Services. Our motto, Opening Doors and Building Bridges, is a statement of our commitment to help you make positive life changes. Please visit our website to learn more about our clinic, clinicians, and services at STONEARCHPSYCH.COM
Welcome to Stone Arch Psychology and Health Services. Our motto, Opening Doors and Building Bridges, is a statement of our commitment to help you make positive life changes. Please visit our website to learn more about our clinic, clinicians, and services at STONEARCHPSYCH.COM
(612) 979-2477 View (612) 979-2477

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Sibley County, MN

< 10

Therapists in Sibley County, MN who prioritize treating:

100% Trauma and PTSD
100% Self Esteem
100% Women's Issues
80% Relationship Issues
80% Depression
80% Anxiety
80% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% BlueCross and BlueShield
80% Cigna and Evernorth
80% Medicare

How Therapists in Sibley County, MN see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Sibley County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.