Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

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Photo of Haley Morgan-Shepard, Counselor, LPCC, CAGCS
Haley Morgan-Shepard
Counselor, LPCC, CAGCS
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Life can be difficult. All of us face challenges, setbacks, and painful emotions. When the weight of it all feels too heavy to bear alone, I'm here to listen and support you. You don't have to walk alone in your journey. Showing vulnerability takes courage. Healing often requires us to face parts of ourselves we would rather avoid. But in the end, we are all human - imperfect and complex. There is no shame in seeking therapy and support. In fact, it demonstrates remarkable strength. Sometimes, taking the first step is difficult and I recognize the courage this takes. I understand how hard it can be to reach out for help.
Life can be difficult. All of us face challenges, setbacks, and painful emotions. When the weight of it all feels too heavy to bear alone, I'm here to listen and support you. You don't have to walk alone in your journey. Showing vulnerability takes courage. Healing often requires us to face parts of ourselves we would rather avoid. But in the end, we are all human - imperfect and complex. There is no shame in seeking therapy and support. In fact, it demonstrates remarkable strength. Sometimes, taking the first step is difficult and I recognize the courage this takes. I understand how hard it can be to reach out for help.
(651) 800-9621 View (651) 800-9621
Photo of Mona Lee, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, MDiv
Mona Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, MDiv
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I believe that we have no bad parts as people are doing the best they can in whatever state and stage of life they are in. However, sometimes there can be seasons where we need extra support. Have you been feeling overwhelmed thinking about all the expectations, demands, and roles you have in your life? Working with me, you’ll have a chance to explore the richness of your own internal and external experiences. From family, friends, work, personal community, to spiritual beliefs, we will explore the intersection of each part.
I believe that we have no bad parts as people are doing the best they can in whatever state and stage of life they are in. However, sometimes there can be seasons where we need extra support. Have you been feeling overwhelmed thinking about all the expectations, demands, and roles you have in your life? Working with me, you’ll have a chance to explore the richness of your own internal and external experiences. From family, friends, work, personal community, to spiritual beliefs, we will explore the intersection of each part.
(651) 401-7409 View (651) 401-7409
Photo of Greta Carlson, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Greta Carlson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55101
Show up as you are - messy parts, big feelings, and all. You don’t have to carry everything alone. Many of the people I work with are high-functioning on the outside but feel anxious, overwhelmed, or emotionally exhausted on the inside. You might be navigating anxiety, perfectionism, trauma, relationship stress, or a sense of uncertainty about who you are or where you’re headed. Therapy can be a place to pause, breathe, make sense of what’s getting in the way, and create space for something to shift. I’m authentic and down-to-earth, and I sometimes use humor or light sarcasm in session when it fits the moment.
Show up as you are - messy parts, big feelings, and all. You don’t have to carry everything alone. Many of the people I work with are high-functioning on the outside but feel anxious, overwhelmed, or emotionally exhausted on the inside. You might be navigating anxiety, perfectionism, trauma, relationship stress, or a sense of uncertainty about who you are or where you’re headed. Therapy can be a place to pause, breathe, make sense of what’s getting in the way, and create space for something to shift. I’m authentic and down-to-earth, and I sometimes use humor or light sarcasm in session when it fits the moment.
(651) 319-9035 View (651) 319-9035
Photo of Scharlemann Klapste, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Scharlemann Klapste
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Do you feel like it's hard to keep up? Our world is changing fast and dynamically. Does it feel hard to locate yourself in all of it? Do you feel like you ask yourself the same questions over and over: Is this the right relationship? Why does this always happen to me? Why am I anxious or feel depressed ? How am I going to handle this change? I can help you!
Do you feel like it's hard to keep up? Our world is changing fast and dynamically. Does it feel hard to locate yourself in all of it? Do you feel like you ask yourself the same questions over and over: Is this the right relationship? Why does this always happen to me? Why am I anxious or feel depressed ? How am I going to handle this change? I can help you!
(952) 314-5525 View (952) 314-5525
Photo of Meghan Stich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Meghan Stich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Online Only
Hello! I'm Meghan, and I'm here to help you navigate through life's challenges. Do you feel stuck in a loop of anxious thoughts, depressed, isolated, or lonely? Are you struggling with friends, family, co-workers, or a partner? I can help! I always meet clients where they are. My approach is eclectic, combining cognitive-behavioral, dialectical-behavioral, trauma-informed, solution-focused, mindfulness, person-centered, and motivational interviewing techniques. Together, we'll create a treatment plan that meets your unique needs and goals. My aim is to help you live the best life you can,
Hello! I'm Meghan, and I'm here to help you navigate through life's challenges. Do you feel stuck in a loop of anxious thoughts, depressed, isolated, or lonely? Are you struggling with friends, family, co-workers, or a partner? I can help! I always meet clients where they are. My approach is eclectic, combining cognitive-behavioral, dialectical-behavioral, trauma-informed, solution-focused, mindfulness, person-centered, and motivational interviewing techniques. Together, we'll create a treatment plan that meets your unique needs and goals. My aim is to help you live the best life you can,
(651) 615-5772 View (651) 615-5772
Photo of Kerry McIntyre-Lee, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Kerry McIntyre-Lee
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
5 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
It's been a hell of a couple years, hasn't it? If you're finding yourself struggling in your personal relationships or feeling down, unmotivated, anxious, fearful ON TOP of the the stress and anxiety that these last couple of years has brought, I have good news for you. 1. You are not alone. 2. I can help. You absolutely can experience more happiness and fulfillment in your life. And you deserve to as well.
It's been a hell of a couple years, hasn't it? If you're finding yourself struggling in your personal relationships or feeling down, unmotivated, anxious, fearful ON TOP of the the stress and anxiety that these last couple of years has brought, I have good news for you. 1. You are not alone. 2. I can help. You absolutely can experience more happiness and fulfillment in your life. And you deserve to as well.
(612) 979-1890 View (612) 979-1890
Photo of Rachel Potter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Rachel Potter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Waitlist for new clients
Humans aren’t one-size-fits-all, so therapy shouldn’t be either. I look forward to figuring out with you how to get you to where you want to be… “living your best life”, as they say. Together, we'll blend different types of therapies, such as Eye-Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, Motivational Interviewing, mindfulness-based practices, and others, while using a trauma-informed lens to help you heal and grow.
Humans aren’t one-size-fits-all, so therapy shouldn’t be either. I look forward to figuring out with you how to get you to where you want to be… “living your best life”, as they say. Together, we'll blend different types of therapies, such as Eye-Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, Motivational Interviewing, mindfulness-based practices, and others, while using a trauma-informed lens to help you heal and grow.
(651) 899-8708 View (651) 899-8708
Photo of Emily K C Wood, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Emily K C Wood
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Emily believes in collaborating with her clients to enhance resiliency, increase self-acceptance, and emotion regulation. Emily sees individuals ages 13 through adulthood. Emily is a certified Perinatal Mental Health Counselor (PMH-C) and has a special interest helping people journey through the perinatal experience. She can provide individual therapy, couples therapy, and parent coaching.
Emily believes in collaborating with her clients to enhance resiliency, increase self-acceptance, and emotion regulation. Emily sees individuals ages 13 through adulthood. Emily is a certified Perinatal Mental Health Counselor (PMH-C) and has a special interest helping people journey through the perinatal experience. She can provide individual therapy, couples therapy, and parent coaching.
(651) 661-3525 View (651) 661-3525
Photo of Hallie Orton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Hallie Orton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
Hallie is a licensed psychotherapist who provides virtual outpatient individual and family psychotherapy for adolescents and young adults experiencing a wide range of mental health conditions. These include functional neurologic disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, trauma and other stressor-related disorders, and ADHD. Hallie also has extensive experience working in hospital settings and supporting patients with acute and chronic medical conditions.
Hallie is a licensed psychotherapist who provides virtual outpatient individual and family psychotherapy for adolescents and young adults experiencing a wide range of mental health conditions. These include functional neurologic disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, trauma and other stressor-related disorders, and ADHD. Hallie also has extensive experience working in hospital settings and supporting patients with acute and chronic medical conditions.
(651) 240-1609 View (651) 240-1609
Photo of Clifford J Buhl, Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Clifford J Buhl
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I believe making active focused choices about how to cope with problems and reach your goals pays dividends. Some clients come to therapy to better make peace with their past so as not to continue old patterns. Others are seeking relief from stress and anxiety that the modern world seems to breed. Yet others are working on improving important relationships. Many clients are looking for answers to meaning and purpose that they have not yet resolved in their day-to-day life. What is it that you most want to work on?
I believe making active focused choices about how to cope with problems and reach your goals pays dividends. Some clients come to therapy to better make peace with their past so as not to continue old patterns. Others are seeking relief from stress and anxiety that the modern world seems to breed. Yet others are working on improving important relationships. Many clients are looking for answers to meaning and purpose that they have not yet resolved in their day-to-day life. What is it that you most want to work on?
(651) 372-8944 View (651) 372-8944
Photo of Kendrick Cronin, MA, LPCC
Kendrick Cronin
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
My clients are typically folks who identify as marginalized in some way, especially folks who identify as queer, neurodivergent, and/or disabled. I specialize in supporting folks who are chronically ill. I love working with folks with "scary" or stigmatized diagnoses, including borderline personality disorder. Although I am now proud to live in Minnesota, I am originally from Massachusetts, which comes out in my directness and my humor, both of which are tools I like to use to support clients. I became a therapist because I love people, and I am motivated by my values of inclusivity and equity to find ways to make therapy accessible
My clients are typically folks who identify as marginalized in some way, especially folks who identify as queer, neurodivergent, and/or disabled. I specialize in supporting folks who are chronically ill. I love working with folks with "scary" or stigmatized diagnoses, including borderline personality disorder. Although I am now proud to live in Minnesota, I am originally from Massachusetts, which comes out in my directness and my humor, both of which are tools I like to use to support clients. I became a therapist because I love people, and I am motivated by my values of inclusivity and equity to find ways to make therapy accessible
(651) 369-4721 View (651) 369-4721
Photo of Emily J. Stripling, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, NATC
Emily J. Stripling
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, NATC
Saint Paul, MN 55108
I like to meet my clients “where they’re at”, meaning I’ll start wherever you need to. It is sacred to me that I provide a therapeutic setting where it is safe for you to be vulnerable and real- with no judgement or criticism. Within this safe space, we'll work together to find some clarity with your struggles or brokeness. "Courage is not having the strength to go on, it is going on when you don't have the strength". -Eleanor Roosevelt
I like to meet my clients “where they’re at”, meaning I’ll start wherever you need to. It is sacred to me that I provide a therapeutic setting where it is safe for you to be vulnerable and real- with no judgement or criticism. Within this safe space, we'll work together to find some clarity with your struggles or brokeness. "Courage is not having the strength to go on, it is going on when you don't have the strength". -Eleanor Roosevelt
(651) 412-1765 View (651) 412-1765
Photo of Hayley Knapp, Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Hayley Knapp
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I aim to help people make sense of their experiences by listening, finding patterns, and connecting dots. The issues that bring us to therapy are often connected to previous events or long-standing themes, and my job as a therapist is to help people understand themselves in the context of their environment, relationships, and experiences. With this insight, we are then able to create meaningful change. My approach is warm, authentic, and rooted in the belief that each one of us deserves to tell our own story.
I aim to help people make sense of their experiences by listening, finding patterns, and connecting dots. The issues that bring us to therapy are often connected to previous events or long-standing themes, and my job as a therapist is to help people understand themselves in the context of their environment, relationships, and experiences. With this insight, we are then able to create meaningful change. My approach is warm, authentic, and rooted in the belief that each one of us deserves to tell our own story.
(651) 410-5447 View (651) 410-5447
Photo of Hannah Hinds, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Hannah Hinds
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Saint Paul, MN 55116
She strives to uphold the values of cultural humility and competency in the therapy room because she believes that race, ethnicity and culture are important parts of your identity. Hannah acknowledges that therapy can be intimidating and change can be scary, so she desires to create a welcoming space where everyone can feel safe to be honest with themselves and others.She strives to uphold the values of cultural humility and competency in the therapy room because she believes that race, ethnicity and culture are important parts of your identity. Hannah acknowledges that therapy can be intimidating and change can be scary, so she d
She strives to uphold the values of cultural humility and competency in the therapy room because she believes that race, ethnicity and culture are important parts of your identity. Hannah acknowledges that therapy can be intimidating and change can be scary, so she desires to create a welcoming space where everyone can feel safe to be honest with themselves and others.She strives to uphold the values of cultural humility and competency in the therapy room because she believes that race, ethnicity and culture are important parts of your identity. Hannah acknowledges that therapy can be intimidating and change can be scary, so she d
(612) 482-2647 View (612) 482-2647
Photo of Pakou Yang-Her, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Pakou Yang-Her
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Waitlist for new clients
Everyone is molded from their experiences, perspectives, and identities which can shaped a sense of reality. Our racial identity, social class, sexuality, and ethnic backgrounds shapes us in developing wisdom/techniques of resiliency to endure distressing moments. These same experiences can become increasingly distressing which can lead us into believing unauthentic beliefs of who we really are. For healing to take place, a requirement of safety/security need to be present in order for authenticity to be formed. Often is the case where strength and growth is developed when faced with the discomforts of the past.
Everyone is molded from their experiences, perspectives, and identities which can shaped a sense of reality. Our racial identity, social class, sexuality, and ethnic backgrounds shapes us in developing wisdom/techniques of resiliency to endure distressing moments. These same experiences can become increasingly distressing which can lead us into believing unauthentic beliefs of who we really are. For healing to take place, a requirement of safety/security need to be present in order for authenticity to be formed. Often is the case where strength and growth is developed when faced with the discomforts of the past.
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Photo of Cicely Simone, Counselor, MA, LPCC
Cicely Simone
Counselor, MA, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I work with teens (16+) and adults who are experiencing symptoms relating to anxiety, depression, chronic health issues, trauma, neurodivergence, work/life balance, and chronic stresses. I work from a solution focused and person-centered approach creating a trusted safe space that allows one to begin to know themselves through self-esteem development, meaningful decision making and attainable goal setting.
I work with teens (16+) and adults who are experiencing symptoms relating to anxiety, depression, chronic health issues, trauma, neurodivergence, work/life balance, and chronic stresses. I work from a solution focused and person-centered approach creating a trusted safe space that allows one to begin to know themselves through self-esteem development, meaningful decision making and attainable goal setting.
(651) 538-2929 View (651) 538-2929
Photo of Marina Himmer, Counselor, MA, LPCC
Marina Himmer
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Saint Paul, MN 55108
Life can be challenging when we experience adjustments, trials and loses, causing us to experience loneliness, conflicting emotions, anxiety, depression or simply feeling something is missing in our lives. Therapy can provide a way out to help you return to wellness. It requires great courage taking the first step to reach out. I would be honored if you allow me to walk alongside to unlock your full potential. I strive to follow your lead and adapt to your personal style and needs and together, create a safe and nurturing environment. Hablo nativo Español al 100% y me encantaria servirte!
Life can be challenging when we experience adjustments, trials and loses, causing us to experience loneliness, conflicting emotions, anxiety, depression or simply feeling something is missing in our lives. Therapy can provide a way out to help you return to wellness. It requires great courage taking the first step to reach out. I would be honored if you allow me to walk alongside to unlock your full potential. I strive to follow your lead and adapt to your personal style and needs and together, create a safe and nurturing environment. Hablo nativo Español al 100% y me encantaria servirte!
(651) 390-6671 x859 View (651) 390-6671 x859
Photo of Diane Rubright, Psychologist, MEd, PsyD, LP
Diane Rubright
Psychologist, MEd, PsyD, LP
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Not accepting new clients
A licensed psychologist and educator, I bring a warm and collaborative approach to therapy stemming from my belief in the dignity and uniqueness of each client's therapeutic journey. It is an honor and privilege for me to bring support and expertise to a tailored, therapeutic journey. My counseling and clinical experience allow me to bring multiple, clinical treatment approaches to the client. I draw on a number of Eastern practices, that I am experienced in and where there is interest, to bring to therapy (Mindfulness Meditation, T'ai Chi, and Qi Gong). I run social anxiety, mindfulness, and somatic body image groups each year.
A licensed psychologist and educator, I bring a warm and collaborative approach to therapy stemming from my belief in the dignity and uniqueness of each client's therapeutic journey. It is an honor and privilege for me to bring support and expertise to a tailored, therapeutic journey. My counseling and clinical experience allow me to bring multiple, clinical treatment approaches to the client. I draw on a number of Eastern practices, that I am experienced in and where there is interest, to bring to therapy (Mindfulness Meditation, T'ai Chi, and Qi Gong). I run social anxiety, mindfulness, and somatic body image groups each year.
(612) 445-6986 View (612) 445-6986
Photo of Dionne Trice, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Dionne Trice
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Waitlist for new clients
I bring nearly 20 years of experience in domestic violence work, 30 years in ministry and community activism, and almost 40 years of marriage. I’ve also faced the heartbreaking loss of a child, which deepened my understanding of grief, resilience, and healing. As an African American therapist, I’m passionate about helping clients navigate minority stress, trauma, and the impact of marginalization. My focus includes grief and loss, anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues, perinatal mental health, and spiritual abuse.
I bring nearly 20 years of experience in domestic violence work, 30 years in ministry and community activism, and almost 40 years of marriage. I’ve also faced the heartbreaking loss of a child, which deepened my understanding of grief, resilience, and healing. As an African American therapist, I’m passionate about helping clients navigate minority stress, trauma, and the impact of marginalization. My focus includes grief and loss, anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues, perinatal mental health, and spiritual abuse.
(651) 427-3243 View (651) 427-3243
Photo of Chelsea Schrunk Crivello, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Chelsea Schrunk Crivello
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
4 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55101
Waitlist for new clients
Immediate openings at The Crivello Clinic - a steady place to talk, process, or simply be supported during uncertain times. Show up just as you are - messy parts, big feelings, and all. The Crivello Clinic is a non-judgmental space for you to heal from trauma, cope with life's unknowns and what-ifs, and embrace your inner vulnerability and strength. As a queer person, I have special interest in working with LGBTQ+ folks and have experience writing letters for gender affirming care. I’m animated, real, and sometimes may use colorful words... You don’t need to show up polished here. Just show up as you are.
Immediate openings at The Crivello Clinic - a steady place to talk, process, or simply be supported during uncertain times. Show up just as you are - messy parts, big feelings, and all. The Crivello Clinic is a non-judgmental space for you to heal from trauma, cope with life's unknowns and what-ifs, and embrace your inner vulnerability and strength. As a queer person, I have special interest in working with LGBTQ+ folks and have experience writing letters for gender affirming care. I’m animated, real, and sometimes may use colorful words... You don’t need to show up polished here. Just show up as you are.
(651) 390-1346 View (651) 390-1346

See more therapy options for Saint Paul

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
76% Trauma and PTSD
72% Self Esteem
66% Stress
62% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% BlueCross and BlueShield
78% Aetna
70% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
20% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.