Therapists in Goodhue County, MN

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Photo of Angela M. Langer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Angela M. Langer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Red Wing, MN 55066
Well, well, well. If it isn't another year going by with no sustainable changes. The constant pressure of doing everything perfectly causes you to want to escape everything important to you. Motherhood, marriage, friendships, work, and now a new year looms…… No one seems to understand how overwhelmed you are. They certainly don't know that you are living with a constant feeling in the pit of your stomach that makes you doubt yourself and feel like a failure. Things really are more chaotic than usual. But they don’t have to stay that way any longer.
Well, well, well. If it isn't another year going by with no sustainable changes. The constant pressure of doing everything perfectly causes you to want to escape everything important to you. Motherhood, marriage, friendships, work, and now a new year looms…… No one seems to understand how overwhelmed you are. They certainly don't know that you are living with a constant feeling in the pit of your stomach that makes you doubt yourself and feel like a failure. Things really are more chaotic than usual. But they don’t have to stay that way any longer.
(651) 412-3136 View (651) 412-3136
Photo of Kristy L Burgess, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Kristy L Burgess
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Cannon Falls, MN 55009
Are you seeking peace of mind with less triggers, increased happiness, spiritual growth or more fun in your life? I am a Holy Fire III Usui/Karuna Reiki Master Teacher and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I am a creative, intuitive, inventive, grounded, and calming presence that I bring forward into my practice to help those with anxiety or depression or someone just wanting to find more of their own inner peace and enjoyment for life. I utilize Holy Fire/Usui Reiki healing, crystal healing, sound healing and intuition along with my family systems psychotherapy and certified EMDR training to provide a therapy session to get
Are you seeking peace of mind with less triggers, increased happiness, spiritual growth or more fun in your life? I am a Holy Fire III Usui/Karuna Reiki Master Teacher and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I am a creative, intuitive, inventive, grounded, and calming presence that I bring forward into my practice to help those with anxiety or depression or someone just wanting to find more of their own inner peace and enjoyment for life. I utilize Holy Fire/Usui Reiki healing, crystal healing, sound healing and intuition along with my family systems psychotherapy and certified EMDR training to provide a therapy session to get
(507) 260-2012 View (507) 260-2012
Photo of Sarah Reichert, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Sarah Reichert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Red Wing, MN 55066
Investing in yourself is crucial. Life's busyness often leads to neglecting personal growth. You may have prioritized others to the point of depleting your own reserves. When inevitable issues arise, it can feel overwhelming. However, it doesn't need to be this way. Focusing on self-improvement can actually make you more present for those you care about. Therapy is a commitment to invest time, energy, and resources into bettering your life, moving you out of constant crisis mode. By working together, you'll find that while daily demands remain the same, your ability to handle them improves, reducing life's stress.
Investing in yourself is crucial. Life's busyness often leads to neglecting personal growth. You may have prioritized others to the point of depleting your own reserves. When inevitable issues arise, it can feel overwhelming. However, it doesn't need to be this way. Focusing on self-improvement can actually make you more present for those you care about. Therapy is a commitment to invest time, energy, and resources into bettering your life, moving you out of constant crisis mode. By working together, you'll find that while daily demands remain the same, your ability to handle them improves, reducing life's stress.
(651) 321-2703 View (651) 321-2703
Photo of Elise Blahnik, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Elise Blahnik
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Red Wing, MN 55066
Being a Mom is hard! With the daily tasks of getting everyone out the door, planning meals, and taking care of everyone else's needs but your own. Have you ever felt that the workloads of life are not balanced? Felt this sense of resentment towards your spouse and children because they don’t appreciate you? Often women are defaulted to the family CEO, balancing, anticipating, planning, and preparing invisible, but necessary household tasks. The inequitable distribution of invisible labor takes a toll on our relationships with ourselves as well as our relationships with our partners and children.
Being a Mom is hard! With the daily tasks of getting everyone out the door, planning meals, and taking care of everyone else's needs but your own. Have you ever felt that the workloads of life are not balanced? Felt this sense of resentment towards your spouse and children because they don’t appreciate you? Often women are defaulted to the family CEO, balancing, anticipating, planning, and preparing invisible, but necessary household tasks. The inequitable distribution of invisible labor takes a toll on our relationships with ourselves as well as our relationships with our partners and children.
(651) 346-3304 View (651) 346-3304
Photo of Donelle Goldie Sandeno, Counselor, MA, LPCC
Donelle Goldie Sandeno
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi, my name is Donelle and I am a Licenced Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) who is here to serve the residents of Pine Island and the surrounding communities with their mental health concerns. I am also licensed in Wisconsin and available to work with clients via telehealth. I became a counselor because I have a passion for helping people embrace who they are, increase their self-esteem, work through challenging times and circumstances, and ultimately live their best life. I enjoy and have a great passion for helping people through traumatic events, circumstances, and situations with compassion and without judgment.
Hi, my name is Donelle and I am a Licenced Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) who is here to serve the residents of Pine Island and the surrounding communities with their mental health concerns. I am also licensed in Wisconsin and available to work with clients via telehealth. I became a counselor because I have a passion for helping people embrace who they are, increase their self-esteem, work through challenging times and circumstances, and ultimately live their best life. I enjoy and have a great passion for helping people through traumatic events, circumstances, and situations with compassion and without judgment.
(507) 242-0948 View (507) 242-0948
Photo of Heidi J Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, LMHC
Heidi J Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Wanamingo, MN 55983
Waitlist for new clients
Please know that I understand what courage it takes to reach out to a counselor. This is the first step toward understanding yourself a little better. My specialty is grief due to loss caused by death, disability, divorce, addiction, loss of safety, loss of trust, loss of home or innocence. I believe in working with each client based on their unique personality and story because every person is different.
Please know that I understand what courage it takes to reach out to a counselor. This is the first step toward understanding yourself a little better. My specialty is grief due to loss caused by death, disability, divorce, addiction, loss of safety, loss of trust, loss of home or innocence. I believe in working with each client based on their unique personality and story because every person is different.
(507) 889-1569 View (507) 889-1569
Photo of Kaitlyn Brisson, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC
Kaitlyn Brisson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Red Wing, MN 55066
You want support and balance. Overthinking and overdoing, anxiety has control. Feelings of inadequacy makes you wonder, "will I ever be enough?" Attempting to measure up to all the expectations around you is overwhelmingly exhausting. Do better, try harder, don’t give up. "I have to succeed." Small mistakes feel big, rejection feels inevitable, and the fight to prove yourself is endless. All you want is to be seen and accepted by your friends and family. Annoyed, sad, and worried; you're burnt out. Critical self thoughts and hurtful judgement become intolerable; you feel alone and misunderstood.
You want support and balance. Overthinking and overdoing, anxiety has control. Feelings of inadequacy makes you wonder, "will I ever be enough?" Attempting to measure up to all the expectations around you is overwhelmingly exhausting. Do better, try harder, don’t give up. "I have to succeed." Small mistakes feel big, rejection feels inevitable, and the fight to prove yourself is endless. All you want is to be seen and accepted by your friends and family. Annoyed, sad, and worried; you're burnt out. Critical self thoughts and hurtful judgement become intolerable; you feel alone and misunderstood.
(651) 376-2427 View (651) 376-2427
Photo of Randi Joy Butwin - Butwin Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Butwin Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
This relationship is broken. The disconnection you feel is heartbreaking. Loneliness and isolation creep in as you try to navigate another horrible communication breakdown. Things were said that can’t be erased. Past conflicts stand between you like an impenetrable wall. You’re committed to this person, but this is not the relationship you want. With all the chaos and uncertainty in your life, you need to feel supported by your partner now more than ever. You take a risk and make yourself vulnerable. But your attempt to connect falls flat on its face. After not getting through – yet again – you suggest couples counseling.
This relationship is broken. The disconnection you feel is heartbreaking. Loneliness and isolation creep in as you try to navigate another horrible communication breakdown. Things were said that can’t be erased. Past conflicts stand between you like an impenetrable wall. You’re committed to this person, but this is not the relationship you want. With all the chaos and uncertainty in your life, you need to feel supported by your partner now more than ever. You take a risk and make yourself vulnerable. But your attempt to connect falls flat on its face. After not getting through – yet again – you suggest couples counseling.
(707) 887-6691 View (707) 887-6691
Photo of Bill Clafton, Psychologist, PsyD LP
Bill Clafton
Psychologist, PsyD LP
Verified Verified
Red Wing, MN 55066
Difficulties with mood (Anxiety/Depression) focus or attention? Is your child demonstrating oppositional behaviors? Facing challenges in school either academically or socially? These are just a few of the many clinical presentations I work with regularly. My emphasis is on building a collaborative approach with my clients and their support systems to help identify and put into practice positive coping strategies to manage the stress and challenges that life sometimes presents. I will listen to you and work with you from your perspective and reality to help you identify and practice individualized strategies that work for you.
Difficulties with mood (Anxiety/Depression) focus or attention? Is your child demonstrating oppositional behaviors? Facing challenges in school either academically or socially? These are just a few of the many clinical presentations I work with regularly. My emphasis is on building a collaborative approach with my clients and their support systems to help identify and put into practice positive coping strategies to manage the stress and challenges that life sometimes presents. I will listen to you and work with you from your perspective and reality to help you identify and practice individualized strategies that work for you.
(651) 299-6173 View (651) 299-6173
Photo of Michelle Moser - Possibilities Therapeutic Services, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CAS
Possibilities Therapeutic Services
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CAS
Verified Verified
Red Wing, MN 55066
Possibilities Therapeutic Services supports your journey towards growth by exploring self defeating thoughts and feelings to open pathways for new healthier relationship and lifestyle possibilities in the future. Therapeutic services are based on the tenants and techniques from Cognitive-Behavioral and Solution-Focused Theories. Approved MN-DHS problem gambler provider-Rule 82 assessments.
Possibilities Therapeutic Services supports your journey towards growth by exploring self defeating thoughts and feelings to open pathways for new healthier relationship and lifestyle possibilities in the future. Therapeutic services are based on the tenants and techniques from Cognitive-Behavioral and Solution-Focused Theories. Approved MN-DHS problem gambler provider-Rule 82 assessments.
(651) 560-3361 View (651) 560-3361
Photo of Sabrena Plath, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Sabrena Plath
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Red Wing, MN 55066
It is my goal to develop a positive relationship with you that creates a safe space to share and process at your pace. It is important that I bring evidence-based treatments to you from a person and relationship centered focus. I prioritize bringing my best self to each session we have together. Whether you are a couple, a family, a teen, or individual adult, I am here to meet you where you are in your journey.
It is my goal to develop a positive relationship with you that creates a safe space to share and process at your pace. It is important that I bring evidence-based treatments to you from a person and relationship centered focus. I prioritize bringing my best self to each session we have together. Whether you are a couple, a family, a teen, or individual adult, I am here to meet you where you are in your journey.
(651) 409-9427 View (651) 409-9427
Photo of Hannah Ricks, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Hannah Ricks
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Red Wing, MN 55066
Not accepting new clients
I hope to offer acceptance, compassion, and unconditional positive regard so you can explore your feelings, experiences, values, and perspectives without judgment. Therapy is a beautiful space where you do not have to choose between authenticity and maintaining a relationship. I have a holistic perspective and consider how a client's early years, traumatic experiences, family systems, and culture impact their current life.
I hope to offer acceptance, compassion, and unconditional positive regard so you can explore your feelings, experiences, values, and perspectives without judgment. Therapy is a beautiful space where you do not have to choose between authenticity and maintaining a relationship. I have a holistic perspective and consider how a client's early years, traumatic experiences, family systems, and culture impact their current life.
(651) 240-1516 View (651) 240-1516
Photo of Maria Wagner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Maria Wagner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Are you feeling overwhelmed? Perhaps, depressed or anxious, struggling with obsessive self-scrutiny or managing important relationships? Together we can build new skills and strategies to navigate even your most difficult situations, and to help establish a more peaceful approach to everyday life situations.
Are you feeling overwhelmed? Perhaps, depressed or anxious, struggling with obsessive self-scrutiny or managing important relationships? Together we can build new skills and strategies to navigate even your most difficult situations, and to help establish a more peaceful approach to everyday life situations.
(507) 208-4774 View (507) 208-4774
Photo of Terra Pingley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Terra Pingley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I have been working as a therapist with children, teens, adults, and couples since I received a Masters of Clinical Social Work from University of Saint Thomas/Saint Catherine University in 2017. I enjoy working with individuals ages 12 through adult. I believe in the importance of the therapeutic relationship with my clients, as well as their life experiences, to meet clients where they are at and encourage growth and movement through their journey.
I have been working as a therapist with children, teens, adults, and couples since I received a Masters of Clinical Social Work from University of Saint Thomas/Saint Catherine University in 2017. I enjoy working with individuals ages 12 through adult. I believe in the importance of the therapeutic relationship with my clients, as well as their life experiences, to meet clients where they are at and encourage growth and movement through their journey.
(651) 419-5322 View (651) 419-5322
Photo of Krista M Larson - Krista M Larson MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Krista M Larson MSW, LICSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Greetings! In my work as a psychotherapist, I stand along side individuals who are struggling with anxiety spectrum disorders (including trauma-related disorders), mood disorders, difficulty with regulating emotion and/or tolerating distress. I believe, as many years of research have shown, that the therapy relationship is a critical part of healing. You can expect me to work with you in developing approaches to healing that fit your needs, comfort level and strengths.
Greetings! In my work as a psychotherapist, I stand along side individuals who are struggling with anxiety spectrum disorders (including trauma-related disorders), mood disorders, difficulty with regulating emotion and/or tolerating distress. I believe, as many years of research have shown, that the therapy relationship is a critical part of healing. You can expect me to work with you in developing approaches to healing that fit your needs, comfort level and strengths.
(507) 205-4986 View (507) 205-4986
Photo of Dr. Kate Van Pay, Psychologist, PhD, LP, E-psprt
Dr. Kate Van Pay
Psychologist, PhD, LP, E-psprt
Verified Verified
Serves Area
My goal as a therapist is to genuinely connect with and support clients in their journey. It is a privilege to walk with others on their path towards healing and knowing themselves. I strive to make sure my clients feel seen and heard as their true selves, experience warmth and security in the counseling room, and know that I unconditionally accept them. I believe therapy should be a true partnership between myself and my client; we are a team working toward your desired healing, growth, and change. I am committed to providing a safe and inviting atmosphere for all people, identities, and needs.
My goal as a therapist is to genuinely connect with and support clients in their journey. It is a privilege to walk with others on their path towards healing and knowing themselves. I strive to make sure my clients feel seen and heard as their true selves, experience warmth and security in the counseling room, and know that I unconditionally accept them. I believe therapy should be a true partnership between myself and my client; we are a team working toward your desired healing, growth, and change. I am committed to providing a safe and inviting atmosphere for all people, identities, and needs.
(651) 383-8082 View (651) 383-8082
Photo of Laura Curtis - Cedar Hills Health, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Cedar Hills Health
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Greetings! I am currently available to meet with new clients at this time and am offering virtual sessions to residents of Minnesota. With years of experience working with adults with severe mental health symptoms, my focus areas includes: depression, anxiety, stress related to life transitions and life in general, coping and improving self-esteem and self-confidence, and healing during the grief process, by focusing on mindfulness, visualization and grounding, being present in the moment, acceptance and self-worth, and moving through feelings in efforts to work towards growth and healing.
Greetings! I am currently available to meet with new clients at this time and am offering virtual sessions to residents of Minnesota. With years of experience working with adults with severe mental health symptoms, my focus areas includes: depression, anxiety, stress related to life transitions and life in general, coping and improving self-esteem and self-confidence, and healing during the grief process, by focusing on mindfulness, visualization and grounding, being present in the moment, acceptance and self-worth, and moving through feelings in efforts to work towards growth and healing.
(507) 728-3855 View (507) 728-3855
Photo of Brian K. Flick, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Brian K. Flick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker who specializes in working with individuals experiencing mental illness and addiction problems. Often patients seek therapy to develop ways to improve their relationships, better manage stress/negative emotions, and to work through traumatic experiences.
Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker who specializes in working with individuals experiencing mental illness and addiction problems. Often patients seek therapy to develop ways to improve their relationships, better manage stress/negative emotions, and to work through traumatic experiences.
(507) 335-2345 View (507) 335-2345
Photo of Carrie Menk, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Carrie Menk
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I focus on building a strong foundational relationship with clients, collaboratively developing self-awareness, mood-stabilizing skills and communication tools that allow for the safe reprocessing of difficult experiences and emotions. I work with people who have experienced a range of challenges, from difficulties with life adjustments to complicated trauma and loss. It is important to me that clients understand that difficult and traumatic experiences can arise from a seemingly “normal” childhood or life event. Therapeutic support and guidance for any destabilizing event or emotion is a valuable resource.
I focus on building a strong foundational relationship with clients, collaboratively developing self-awareness, mood-stabilizing skills and communication tools that allow for the safe reprocessing of difficult experiences and emotions. I work with people who have experienced a range of challenges, from difficulties with life adjustments to complicated trauma and loss. It is important to me that clients understand that difficult and traumatic experiences can arise from a seemingly “normal” childhood or life event. Therapeutic support and guidance for any destabilizing event or emotion is a valuable resource.
(507) 216-7776 View (507) 216-7776
Photo of Beth Von Gemmingen, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Beth Von Gemmingen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Emotions makes our lives matter. They convert our lives into a series of events that become our living breathing human experience. As a therapist I meet my clients where they are at. We will work together to celebrate the positive experiences in your life and identify strategies for moving through the difficult ones. I collaborate with individuals, partners, and parents to create a wholistic plan of care. You are the center of this whole process and the expert on you. We will create your best life and achieve your goals.
Emotions makes our lives matter. They convert our lives into a series of events that become our living breathing human experience. As a therapist I meet my clients where they are at. We will work together to celebrate the positive experiences in your life and identify strategies for moving through the difficult ones. I collaborate with individuals, partners, and parents to create a wholistic plan of care. You are the center of this whole process and the expert on you. We will create your best life and achieve your goals.
(651) 390-1759 View (651) 390-1759
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Goodhue County, MN

20+

Average cost per session

$182

Therapists in Goodhue County, MN who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
90% Depression
90% Self Esteem
79% Relationship Issues
79% Trauma and PTSD
76% Grief
72% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
82% Medica
77% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Goodhue County, MN see their clients

90% In Person and Online
10% Online Only

Gender breakdown

93% Female
7% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Goodhue County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.