Therapists in O Fallon, IL

Photo of Angela Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor in O Fallon, IL
Angela Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
O Fallon, IL 62269
Navigating life's challenges can be tough for anyone. Significant life changes rarely come one at a time, giving us enough to process, plan and adapt. A loss of a job, divorce, chronic illness of our own or a loved one, and other life stressors can have experiencing shifting roles, responsibilities and routines, which can be uncomfortable and distressing. If you are also experiencing anxiety and/or depression, these are also the times we notice significant worsening of our symptoms. The good news is that you don't have to face these moments in life alone.
Navigating life's challenges can be tough for anyone. Significant life changes rarely come one at a time, giving us enough to process, plan and adapt. A loss of a job, divorce, chronic illness of our own or a loved one, and other life stressors can have experiencing shifting roles, responsibilities and routines, which can be uncomfortable and distressing. If you are also experiencing anxiety and/or depression, these are also the times we notice significant worsening of our symptoms. The good news is that you don't have to face these moments in life alone.
(618) 617-6641 View (618) 617-6641
Photo of Stephanie Thomas, Counselor in O Fallon, IL
Stephanie Thomas
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
O Fallon, IL 62269
I help adults and adolescents who experience anxiety, depression, and challenges with communication reduce symptoms by improving upon current strengths and coping skills to build insight into symptoms experienced. My specialty areas include anxiety, PTSD, depression, grief, communication issues, and work-life balance. I offer openness and collaboration to those I work with and believe that a collaborative effort has a direct impact on benefits gained from counseling services.
I help adults and adolescents who experience anxiety, depression, and challenges with communication reduce symptoms by improving upon current strengths and coping skills to build insight into symptoms experienced. My specialty areas include anxiety, PTSD, depression, grief, communication issues, and work-life balance. I offer openness and collaboration to those I work with and believe that a collaborative effort has a direct impact on benefits gained from counseling services.
(833) 922-1518 View (833) 922-1518
Photo of Rachel Minelli, Psychologist in O Fallon, IL
Rachel Minelli
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
O Fallon, IL 62269
As a psychologist, my job is to help clients meet their full potential. I strive to create a supportive environment where I can work collaboratively with my clients and their families to meet their goals. I enjoy working with children, adolescents, and their families. I specialize in working with individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and other developmental disabilities. My practice focuses on two areas: comprehensive evaluations and PCIT therapy.
As a psychologist, my job is to help clients meet their full potential. I strive to create a supportive environment where I can work collaboratively with my clients and their families to meet their goals. I enjoy working with children, adolescents, and their families. I specialize in working with individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and other developmental disabilities. My practice focuses on two areas: comprehensive evaluations and PCIT therapy.
(618) 764-3704 View (618) 764-3704
Photo of Valencia Sade Mcpike, Marriage & Family Therapist in O Fallon, IL
Valencia Sade Mcpike
Marriage & Family Therapist, RBT, ALMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
O Fallon, IL 62269
My mission is to reach as many clients as possible no matter the age, a place that is safe and nonjudgmental, as well as a place where you can truly be respected, encouraged, and empowered. I am an Associate Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I love working with families and couples, in which I am able to treat a variety of issues. I believe that a therapist goal is to be trustworthy, genuine, compassionate, and adaptable. I specialize in couples, families, and individuals, and behavioral changes during adolescence.
My mission is to reach as many clients as possible no matter the age, a place that is safe and nonjudgmental, as well as a place where you can truly be respected, encouraged, and empowered. I am an Associate Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I love working with families and couples, in which I am able to treat a variety of issues. I believe that a therapist goal is to be trustworthy, genuine, compassionate, and adaptable. I specialize in couples, families, and individuals, and behavioral changes during adolescence.
(312) 376-3781 View (312) 376-3781
Photo of Dynamic Counseling & Consultation Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in O Fallon, IL
Dynamic Counseling & Consultation Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
O Fallon, IL 62269  (Online Only)
Individuals seek counseling for many different reasons. Some of the most common reasons include feeling overwhelmed with stress, feeling depressed or anxious, relationship issues, anger issues, grief & loss, experiencing a traumatic event, family conflict, poor self-esteem, or experiencing a major life event or transition,. Counseling can provide you with the opportunity to learn new skills to cope with painful emotions and difficult situations in life. Counseling will also provide you with the support and accountability you need to make changes and reach your goals.
Individuals seek counseling for many different reasons. Some of the most common reasons include feeling overwhelmed with stress, feeling depressed or anxious, relationship issues, anger issues, grief & loss, experiencing a traumatic event, family conflict, poor self-esteem, or experiencing a major life event or transition,. Counseling can provide you with the opportunity to learn new skills to cope with painful emotions and difficult situations in life. Counseling will also provide you with the support and accountability you need to make changes and reach your goals.
(618) 617-6809 View (618) 617-6809
Photo of Nicole Price, Pre-Licensed Professional in O Fallon, IL
Nicole Price
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LCPA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
O Fallon, IL 62269
I am here to help guide clients through their tough times. Kids and women are my specialty. From ADHD, all forms of Anxiety, to Depression, not feeling good enough. Children needing an advocate to help them find their voice, and equally the same for women. I’m here to help. No one has to do it alone.
I am here to help guide clients through their tough times. Kids and women are my specialty. From ADHD, all forms of Anxiety, to Depression, not feeling good enough. Children needing an advocate to help them find their voice, and equally the same for women. I’m here to help. No one has to do it alone.
(618) 326-4336 View (618) 326-4336
Photo of Dr. Leslie Davis, Counselor in O Fallon, IL
Dr. Leslie Davis
Counselor, PhD, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
O Fallon, IL 62269
Do you constantly find yourself in toxic relationships? Have your relationships caused you anxiety or depression? It’s time for a change. As a Relationship Therapist, my goal is to help you thrive in healthy relationships with your romantic partner, friend, or family member. My ideal clients are teens, young adults, college students, and couples who may struggle with developing and maintaining healthy connections. Using an emotion-focused approach I will empower you with tools to improve your relationships and your self-esteem. My promise is to never sugarcoat the truth, so grab a cup of coffee/tea and come sit with me.
Do you constantly find yourself in toxic relationships? Have your relationships caused you anxiety or depression? It’s time for a change. As a Relationship Therapist, my goal is to help you thrive in healthy relationships with your romantic partner, friend, or family member. My ideal clients are teens, young adults, college students, and couples who may struggle with developing and maintaining healthy connections. Using an emotion-focused approach I will empower you with tools to improve your relationships and your self-esteem. My promise is to never sugarcoat the truth, so grab a cup of coffee/tea and come sit with me.
(708) 295-3412 View (708) 295-3412
Photo of Katie Turek Stanart, Counselor in O Fallon, IL
Katie Turek Stanart
Counselor, LCPC, ATR-BC, PMH-C, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
O Fallon, IL 62269
I believe that whether you're needing support with a current challenge, a past trauma, or navigating a life transition, you deserve a space that is welcoming and free of judgment. My goal as your therapist is to help you feel empowered and in control. I do not claim to be the expert on your life, and consider therapy a collaborative process where your voice matters. Common issues I address include coping and self-regulation skills, anxiety, depression, trauma, parenting support, self-esteem, safe expression of feelings, grief, psycho-education, safety planning, healthy relationships, boundaries, and pregnancy/postpartum support.
I believe that whether you're needing support with a current challenge, a past trauma, or navigating a life transition, you deserve a space that is welcoming and free of judgment. My goal as your therapist is to help you feel empowered and in control. I do not claim to be the expert on your life, and consider therapy a collaborative process where your voice matters. Common issues I address include coping and self-regulation skills, anxiety, depression, trauma, parenting support, self-esteem, safe expression of feelings, grief, psycho-education, safety planning, healthy relationships, boundaries, and pregnancy/postpartum support.
(618) 787-1805 View (618) 787-1805
Photo of Lori A McAllister, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in O Fallon, IL
Lori A McAllister
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MAPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
O Fallon, IL 62269
Not accepting new clients
Life is not about waiting for the storms to pass... It's about learning how to dance in the rain. - Vivian Green........... Sometimes you just need someone to listen and validate your feelings. Sometimes you need someone who's been there done that. Sometimes you just need a place to go to help get you back on track. I'm that someone and I've many life experiences as well as extensive training to help you. Licensed as a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with extensive training in childhood complex trauma. Let me help you learn to dance in the rain!
Life is not about waiting for the storms to pass... It's about learning how to dance in the rain. - Vivian Green........... Sometimes you just need someone to listen and validate your feelings. Sometimes you need someone who's been there done that. Sometimes you just need a place to go to help get you back on track. I'm that someone and I've many life experiences as well as extensive training to help you. Licensed as a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with extensive training in childhood complex trauma. Let me help you learn to dance in the rain!
(618) 627-7817 View (618) 627-7817
Photo of Steve Heitkamp, Counselor in O Fallon, IL
Steve Heitkamp
Counselor, DMin, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
O Fallon, IL 62269
"I come to my therapeutic work with the compassionate heartfelt intention of a pastor and clinical insight of a psychotherapist. Pastors and physicians often refer to me, and they receive positive feedback as persons improve functioning and participate in their communities. Those who refer to me have found that I am a trusted and professional resource to patients and parishioners. I utilize the skills I have gained to assist individuals, children, couples and families at very important times in their lives.
"I come to my therapeutic work with the compassionate heartfelt intention of a pastor and clinical insight of a psychotherapist. Pastors and physicians often refer to me, and they receive positive feedback as persons improve functioning and participate in their communities. Those who refer to me have found that I am a trusted and professional resource to patients and parishioners. I utilize the skills I have gained to assist individuals, children, couples and families at very important times in their lives.
(618) 643-9959 View (618) 643-9959
Photo of Krista McDonald, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in O Fallon, IL
Krista McDonald
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
O Fallon, IL 62269  (Online Only)
Are you feeling like you're lost in a maze of love and relationships? Whether you're in the early stages of dating, going through a tough breakup, dealing with the ups and downs of a long-term partnership, or coping with the aftermath of an affair, I get that each relationship journey is unique and challenging in its own way. It's normal to feel frustrated, hurt, betrayed, or confused, especially when trust, communication, and intimacy issues come into play. But no matter how stuck you feel, or how much you're doubting your own emotions, I'm here to tell you that you're not alone in this journey. I'm here to walk alongside you.
Are you feeling like you're lost in a maze of love and relationships? Whether you're in the early stages of dating, going through a tough breakup, dealing with the ups and downs of a long-term partnership, or coping with the aftermath of an affair, I get that each relationship journey is unique and challenging in its own way. It's normal to feel frustrated, hurt, betrayed, or confused, especially when trust, communication, and intimacy issues come into play. But no matter how stuck you feel, or how much you're doubting your own emotions, I'm here to tell you that you're not alone in this journey. I'm here to walk alongside you.
(618) 319-6872 View (618) 319-6872
Photo of Janice Sheridan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in O Fallon, IL
Janice Sheridan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
O Fallon, IL 62269
I believe the therapeutic relationship is very important. I focus on the whole person and encourage and support them to build on their own strengths to change thoughts and actions that cause them pain. I support and guide my clients to achieve healing and personal growth. I am a skilled practitioner who uses compassion and expertise to help my clients make changes. I create a safe environment for this to happen. I am accepting new clients. I work with individuals and families. I specialize in improving communication, problem solving, mood disorders and abuse issues.
I believe the therapeutic relationship is very important. I focus on the whole person and encourage and support them to build on their own strengths to change thoughts and actions that cause them pain. I support and guide my clients to achieve healing and personal growth. I am a skilled practitioner who uses compassion and expertise to help my clients make changes. I create a safe environment for this to happen. I am accepting new clients. I work with individuals and families. I specialize in improving communication, problem solving, mood disorders and abuse issues.
(618) 996-5285 View (618) 996-5285
Photo of Janel Morey-Sassano, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in O Fallon, IL
Janel Morey-Sassano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
O Fallon, IL 62269  (Online Only)
March openings availabIe! EMDR certified, women centered therapist who specializes in maternal mental health and post-traumatic stress disorder. I teach women to take care of themselves first so they can better care for others. Trained during my work at The Postpartum Stress Center, I treat women who struggle with trauma, postpartum adjustment, infertility, birth trauma, infant loss/miscarriage and adoption struggles. We strengthen the relationship to self, build a sense of emotional safety with others. We will shift the lens on the mommy myths, cultural expectations and perfectionistic standards which can cause overwhelm/shame.
March openings availabIe! EMDR certified, women centered therapist who specializes in maternal mental health and post-traumatic stress disorder. I teach women to take care of themselves first so they can better care for others. Trained during my work at The Postpartum Stress Center, I treat women who struggle with trauma, postpartum adjustment, infertility, birth trauma, infant loss/miscarriage and adoption struggles. We strengthen the relationship to self, build a sense of emotional safety with others. We will shift the lens on the mommy myths, cultural expectations and perfectionistic standards which can cause overwhelm/shame.
(618) 437-8487 View (618) 437-8487
Photo of Ashanti Muhammad-Pittman, Counselor in O Fallon, IL
Ashanti Muhammad-Pittman
Counselor, LCPC, CRC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
O Fallon, IL 62269
Hi! I am Ashanti. I am licensed in IL and SC. I am a warm and genuine person with a passion to see her clients grow and replenish their mental wellness. Maybe you feel stuck, with no clear goals for your future. Or maybe you don’t feel supported in your relationships. Perhaps you just want to continue to check in on yourself and maintain your mental wellness. I am here to support you in creating true and lasting change, so you can live your most authentic and empowered life. I believe that therapy should be a safe non-judgmental space where you can explore your complete self and become confident in who you are and your well-being.
Hi! I am Ashanti. I am licensed in IL and SC. I am a warm and genuine person with a passion to see her clients grow and replenish their mental wellness. Maybe you feel stuck, with no clear goals for your future. Or maybe you don’t feel supported in your relationships. Perhaps you just want to continue to check in on yourself and maintain your mental wellness. I am here to support you in creating true and lasting change, so you can live your most authentic and empowered life. I believe that therapy should be a safe non-judgmental space where you can explore your complete self and become confident in who you are and your well-being.
(618) 226-4375 View (618) 226-4375
Photo of John M Frisbie, Counselor in O Fallon, IL
John M Frisbie
Counselor, MAMH, MDiv, LCPC, CSAM
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
O Fallon, IL 62269
Life comes with challenges. We were not made to handle our challenges alone. As a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor and theologically educated Christian, my extensive training, experience, and faith offers you help and hope in your time of need.
Life comes with challenges. We were not made to handle our challenges alone. As a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor and theologically educated Christian, my extensive training, experience, and faith offers you help and hope in your time of need.
(618) 596-3848 View (618) 596-3848
Photo of Shelby Reece, Counselor in O Fallon, IL
Shelby Reece
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
O Fallon, IL 62269
You can’t pour from an empty cup.” That’s why I help people do the important work of refilling their owns cups, reclaiming their lives, and healing with a renewed sense of purpose.
You can’t pour from an empty cup.” That’s why I help people do the important work of refilling their owns cups, reclaiming their lives, and healing with a renewed sense of purpose.
(618) 226-4865 View (618) 226-4865
Photo of James Carroll, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in O Fallon, IL
James Carroll
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, RPT-S, ACS
Verified Verified
O Fallon, IL 62269
You or your child may be having difficulty at work, school, home, with friends, or with family members and you are not sure what to do about it! These difficulties may include difficulty managing emotions, worrying about things, problems with attention, and/or getting along and connecting with other people. You may feel that you have tried everything to help yourself and/or your child and nothing seems to work. There is a ton of information available-friends, social media, etc. All this information can be conflicting and make things even more overwhelming. You don't have to do this alone. Therapy can help you or your child!
You or your child may be having difficulty at work, school, home, with friends, or with family members and you are not sure what to do about it! These difficulties may include difficulty managing emotions, worrying about things, problems with attention, and/or getting along and connecting with other people. You may feel that you have tried everything to help yourself and/or your child and nothing seems to work. There is a ton of information available-friends, social media, etc. All this information can be conflicting and make things even more overwhelming. You don't have to do this alone. Therapy can help you or your child!
(618) 693-2650 View (618) 693-2650
Photo of Kevin S. Bunten, Counselor in O Fallon, IL
Kevin S. Bunten
Counselor, LCPC, MSEd, MDiv, CADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
O Fallon, IL 62269
I believe that people need to be heard, and can find and articulate their own truth, their own path to health with compassion, empathy, and time-to tell their story, feel appreciated, to heal, and to change. I have worked to include spirituality, creativity, and the ability to accompany someone on their journey-so that our brief connections can have impact through the week, and through life. I value family input and involvement, social supports, and evidence-based methods, but more so I value my client's individual personal journey. I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, and Certified Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselor.
I believe that people need to be heard, and can find and articulate their own truth, their own path to health with compassion, empathy, and time-to tell their story, feel appreciated, to heal, and to change. I have worked to include spirituality, creativity, and the ability to accompany someone on their journey-so that our brief connections can have impact through the week, and through life. I value family input and involvement, social supports, and evidence-based methods, but more so I value my client's individual personal journey. I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, and Certified Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselor.
(314) 736-3301 View (314) 736-3301
Photo of Michele R. Tennyson, Counselor in O Fallon, IL
Michele R. Tennyson
Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
O Fallon, IL 62269
Life’s challenges can sometimes seem overwhelming. As a result, we can find ourselves doubting our resiliency and feeling unable to cope. Know that you are not alone and that reaching out for help is a sign of strength. My goal is to provide a safe and collaborative environment where, together, we can find solutions, learn to cope, and rediscover resiliency so that you can face and overcome life’s challenges with a fresh perspective and renewed sense of self.
Life’s challenges can sometimes seem overwhelming. As a result, we can find ourselves doubting our resiliency and feeling unable to cope. Know that you are not alone and that reaching out for help is a sign of strength. My goal is to provide a safe and collaborative environment where, together, we can find solutions, learn to cope, and rediscover resiliency so that you can face and overcome life’s challenges with a fresh perspective and renewed sense of self.
(618) 228-3974 View (618) 228-3974
Photo of Elizabeth Lee, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in O Fallon, IL
Elizabeth Lee
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
O Fallon, IL 62269  (Online Only)
My priority is to offer a therapeutic relationship where you feel comfortable and accepted in a safe and non-judgmental environment. I see my clients as a whole person, not as your presenting problem. It is imperative to me that you feel heard and understood. I love being a therapist and my goal is to instill hope and peace back into your life.
My priority is to offer a therapeutic relationship where you feel comfortable and accepted in a safe and non-judgmental environment. I see my clients as a whole person, not as your presenting problem. It is imperative to me that you feel heard and understood. I love being a therapist and my goal is to instill hope and peace back into your life.
(618) 389-5401 View (618) 389-5401

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in O Fallon, IL

80+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in O Fallon, IL who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
83% Depression
75% Coping Skills
74% Self Esteem
72% Stress
68% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% BlueCross and BlueShield
79% Aetna
74% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in O Fallon, IL see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
14% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in O Fallon?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.