Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD) Therapists in Minnetonka, MN

See all therapists in Minnetonka
Photo of Barbara J Benson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Minnetonka, MN
Barbara J Benson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified
Minnetonka, MN 55305
The anxiety disorders that I treat include OCD , separation anxiety, social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and phobias, such as emetophobia.
I enjoy working with children through adults who are dealing with moderate to severe anxiety that is interfering with their day to day lives. My clients want greater understanding of their particular anxiety disorder, practical, evidence-based help, and a compassionate “coach” to guide them in the process.
The anxiety disorders that I treat include OCD , separation anxiety, social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and phobias, such as emetophobia.
I enjoy working with children through adults who are dealing with moderate to severe anxiety that is interfering with their day to day lives. My clients want greater understanding of their particular anxiety disorder, practical, evidence-based help, and a compassionate “coach” to guide them in the process.
(952) 479-5353 View (952) 479-5353
Photo of Rachel Rippel, Psychologist in Minnetonka, MN
Rachel Rippel
Psychologist, MA, LP
Minnetonka, MN 55343
I have been in practice for 20 years working with Adults and Adolescents struggling with PTSD, OCD , Attachment issues, Borderline Personality Disorder, Anxiety, Depression, Phobias, Couples Therapy, Eating Disorders and ADHD.
I AM NOT THE SMILE AND NOD THERAPIST! If you are fed up with feeling miserable I can help you get the life you want. I love helping people achieve what they didn't think they could. My clients tell me I am tough but they know I care about them. I work best with people who are sick of being unhappy and willing to DO work to make some changes. I have a great BS detector, I will call you on your stuff and we will laugh (a lot)! I am passionate about therapy and assissting people in reaching their goals. I work best with people who are ready for change and want a more active approach to therapy.
I have been in practice for 20 years working with Adults and Adolescents struggling with PTSD, OCD , Attachment issues, Borderline Personality Disorder, Anxiety, Depression, Phobias, Couples Therapy, Eating Disorders and ADHD.
I AM NOT THE SMILE AND NOD THERAPIST! If you are fed up with feeling miserable I can help you get the life you want. I love helping people achieve what they didn't think they could. My clients tell me I am tough but they know I care about them. I work best with people who are sick of being unhappy and willing to DO work to make some changes. I have a great BS detector, I will call you on your stuff and we will laugh (a lot)! I am passionate about therapy and assissting people in reaching their goals. I work best with people who are ready for change and want a more active approach to therapy.
(952) 529-4884 View (952) 529-4884
Photo of Abigail Amundson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Minnetonka, MN
Abigail Amundson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified
2 Endorsed
Minnetonka, MN 55305  (Online Only)
I work with adults and teenagers who struggle with anxiety related disorders, OCD , depression, and substance use.
Panic? Anxiety? Obsessions/compulsions? It's time to change your thoughts and start living again. It is my hope that we can build a foundation of trust to begin to get to the root of any emotional turmoil you may be feeling. I can be here to help you with any short term or long term problems you may be facing. Life transitions, anxiety, depression, or obsessed thoughts can be managed with the right understanding of your cognitive processes. Through therapy it is my belief that you can weather the struggles of life and grow stronger. If you want to learn more about my practice check out my website: www.cadenzacounselingplc.com
I work with adults and teenagers who struggle with anxiety related disorders, OCD , depression, and substance use.
Panic? Anxiety? Obsessions/compulsions? It's time to change your thoughts and start living again. It is my hope that we can build a foundation of trust to begin to get to the root of any emotional turmoil you may be feeling. I can be here to help you with any short term or long term problems you may be facing. Life transitions, anxiety, depression, or obsessed thoughts can be managed with the right understanding of your cognitive processes. Through therapy it is my belief that you can weather the struggles of life and grow stronger. If you want to learn more about my practice check out my website: www.cadenzacounselingplc.com
(612) 324-6437 View (612) 324-6437
Photo of Minnetonka Counseling, LLC, Psychologist in Minnetonka, MN
Minnetonka Counseling, LLC
Psychologist, MA, LP, LLC
Verified
Minnetonka, MN 55343
Who's ready for a change? Looking for a proven way to feel better? If you are fed up with feeling miserable we can help you get the life you want and deserve. We are a collective of five licensed clinicians working with children, adults and adolescents struggling with attachment issues, PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Borderline Personality Disorder, Eating Disorders, Phobias, OCD , couples therapy and Substance Abuse. We are committed to providing high quality evidence-based treatment. We look forward to talking with you more.
Who's ready for a change? Looking for a proven way to feel better? If you are fed up with feeling miserable we can help you get the life you want and deserve. We are a collective of five licensed clinicians working with children, adults and adolescents struggling with attachment issues, PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Borderline Personality Disorder, Eating Disorders, Phobias, OCD , couples therapy and Substance Abuse. We are committed to providing high quality evidence-based treatment. We look forward to talking with you more.
(651) 356-8481 View (651) 356-8481
Photo of Tammie Rosenbloom, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minnetonka, MN
Tammie Rosenbloom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified
Minnetonka, MN 55345
My other speciality is Exposure Response Prevention (ExRP) for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, an evidenced based treatment for OCD .
Feeling stuck? Looking for a proven way to feel better? I have years of experience working with Adolescents and Adults struggling with Anxiety, Depression, OCD , PTSD, Borderline Personality Disorder,, Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse. LGBTQ Allied. See me if you like a direct straightforward approach. I will hold you accountable in a compassionate caring way. We will break down big problems into manageable parts. You will learn practical, hands on strategies that work even if your life is messy, painful or difficult. I am enthusiastic about my work and there's always room for fun and laughter. I won't let you stay stuck!
My other speciality is Exposure Response Prevention (ExRP) for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, an evidenced based treatment for OCD .
Feeling stuck? Looking for a proven way to feel better? I have years of experience working with Adolescents and Adults struggling with Anxiety, Depression, OCD , PTSD, Borderline Personality Disorder,, Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse. LGBTQ Allied. See me if you like a direct straightforward approach. I will hold you accountable in a compassionate caring way. We will break down big problems into manageable parts. You will learn practical, hands on strategies that work even if your life is messy, painful or difficult. I am enthusiastic about my work and there's always room for fun and laughter. I won't let you stay stuck!
(952) 260-1005 View (952) 260-1005
Photo of Russell C Morfitt, Psychologist in Minnetonka, MN
Russell C Morfitt
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified
Minnetonka, MN 55305
"I am ready to give up." I've heard those words of discouragement over and over from new clients who have used up almost all of their energy and hope. Most of my new clients have suffered for years with Anxiety Disorders like OCD , Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety, General Worry, Stress, or PTSD. They tell me they have tried everything for this anxiety and nothing works. I am delighted to offer them a powerful and proven treatment for anxiety and fears.
"I am ready to give up." I've heard those words of discouragement over and over from new clients who have used up almost all of their energy and hope. Most of my new clients have suffered for years with Anxiety Disorders like OCD , Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety, General Worry, Stress, or PTSD. They tell me they have tried everything for this anxiety and nothing works. I am delighted to offer them a powerful and proven treatment for anxiety and fears.
(952) 314-9223 View (952) 314-9223
Photo of Dr. Sara Giachino, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minnetonka, MN
Dr. Sara Giachino
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified
1 Endorsed
Minnetonka, MN 55345  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I'm experienced in working with individuals diagnosed with substance use disorders, OCD , phobias, skin-picking, ADHD, and complex medical concerns, including chronic pain.
I believe in each person's unique drive for wellness and view prioritizing mental health as a necessary act of self-care for all people. I look forward to walking with you as you identify your therapeutic goals, develop insights, and learn new tools to help you achieve your goals. I strive to create a welcoming, warm, and safe space for you to explore your concerns and move forward on your path to improved psychological and emotional wellness.
I'm experienced in working with individuals diagnosed with substance use disorders, OCD , phobias, skin-picking, ADHD, and complex medical concerns, including chronic pain.
I believe in each person's unique drive for wellness and view prioritizing mental health as a necessary act of self-care for all people. I look forward to walking with you as you identify your therapeutic goals, develop insights, and learn new tools to help you achieve your goals. I strive to create a welcoming, warm, and safe space for you to explore your concerns and move forward on your path to improved psychological and emotional wellness.
(651) 615-4524 View (651) 615-4524
Photo of Darren Carter, Counselor in Minnetonka, MN
Darren Carter
Counselor, MS, MEd, LPCC, LPC, NCC
Verified
1 Endorsed
Minnetonka, MN 55305
Welcome to my profile! My name is Darren and I'm a licensed therapist in North Dakota and Minnesota. I specialize in OCD and anxiety disorders. Heightened levels of anxiety and stress can cause disruptions and impairment in our lives and create maladaptive behaviors over time. At Lakeside Center for Behavioral Change, I work collaboratively with clients to develop and work toward treatment goals for the reduction and elimination of symptoms.
Welcome to my profile! My name is Darren and I'm a licensed therapist in North Dakota and Minnesota. I specialize in OCD and anxiety disorders. Heightened levels of anxiety and stress can cause disruptions and impairment in our lives and create maladaptive behaviors over time. At Lakeside Center for Behavioral Change, I work collaboratively with clients to develop and work toward treatment goals for the reduction and elimination of symptoms.
(701) 291-8719 View (701) 291-8719
Photo of Elise Davidson in Minnetonka, MN
Elise Davidson
LPCC
Verified
Minnetonka, MN 55305  (Online Only)
Experience how to improve and manage your mental health using tested, effective strategies - So You Can Live the Life You Want. Is anxiety and avoidance of fearful situations making it feel like your world is shrinking? At CBT Solutions, LLC, we can help you expand your life by supporting you to make changes in your behaviors and thinking patterns. This can have a positive impact on your mood and your ability to live your life fully, without mental health symptoms holding you back. We specialize in treating teens and adults with anxiety, OCD , and eating disorders. CBT Solutions provides effective online therapy serving all of Minnesota.
Experience how to improve and manage your mental health using tested, effective strategies - So You Can Live the Life You Want. Is anxiety and avoidance of fearful situations making it feel like your world is shrinking? At CBT Solutions, LLC, we can help you expand your life by supporting you to make changes in your behaviors and thinking patterns. This can have a positive impact on your mood and your ability to live your life fully, without mental health symptoms holding you back. We specialize in treating teens and adults with anxiety, OCD , and eating disorders. CBT Solutions provides effective online therapy serving all of Minnesota.
(612) 361-4735 View (612) 361-4735
Photo of Bret P Schneider, Psychologist in Minnetonka, MN
Bret P Schneider
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified
2 Endorsed
Minnetonka, MN 55345
My areas of focus include ADHD, learning disorders, trauma, emotional/behavioral disorders, BPD, OCD , depression, & anxiety.
Are you or someone you care about going through a difficult time? Is your child/adolescent struggling at home or school with emotions, difficult behavior, or attention concerns? Whether you are looking for answers or seeking personal growth, I can help. I am a clinical psychologist who specializes in assessment and therapy with children, adolescents, and adults. My professional approach is one that encourages one's strengths, internal traits, and individual differences that contribute to personal and professional growth and an improved quality of life and understanding.
My areas of focus include ADHD, learning disorders, trauma, emotional/behavioral disorders, BPD, OCD , depression, & anxiety.
Are you or someone you care about going through a difficult time? Is your child/adolescent struggling at home or school with emotions, difficult behavior, or attention concerns? Whether you are looking for answers or seeking personal growth, I can help. I am a clinical psychologist who specializes in assessment and therapy with children, adolescents, and adults. My professional approach is one that encourages one's strengths, internal traits, and individual differences that contribute to personal and professional growth and an improved quality of life and understanding.
(952) 260-3810 View (952) 260-3810
Photo of Scott Guldseth, Psychologist in Minnetonka, MN
Scott Guldseth
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified
3 Endorsed
Minnetonka, MN 55343
I have worked with people suffering from depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, relationship issues, sexual issues, personality disorders, and many more.
I know no one who is "accidentally" in counseling or therapy. Thus, this step and this choice is often quite difficult. I embrace building rapport with my clients in a way that allows us to engage in a collaboration of unique, innovative and effective techniques to overcome the challenges, problems and/or difficulties they are facing, whether in their social, personal, or business life. I take pride in listening to my clients and trying to provide them thoughtful tools they can use long after our sessions are complete.
I have worked with people suffering from depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, relationship issues, sexual issues, personality disorders, and many more.
I know no one who is "accidentally" in counseling or therapy. Thus, this step and this choice is often quite difficult. I embrace building rapport with my clients in a way that allows us to engage in a collaboration of unique, innovative and effective techniques to overcome the challenges, problems and/or difficulties they are facing, whether in their social, personal, or business life. I take pride in listening to my clients and trying to provide them thoughtful tools they can use long after our sessions are complete.
(651) 314-7574 View (651) 314-7574
Photo of Krista Post, Psychologist in Minnetonka, MN
Krista Post
Psychologist, MA, LP
Verified
1 Endorsed
Minnetonka, MN 55305
I work with adults facing depression, anxiety issues (worry, panic, OCD , PTSD), relationship issues, grief/loss, work/career issues, unresolved past, self-esteem deficits, desire for self-growth, trauma, behavior problems, couples/martial therapy, postpartum depression & anxiety.
I bring a gentle yet direct approach to this work. Whether you are struggling with issues beyond your control or facing difficult aspects about yourself or life. I offer practical support and guidance. I will assist you in understanding your feelings and behaviors, and will gently challenge you to move toward change. I emphasize the importance of developing meaningful self-purpose and fulfilling work & relationships.
I work with adults facing depression, anxiety issues (worry, panic, OCD , PTSD), relationship issues, grief/loss, work/career issues, unresolved past, self-esteem deficits, desire for self-growth, trauma, behavior problems, couples/martial therapy, postpartum depression & anxiety.
I bring a gentle yet direct approach to this work. Whether you are struggling with issues beyond your control or facing difficult aspects about yourself or life. I offer practical support and guidance. I will assist you in understanding your feelings and behaviors, and will gently challenge you to move toward change. I emphasize the importance of developing meaningful self-purpose and fulfilling work & relationships.
(612) 296-3800 View (612) 296-3800
Photo of Elevated Therapy Solutions, Counselor in Minnetonka, MN
Elevated Therapy Solutions
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified
Minnetonka, MN 55345
Our goal is to meet individuals where they are and working in partnership to elevate self understanding and encourage personal growth. We currently have 5 clinician or interns working. We have experience and enjoys working with individuals as young as 3 and up through 100, parents and families. We have developed special expertise in working with clients who are highly sensitive, twice exceptional individuals as well as people experiencing anxiety, depression, OCD , grief, ADHD mild trauma and more. We also work well with families facing challenging child behaviors.
Our goal is to meet individuals where they are and working in partnership to elevate self understanding and encourage personal growth. We currently have 5 clinician or interns working. We have experience and enjoys working with individuals as young as 3 and up through 100, parents and families. We have developed special expertise in working with clients who are highly sensitive, twice exceptional individuals as well as people experiencing anxiety, depression, OCD , grief, ADHD mild trauma and more. We also work well with families facing challenging child behaviors.
(952) 900-5666 View (952) 900-5666
Photo of Walk Talk Therapy, LLC Tammie Rosenbloom, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minnetonka, MN
Walk Talk Therapy, LLC Tammie Rosenbloom
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified
3 Endorsed
Minnetonka, MN 55345
Walk Talk Therapy is just like it sounds-we are outdoors walking side by side during therapy instead of sitting inside an office. Walk Talk Therapy is a more relaxed environment than the counseling office. Walking while sharing your struggles and life situations can also be meditative. Research has consistently shown that exercise can significantly impact anxiety and stress while improving overall mood. I work with teens, adults, couples and families. If you're feeling stuck and disconnected from others, you have trouble sitting still or you want a new perspective, I welcome your email or phone call.
Walk Talk Therapy is just like it sounds-we are outdoors walking side by side during therapy instead of sitting inside an office. Walk Talk Therapy is a more relaxed environment than the counseling office. Walking while sharing your struggles and life situations can also be meditative. Research has consistently shown that exercise can significantly impact anxiety and stress while improving overall mood. I work with teens, adults, couples and families. If you're feeling stuck and disconnected from others, you have trouble sitting still or you want a new perspective, I welcome your email or phone call.
(612) 260-4827 View (612) 260-4827
Photo of Sonder Behavioral Health & Wellness, Psychologist in Minnetonka, MN
Sonder Behavioral Health & Wellness
Psychologist
Minnetonka, MN 55343
We believe emotional wellness matters (a lot), and that everyone has the right to make it a priority. Unfortunately, it’s not always that simple. So many questions can get in the way. Maybe you’ve even asked them yourself: Is this normal? Can talking to someone really help me? What is therapy all about, anyway? What would people say if they knew I was going? How do I find the right therapist? Will I be comfortable there? When will I find the time? Will my insurance pay for this? If this sounds like you, you’re not alone. And we can help. To learn more, visit www.sonderwellness.com
We believe emotional wellness matters (a lot), and that everyone has the right to make it a priority. Unfortunately, it’s not always that simple. So many questions can get in the way. Maybe you’ve even asked them yourself: Is this normal? Can talking to someone really help me? What is therapy all about, anyway? What would people say if they knew I was going? How do I find the right therapist? Will I be comfortable there? When will I find the time? Will my insurance pay for this? If this sounds like you, you’re not alone. And we can help. To learn more, visit www.sonderwellness.com
(952) 260-8673 View (952) 260-8673
Photo of Jennifer Ostergaard, Psychologist in Minnetonka, MN
Jennifer Ostergaard
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified
Minnetonka, MN 55305  (Online Only)
Dr. Ostergaard has been a licensed practitioner since 2006 and completed her fellowship training in pediatric neuropsychology through the University of Minnesota Medical School’s Division of Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience. Her research and clinical interests have focused on traumatic brain injury (TBI) assessment and recovery. Dr. Ostergaard has extensive training and professional experiences in both neuropsychological evaluation and clinical therapy. This combination makes her uniquely skilled to provide comprehensive assessment and targeted therapy services to meet individual needs.
Dr. Ostergaard has been a licensed practitioner since 2006 and completed her fellowship training in pediatric neuropsychology through the University of Minnesota Medical School’s Division of Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience. Her research and clinical interests have focused on traumatic brain injury (TBI) assessment and recovery. Dr. Ostergaard has extensive training and professional experiences in both neuropsychological evaluation and clinical therapy. This combination makes her uniquely skilled to provide comprehensive assessment and targeted therapy services to meet individual needs.
(952) 260-7051 View (952) 260-7051
Photo of Mary L Hendrickson, Psychologist in Minnetonka, MN
Mary L Hendrickson
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified
Minnetonka, MN 55345
Reaching out for help can be a difficult step. Finding a good fit with a therapist is important. My therapuetic style is to provide you a empathic, respectful and confidential relationship where you feel listened to and understood. I specifically work with adults in my private practice. I treat many symptoms, but most frequently depression and anxiety. As a Doctoral Clinical Psychologist with years of clinical training and experience, I can offer you a relationship where we can work together to understand you and assist you with your therapeutic goals.
Reaching out for help can be a difficult step. Finding a good fit with a therapist is important. My therapuetic style is to provide you a empathic, respectful and confidential relationship where you feel listened to and understood. I specifically work with adults in my private practice. I treat many symptoms, but most frequently depression and anxiety. As a Doctoral Clinical Psychologist with years of clinical training and experience, I can offer you a relationship where we can work together to understand you and assist you with your therapeutic goals.
(952) 314-5601 View (952) 314-5601
Photo of Richard Kofsky, Ph.D., L.P., Psychologist in Minnetonka, MN
Richard Kofsky, Ph.D., L.P.
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified
Minnetonka, MN 55305  (Online Only)
I work with individuals, couples and families who are having feelings such as depression, anxiety, anger and grief. Creating an atmosphere that is both safe and challenging, I help clients gain a perspective that allows them to be clearer about themselves, their interaction with others and their personal and professional direction. I also specialize in consulting and coaching with business leaders and their organizations. With encouragement, support and genuine concern for my clients, I use all the tools I've gathered through 25 years of professional training and experience to facilitate this process.
I work with individuals, couples and families who are having feelings such as depression, anxiety, anger and grief. Creating an atmosphere that is both safe and challenging, I help clients gain a perspective that allows them to be clearer about themselves, their interaction with others and their personal and professional direction. I also specialize in consulting and coaching with business leaders and their organizations. With encouragement, support and genuine concern for my clients, I use all the tools I've gathered through 25 years of professional training and experience to facilitate this process.
(952) 314-5462 View (952) 314-5462
Photo of Julie De Wilde, Counselor in Minnetonka, MN
Julie De Wilde
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified
Minnetonka, MN 55305  (Online Only)
Do you find yourself discouraged with the demands of life or with not finding healthy relationships? Do you feel alone with the circumstances in your life? I specialize in working with depression, anxiety, chronic health, chronic pain, grief, abuse, trauma, autism, ADHD, mental illness, marriage issues, and parenting.
Do you find yourself discouraged with the demands of life or with not finding healthy relationships? Do you feel alone with the circumstances in your life? I specialize in working with depression, anxiety, chronic health, chronic pain, grief, abuse, trauma, autism, ADHD, mental illness, marriage issues, and parenting.
(651) 439-2059 x1 View (651) 439-2059 x1
Photo of Clare N Buntrock, Psychologist in Minnetonka, MN
Clare N Buntrock
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified
Minnetonka, MN 55305
Psychotherapy is simply a conversation designed to help you understand yourself more completely. Rather than providing answers, it helps you identify what is interfering with your ability to live in a satisfying way. I have helped people sufferring from depression, anxiety, and relationship problems - even when previous attempts at treatment have failed. Meaningful change is possible in an environment of mutual respect and safety, where you can tell your own story at your own pace. I work with both individuals and couples.
Psychotherapy is simply a conversation designed to help you understand yourself more completely. Rather than providing answers, it helps you identify what is interfering with your ability to live in a satisfying way. I have helped people sufferring from depression, anxiety, and relationship problems - even when previous attempts at treatment have failed. Meaningful change is possible in an environment of mutual respect and safety, where you can tell your own story at your own pace. I work with both individuals and couples.
(952) 800-9173 View (952) 800-9173

See more therapy options for Minnetonka

Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD) Therapists

How long does OCD treatment take?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is often treated on a weekly or twice-weekly schedule, depending on symptom severity and the client’s preferences. Some clients may start to see a noticeable improvement in symptoms in as little as six weeks, but it’s also possible, especially in more severe cases, for treatment to take several months to a year before significant progress is made.

What happens if OCD is not treated?

Some people with OCD, especially those with mild symptoms, may find that they are able to adapt reasonably well to life with the condition, even if their symptoms never resolve completely. However, many people, particularly those whose symptoms are severe at the outset, find that their obsessions and compulsions grow more intrusive with time, making it harder to maintain relationships, hold down a job, or navigate the world successfully.

Are there medications for OCD?

Medication can be used to treat OCD. The class of drugs most often prescribed are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, which include fluvoxamine (under the brand name Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), and sertraline (Zoloft), among others. In cases of treatment-resistant OCD, other classes of medication, such as tricyclic antidepressants or atypical antipsychotics, may be prescribed. Medication is frequently used in conjunction with therapy.

Can OCD come back after treatment?

Yes. Major life transitions, periods of stress, or other factors can cause symptoms to return or, if they were never fully eradicated, to ramp back up in intensity. For some, these relapses are brief and do not require additional treatment; identifying specific triggers and practicing the skills learned in therapy can help speed their course. For others, returning to therapy for a brief period can help address the underlying stress and strengthen coping mechanisms.