Therapists in Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN

Twin Cities Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Center
Psychologist, PsyD
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
We do therapy because it works. We develop treatment programs in collaboration with each individual. They are designed to be flexible and travel well into your life outside the therapy room. Treatment focuses on alleviating suffering and increasing your connection with what’s important in your life. The spirit of our approach is active and genuine. We embrace imperfection as a natural state of being and view mistakes as portals for learning. We regard humor and humility as invaluable tools and use them to change our perspectives.
We do therapy because it works. We develop treatment programs in collaboration with each individual. They are designed to be flexible and travel well into your life outside the therapy room. Treatment focuses on alleviating suffering and increasing your connection with what’s important in your life. The spirit of our approach is active and genuine. We embrace imperfection as a natural state of being and view mistakes as portals for learning. We regard humor and humility as invaluable tools and use them to change our perspectives.
(651) 359-9401 View (651) 359-9401
Nora L. Hollenkamp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
2 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Sometimes life quietly drifts off course, and we find ourselves feeling lost, stuck, or unsure how we got here. Many people come to therapy during times of change in career, relationships, or after experiencing loss. Others struggle with emotional or psychological distress that makes it hard to live fully. I work with individuals who feel caught in negative thinking patterns, self-criticism, or the pressure to meet others’ expectations. I offer a supportive space to explore your experiences and reconnect with yourself, integrating mindfulness, breathing, meditation, and gentle movement to cultivate greater calm, awareness, and ease.
Sometimes life quietly drifts off course, and we find ourselves feeling lost, stuck, or unsure how we got here. Many people come to therapy during times of change in career, relationships, or after experiencing loss. Others struggle with emotional or psychological distress that makes it hard to live fully. I work with individuals who feel caught in negative thinking patterns, self-criticism, or the pressure to meet others’ expectations. I offer a supportive space to explore your experiences and reconnect with yourself, integrating mindfulness, breathing, meditation, and gentle movement to cultivate greater calm, awareness, and ease.
(651) 321-5835 View (651) 321-5835
OCD and Anxiety Center of Minnesota
Counselor, MA , LPCC
2 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Welcome to OCD and Anxiety Treatment Center of Minnesota, where we provide top-quality, evidence-based care for individuals struggling with OCD and anxiety disorders. Our center is dedicated to helping our clients achieve lasting relief and regain control over their lives. At our center, we offer a comprehensive range of specialized treatments, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure and response prevention (ERP), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), inference-based CBT (I-CBT), mindfulness techniques, and other proven therapeutic modalities.
Welcome to OCD and Anxiety Treatment Center of Minnesota, where we provide top-quality, evidence-based care for individuals struggling with OCD and anxiety disorders. Our center is dedicated to helping our clients achieve lasting relief and regain control over their lives. At our center, we offer a comprehensive range of specialized treatments, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure and response prevention (ERP), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), inference-based CBT (I-CBT), mindfulness techniques, and other proven therapeutic modalities.
(651) 877-6946 View (651) 877-6946
Megan Blommer
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Whether you're considering beginning therapy for the first time, continuing or returning to treatment, good for you! You're already taking positive steps to improve your mental health and well-being. I meet clients wherever they are in life and utilize a strengths-based, collaborative approach to help them get to where they would like to be. I support clients in identifying areas in which they may benefit from making changes and help them develop effective skills to do so. My therapeutic style incorporates warmth, humor, and positive regard for the strengths of each individual.
Whether you're considering beginning therapy for the first time, continuing or returning to treatment, good for you! You're already taking positive steps to improve your mental health and well-being. I meet clients wherever they are in life and utilize a strengths-based, collaborative approach to help them get to where they would like to be. I support clients in identifying areas in which they may benefit from making changes and help them develop effective skills to do so. My therapeutic style incorporates warmth, humor, and positive regard for the strengths of each individual.
(651) 564-8988 View (651) 564-8988
Tim Winchell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW, MSW
1 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Thanks for visiting my profile, are you struggling with anxiety, depression, or memories of painful experiences? I would welcome the opportunity to help you resolve these issues! I am an Independent Clinical Social Worker practicing in person in the Minneapolis/St. Paul area and remotely across Minnesota and Colorado. For the past 12 years I've been providing individual therapy for adults coping with depression, anxiety, gender dysphoria, LGBT issues, drug and alcohol issues and PTSD.
Thanks for visiting my profile, are you struggling with anxiety, depression, or memories of painful experiences? I would welcome the opportunity to help you resolve these issues! I am an Independent Clinical Social Worker practicing in person in the Minneapolis/St. Paul area and remotely across Minnesota and Colorado. For the past 12 years I've been providing individual therapy for adults coping with depression, anxiety, gender dysphoria, LGBT issues, drug and alcohol issues and PTSD.
(651) 362-4008 View (651) 362-4008
Catherine Arellano
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Taking the first step toward healing takes courage, I'm glad you're here. Creating a space where you feel genuinely safe, seen, and at ease is at the heart of how I work because real healing happens when you feel comfortable enough to tell your full story, not just the parts that feel acceptable to share. My style is warm, down-to-earth, and collaborative. I show up to every session with compassion, empathy, and genuine respect for who you are and where you've been. I also believe in the power of laughter. Therapy can be hard work and warmth and joy are part of healing.
Taking the first step toward healing takes courage, I'm glad you're here. Creating a space where you feel genuinely safe, seen, and at ease is at the heart of how I work because real healing happens when you feel comfortable enough to tell your full story, not just the parts that feel acceptable to share. My style is warm, down-to-earth, and collaborative. I show up to every session with compassion, empathy, and genuine respect for who you are and where you've been. I also believe in the power of laughter. Therapy can be hard work and warmth and joy are part of healing.
(651) 378-0027 View (651) 378-0027
Maria (mary) Mylonaki
Counselor, MS, LPCC
3 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Many of my clients describe living in extremes—feeling everything all at once or shutting it down to survive. Some carry the scars of abuse, some face the chaos of Borderline Personality Disorder, and others feel like outsiders navigating life in a new country. Wherever you begin, you don’t have to figure it out alone. As a DBT-trained and state-certified clinician, I bring both structure and compassion to the work. We focus on skills—because skills give you footing. But I also know skills aren’t enough if you feel unheard, so we go deeper. We look at the patterns, the pain, and the meaning underneath.
Many of my clients describe living in extremes—feeling everything all at once or shutting it down to survive. Some carry the scars of abuse, some face the chaos of Borderline Personality Disorder, and others feel like outsiders navigating life in a new country. Wherever you begin, you don’t have to figure it out alone. As a DBT-trained and state-certified clinician, I bring both structure and compassion to the work. We focus on skills—because skills give you footing. But I also know skills aren’t enough if you feel unheard, so we go deeper. We look at the patterns, the pain, and the meaning underneath.
(651) 401-4655 View (651) 401-4655
Ryanne T Mellick
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
9 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Do you have life experiences that you are ready to process? Is life feeling too overwhelming and you aren't sure where to start? Are you a parent struggling to connect with your child? Do you have a teenager dealing with mental health symptoms, difficult peer relationships, or poor decision-making? Is your young child struggling with big feelings and behaviors? Would you like to be in nature and walking while you talk? I know these situations and recognize how overwhelming and scary they can be and feel. You don't have to do it alone. I will walk alongside you or your teenager as we navigate these difficult situations together.
Do you have life experiences that you are ready to process? Is life feeling too overwhelming and you aren't sure where to start? Are you a parent struggling to connect with your child? Do you have a teenager dealing with mental health symptoms, difficult peer relationships, or poor decision-making? Is your young child struggling with big feelings and behaviors? Would you like to be in nature and walking while you talk? I know these situations and recognize how overwhelming and scary they can be and feel. You don't have to do it alone. I will walk alongside you or your teenager as we navigate these difficult situations together.
(952) 243-3238 View (952) 243-3238
Bridget Martinson
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Have you endured trauma, grief, or other negative experiences that impact your ability to live with authenticity and autonomy? Has religious trauma, spiritual abuse, or other adverse religious experiences created feelings of uncertainty, mistrust, and doubt of yourself and others? Are you navigating the loss of relationship through death, sickness, or divorce? If you are looking for support in these areas, seeking to deepen the relationship you hold to yourself, process trauma, grief and loss, or are hoping to find ways to experience greater freedom for authentic expression, I would love to support you.
Have you endured trauma, grief, or other negative experiences that impact your ability to live with authenticity and autonomy? Has religious trauma, spiritual abuse, or other adverse religious experiences created feelings of uncertainty, mistrust, and doubt of yourself and others? Are you navigating the loss of relationship through death, sickness, or divorce? If you are looking for support in these areas, seeking to deepen the relationship you hold to yourself, process trauma, grief and loss, or are hoping to find ways to experience greater freedom for authentic expression, I would love to support you.
(651) 384-4527 View (651) 384-4527
Carin J Osvog
Counselor, LPCC
2 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
⸻ I work with clients who feel everything deeply—and sometimes wish they didn’t. Many describe their inner world as intense, confusing, or exhausting. They’re thoughtful, capable people who appear composed while often feeling overwhelmed within. Whether it’s depression that lingers, anxiety that won’t quiet, anger that erupts, or emotional numbness that disconnects you, I help you understand what your emotions are communicating rather than letting them dictate your thoughts, behavior, or relationships. My style is warm, curious, and collaborative, grounded in evidence-based strategies that build resilience, balance, and self-trust
⸻ I work with clients who feel everything deeply—and sometimes wish they didn’t. Many describe their inner world as intense, confusing, or exhausting. They’re thoughtful, capable people who appear composed while often feeling overwhelmed within. Whether it’s depression that lingers, anxiety that won’t quiet, anger that erupts, or emotional numbness that disconnects you, I help you understand what your emotions are communicating rather than letting them dictate your thoughts, behavior, or relationships. My style is warm, curious, and collaborative, grounded in evidence-based strategies that build resilience, balance, and self-trust
(651) 413-9864 View (651) 413-9864
Scharlemann Klapste
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Do you feel like it's hard to keep up? Our world is changing fast and dynamically. Does it feel hard to locate yourself in all of it? Do you feel like you ask yourself the same questions over and over: Is this the right relationship? Why does this always happen to me? Why am I anxious or feel depressed ? How am I going to handle this change? I can help you!
Do you feel like it's hard to keep up? Our world is changing fast and dynamically. Does it feel hard to locate yourself in all of it? Do you feel like you ask yourself the same questions over and over: Is this the right relationship? Why does this always happen to me? Why am I anxious or feel depressed ? How am I going to handle this change? I can help you!
(952) 314-5525 View (952) 314-5525
Allison Kirk
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
I believe each person deserves to live the best life possible. Often, that can be a challenge due to difficult things that have happened in the past or current challenges we face. Trauma and hurt effect how we view the world and ourselves. I work with individuals in including teens and adults, as well as couples, to help them get to a better place in their life. We will work together to figure out how move through current and past challenges more effectively so that hope and ease become a part of everyday life.
I believe each person deserves to live the best life possible. Often, that can be a challenge due to difficult things that have happened in the past or current challenges we face. Trauma and hurt effect how we view the world and ourselves. I work with individuals in including teens and adults, as well as couples, to help them get to a better place in their life. We will work together to figure out how move through current and past challenges more effectively so that hope and ease become a part of everyday life.
(651) 413-9481 View (651) 413-9481
Riverview Psychotherapy Services, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Welcome to our practice! Before your initial appointment, you will be contacted by your therapist and given information about the intake process and appointment details. You will be asked to complete intake forms electronically. Your therapist will conduct an intake assessment with you. Together, you will determine the focus of your work, the methods to be used, and the frequency of your therapy appointments to create an individual treatment plan. We encourage clients to come ready to talk openly and honestly about the challenges they’re experiencing, which can prompt strong emotions. Your courage shows by taking this first step.
Welcome to our practice! Before your initial appointment, you will be contacted by your therapist and given information about the intake process and appointment details. You will be asked to complete intake forms electronically. Your therapist will conduct an intake assessment with you. Together, you will determine the focus of your work, the methods to be used, and the frequency of your therapy appointments to create an individual treatment plan. We encourage clients to come ready to talk openly and honestly about the challenges they’re experiencing, which can prompt strong emotions. Your courage shows by taking this first step.
(651) 237-8367 View (651) 237-8367
Holly Robinson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Have you been through something difficult and found yourself struggling to feel like yourself again? Maybe you're carrying the effects of past trauma, experiencing a major life transition, or finding that your confidence and sense of identity have changed. You may appear to be functioning well while privately feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, anxious, or unsure of what comes next. I believe therapy should be a place where you can feel genuinely heard and accepted while having the opportunity to understand yourself more deeply, heal from difficult experiences, and build on the strengths you already have.
Have you been through something difficult and found yourself struggling to feel like yourself again? Maybe you're carrying the effects of past trauma, experiencing a major life transition, or finding that your confidence and sense of identity have changed. You may appear to be functioning well while privately feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, anxious, or unsure of what comes next. I believe therapy should be a place where you can feel genuinely heard and accepted while having the opportunity to understand yourself more deeply, heal from difficult experiences, and build on the strengths you already have.
(651) 372-8684 View (651) 372-8684
Minnesota Neuropsychology: Dyslexia, ADHD Testing
Psychologist, PhD, LP, ABPP
1 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
We provide testing for children and adults in these areas: Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Dyscalculia, ADHD, and Gifted and Talented/Twice Exceptional. A neuropsychological evaluation helps in determining the cause of the struggle, clarifying whether a diagnosis is appropriate, and creating a recommendation plan. At Minnesota Neuropsychology, we are dedicated to providing meaningful neuropsychological evaluations to address your specific questions. Let's work together to understand the struggle, highlight the strengths, and see what can be done to help.
We provide testing for children and adults in these areas: Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Dyscalculia, ADHD, and Gifted and Talented/Twice Exceptional. A neuropsychological evaluation helps in determining the cause of the struggle, clarifying whether a diagnosis is appropriate, and creating a recommendation plan. At Minnesota Neuropsychology, we are dedicated to providing meaningful neuropsychological evaluations to address your specific questions. Let's work together to understand the struggle, highlight the strengths, and see what can be done to help.
(651) 358-2303 View (651) 358-2303
Halen Bower
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
My ideal client is a child, adolescent, adult, or family navigating OCD, anxiety, stress, or neurodivergence. They may feel overwhelmed by intrusive thoughts, emotional dysregulation, or the daily challenges of life. They seek understanding, tools for resilience, and a compassionate space to heal and grow.
My ideal client is a child, adolescent, adult, or family navigating OCD, anxiety, stress, or neurodivergence. They may feel overwhelmed by intrusive thoughts, emotional dysregulation, or the daily challenges of life. They seek understanding, tools for resilience, and a compassionate space to heal and grow.
(651) 386-3903 View (651) 386-3903
Maija Peterfeso
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
1 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
We might be a fit if: You are fed up with the role you’ve been given in your family. You are new to Minnesota and struggling to feel a sense of belonging. You have lost someone you dearly loved and need a safe place to talk. You are navigating transitions in your life and feeling overwhelmed or untethered. I am authentic, funny, gentle, and direct — a “real person,” my clients like to say. I love British comedies and mysteries, reading, being by the water, good food, travel, the beauty of other cultures, and doing nothing. Do you need someone to stand in power with you? I will stand with you.
We might be a fit if: You are fed up with the role you’ve been given in your family. You are new to Minnesota and struggling to feel a sense of belonging. You have lost someone you dearly loved and need a safe place to talk. You are navigating transitions in your life and feeling overwhelmed or untethered. I am authentic, funny, gentle, and direct — a “real person,” my clients like to say. I love British comedies and mysteries, reading, being by the water, good food, travel, the beauty of other cultures, and doing nothing. Do you need someone to stand in power with you? I will stand with you.
(651) 401-8162 View (651) 401-8162
Jess Holly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Jess is passionate about helping children, families, and adults navigate life’s challenges and reach their goals for mental wellbeing by merging science backed therapies with compassion and creativity. Jess earned her Bachelor’s degree in Child Psychology and a Master’s degree in Clinical Social Work from the University of Minnesota. Since 2009, she has been dedicated to working with children and families across the Twin Cities, offering innovative therapy for a wide range of mental and behavioral health concerns. Jess works with people throughout the lifespan – whether you’re 3 or 93, she’s here to help.
Jess is passionate about helping children, families, and adults navigate life’s challenges and reach their goals for mental wellbeing by merging science backed therapies with compassion and creativity. Jess earned her Bachelor’s degree in Child Psychology and a Master’s degree in Clinical Social Work from the University of Minnesota. Since 2009, she has been dedicated to working with children and families across the Twin Cities, offering innovative therapy for a wide range of mental and behavioral health concerns. Jess works with people throughout the lifespan – whether you’re 3 or 93, she’s here to help.
(651) 359-9875 View (651) 359-9875
Kelsey Lundquist
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
Hello. My name is Kelsey, and I have been practicing as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist since 2016. I believe our relationships, connections, and past experiences greatly shape our lives. I meet clients from a strength-based, relational-focused approach that is systemic in nature. I strive to create a warm, collaborative space for clients to walk their healing journey. It is one of the great honors of my life to walk alongside clients through therapy. I am passionate about highlighting and utilizing client’s and families’ strengths, and honoring each family’s cultural values in the healing process.
Hello. My name is Kelsey, and I have been practicing as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist since 2016. I believe our relationships, connections, and past experiences greatly shape our lives. I meet clients from a strength-based, relational-focused approach that is systemic in nature. I strive to create a warm, collaborative space for clients to walk their healing journey. It is one of the great honors of my life to walk alongside clients through therapy. I am passionate about highlighting and utilizing client’s and families’ strengths, and honoring each family’s cultural values in the healing process.
(952) 260-2747 View (952) 260-2747
Maureen Rivord
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN 55102
I feel privileged to help guide clients on a journey toward living more fulfilling lives. Whether client's struggle with anxiety, OCD, perfectionism or an eating disorder, my therapeutic style is to take a compassionate and nonjudgmental approach in our work together. I strive to meet clients wherever they are, and help them move towards where they want to be based on their own goals and values. I believe connection, collaboration and humor are essential qualities to fostering a trusting and warm therapeutic environment where I will encourage vulnerability and risk taking to help client's move towards what is important to them.
I feel privileged to help guide clients on a journey toward living more fulfilling lives. Whether client's struggle with anxiety, OCD, perfectionism or an eating disorder, my therapeutic style is to take a compassionate and nonjudgmental approach in our work together. I strive to meet clients wherever they are, and help them move towards where they want to be based on their own goals and values. I believe connection, collaboration and humor are essential qualities to fostering a trusting and warm therapeutic environment where I will encourage vulnerability and risk taking to help client's move towards what is important to them.
(612) 260-8793 View (612) 260-8793

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN

40+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
90% Social Anxiety
90% Health Anxiety
90% Driving Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Stress
77% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

94% BlueCross and BlueShield
76% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
76% Optum

How Therapists in Summit-University, Saint Paul, MN see their clients

81% In Person and Online
19% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
14% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Summit-University?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.