Therapists in Northampton, MA

Photo of Bambi M Rattner, Psychologist in Northampton, MA
Bambi M Rattner
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northampton, MA 01060
We all have the capacity to experience joy and happiness, but when we carry unresolved trauma of any type, life can become a constant struggle. I specialize in private intensive therapy retreats that offer significant results in days, not years. My retreats combine recent advances in neuroscience and attachment research with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Progressive Counting (PC) and Internal Family Systems (IFS), enabling us to work with your underlying core issues – to get right to the heart of the problem – so that your symptoms are totally eliminated or significantly decreased.
We all have the capacity to experience joy and happiness, but when we carry unresolved trauma of any type, life can become a constant struggle. I specialize in private intensive therapy retreats that offer significant results in days, not years. My retreats combine recent advances in neuroscience and attachment research with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Progressive Counting (PC) and Internal Family Systems (IFS), enabling us to work with your underlying core issues – to get right to the heart of the problem – so that your symptoms are totally eliminated or significantly decreased.
(413) 327-9376 View (413) 327-9376
Photo of Nikki Gamache, Counselor in Northampton, MA
Nikki Gamache
Counselor, MA, LMHC, CGT
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
Unhealed trauma and loss can significantly impact our lives, making it challenging to experience happiness, clarity, compassion, and joy. These experiences can trap us in cycles of negative thoughts, behaviors, and feelings. You may yearn to break free from this cycle, but hopelessness and feeling trapped can be common. Trauma therapy can help! I specialize in intensive trauma therapy with weekly 90-minute sessions designed to help you address past traumas and break free from these cycles.
Unhealed trauma and loss can significantly impact our lives, making it challenging to experience happiness, clarity, compassion, and joy. These experiences can trap us in cycles of negative thoughts, behaviors, and feelings. You may yearn to break free from this cycle, but hopelessness and feeling trapped can be common. Trauma therapy can help! I specialize in intensive trauma therapy with weekly 90-minute sessions designed to help you address past traumas and break free from these cycles.
(413) 304-2253 View (413) 304-2253
Photo of Jenny Bender, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Jenny Bender
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060  (Online Only)
I work with adolescents and with adults at all stages of life who are seeking a collaborative approach to navigating life stressors, deepening self-awareness and insight, and processing trauma. I work from an anti-oppressive lens, with the understanding that systemic harm and inequity impact and are often the root cause of mental health challenges. I welcome clients from all backgrounds, races, gender identities, cultures.
I work with adolescents and with adults at all stages of life who are seeking a collaborative approach to navigating life stressors, deepening self-awareness and insight, and processing trauma. I work from an anti-oppressive lens, with the understanding that systemic harm and inequity impact and are often the root cause of mental health challenges. I welcome clients from all backgrounds, races, gender identities, cultures.
(413) 779-8175 View (413) 779-8175
Photo of Kathleen Collins, Psychologist in Northampton, MA
Kathleen Collins
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
My interest is in mid-to-later life adults (40+) with a focus on the ways in which identity evolves as we age. I use a diverse approach comprised of behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, identity theory, and personal narrative modalities to address identity issues in the face of change across the lifespan such as health-related change, environmental or cultural shifts, personal loss, or traumatic events—experiences that can impact the ways in which we perceive ourselves. When the balance of our lives is challenged, the resulting stress can be difficult to manage.
My interest is in mid-to-later life adults (40+) with a focus on the ways in which identity evolves as we age. I use a diverse approach comprised of behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, identity theory, and personal narrative modalities to address identity issues in the face of change across the lifespan such as health-related change, environmental or cultural shifts, personal loss, or traumatic events—experiences that can impact the ways in which we perceive ourselves. When the balance of our lives is challenged, the resulting stress can be difficult to manage.
(903) 524-5474 View (903) 524-5474
Photo of Sylvia Rubin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Sylvia Rubin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
Although conflict is inevitable in all intimate relationships, problems that continue to spiral out of control are not. The key to interrupting this painful cycle is learning to communicate constructively in ways that make it possible to manage conflict and get back to intimate connection. While couples are aware of the importance of communication, they are often unable to implement effective skills. The Intentional Dialogue, the cornerstone of Imago Therapy, provides the safety so that you can truly understand and be understood your partner.
Although conflict is inevitable in all intimate relationships, problems that continue to spiral out of control are not. The key to interrupting this painful cycle is learning to communicate constructively in ways that make it possible to manage conflict and get back to intimate connection. While couples are aware of the importance of communication, they are often unable to implement effective skills. The Intentional Dialogue, the cornerstone of Imago Therapy, provides the safety so that you can truly understand and be understood your partner.
(413) 586-3592 View (413) 586-3592
Photo of Susan W Peterson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Susan W Peterson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060  (Online Only)
Now accepting new clients. Thirty years of practice as a psychotherapist have offered me the privilege of coming to understand and be helpful to many people who have presented to me with diverse backgrounds and painful experiences. I would be honored to sit with you, to come to understand and help you find a way through the unique difficulties confronting you today.
Now accepting new clients. Thirty years of practice as a psychotherapist have offered me the privilege of coming to understand and be helpful to many people who have presented to me with diverse backgrounds and painful experiences. I would be honored to sit with you, to come to understand and help you find a way through the unique difficulties confronting you today.
(413) 485-7845 View (413) 485-7845
Photo of Ron Delamater, Psychologist in Northampton, MA
Ron Delamater
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
Mental health difficulties often arise in the context of an absence of close interpersonal relationships. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and severe, persistent mental illness can be successfully treated through improvements in one’s capacity to develop and maintain adaptive, healthy interpersonal connections and engagement in meaningful and enjoyable activities. I have more than 36 years practicing clinical psychology. I retired from the Department of Veterans Affairs on May 31, 2022 and I'm now expanding my private practice. Flexible schedule. I'm available for both teletherapy and in-office session. Lots of free parking.
Mental health difficulties often arise in the context of an absence of close interpersonal relationships. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and severe, persistent mental illness can be successfully treated through improvements in one’s capacity to develop and maintain adaptive, healthy interpersonal connections and engagement in meaningful and enjoyable activities. I have more than 36 years practicing clinical psychology. I retired from the Department of Veterans Affairs on May 31, 2022 and I'm now expanding my private practice. Flexible schedule. I'm available for both teletherapy and in-office session. Lots of free parking.
(413) 961-5605 View (413) 961-5605
Photo of Emily Fine, Psychologist in Northampton, MA
Emily Fine
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01062
I am a licensed psychologist in private practice. I have an integrative approach, incorporating psychodynamic, narrative, and cognitive modalities. I believe that my primary duty as a therapist is to be present and curious. I take into account past experiences, social/cultural, genetic, and neurological/biological influences on my client's current functioning. I am a also long-time practitioner of meditation and mindfulness, which continuously informs my work.
I am a licensed psychologist in private practice. I have an integrative approach, incorporating psychodynamic, narrative, and cognitive modalities. I believe that my primary duty as a therapist is to be present and curious. I take into account past experiences, social/cultural, genetic, and neurological/biological influences on my client's current functioning. I am a also long-time practitioner of meditation and mindfulness, which continuously informs my work.
(413) 287-8066 View (413) 287-8066
Photo of Sarah Chrystler, Pre-Licensed Professional in Northampton, MA
Sarah Chrystler
Pre-Licensed Professional, MALS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northampton, MA 01060
I am a pre-licensed professional who will be working under the supervision of Shannon Sennott at the Center for Psychotherapy and Social Justice. I work with clients from all walks of life, and especially love working with those who are embarking on a new chapter in life, whether it be examining relationships, starting a family, exploring their identity and values, or starting to unpack their past.
I am a pre-licensed professional who will be working under the supervision of Shannon Sennott at the Center for Psychotherapy and Social Justice. I work with clients from all walks of life, and especially love working with those who are embarking on a new chapter in life, whether it be examining relationships, starting a family, exploring their identity and values, or starting to unpack their past.
(413) 848-7308 View (413) 848-7308
Photo of Anna Hogeland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Anna Hogeland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MFA
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
I believe the therapist's role is to be authentic and compassionate, as well as an active participant in helping you to overcome whatever concern brings you to therapy. In addition to listening to what you are struggling with in the moment, I try to help you find ways to manage the distress and more fully engage in your life. I use a combination of traditional talk therapy and skill-building, primarily drawing from CBT, DBT, and ACT.
I believe the therapist's role is to be authentic and compassionate, as well as an active participant in helping you to overcome whatever concern brings you to therapy. In addition to listening to what you are struggling with in the moment, I try to help you find ways to manage the distress and more fully engage in your life. I use a combination of traditional talk therapy and skill-building, primarily drawing from CBT, DBT, and ACT.
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Photo of Patricia Ann Canestro, Counselor in Northampton, MA
Patricia Ann Canestro
Counselor, MS , LMHC MA, MS, LMFT CA
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
We all need therapy at certain times in our lives. Good therapy will help you master the problems you are struggling with. You must feel your therapist understands your goals and can help you achieve them. I believe that people are strongly motivated to master their problems. Most people suffer from false self-blame and self-criticism. I have committed my practice to helping patients to overcoming their guilt, shame & anxiety.
We all need therapy at certain times in our lives. Good therapy will help you master the problems you are struggling with. You must feel your therapist understands your goals and can help you achieve them. I believe that people are strongly motivated to master their problems. Most people suffer from false self-blame and self-criticism. I have committed my practice to helping patients to overcoming their guilt, shame & anxiety.
(650) 242-2449 View (650) 242-2449
Photo of Cailin Qualliotine, Psychologist in Northampton, MA
Cailin Qualliotine
Psychologist, PsyD, LMHC, ATR
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01062  (Online Only)
I bring a strengths-based perspective to counseling that emphasizes an understanding of the whole person within their cultural and relational contexts, seeking to support people to make meaningful insights during sessions. I invite curiosity and self-compassion during the work in order to help individuals to strengthen their experience of well-being, as they grow through both challenges and discoveries. My approach is to support individuals as they deepen their sense of personal meaning and purpose, collaborating on problem-solving, life-transitions and development of an increased sense of connection .
I bring a strengths-based perspective to counseling that emphasizes an understanding of the whole person within their cultural and relational contexts, seeking to support people to make meaningful insights during sessions. I invite curiosity and self-compassion during the work in order to help individuals to strengthen their experience of well-being, as they grow through both challenges and discoveries. My approach is to support individuals as they deepen their sense of personal meaning and purpose, collaborating on problem-solving, life-transitions and development of an increased sense of connection .
(413) 216-9057 View (413) 216-9057
Photo of Alessandra Urbano, Psychologist in Northampton, MA
Alessandra Urbano
Psychologist, PhD, CGP
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
I’m a licensed psychologist who helps adults of all identities to feel more secure in themselves, satisfied in their relationships, and resilient through uncertainty, change and loss. I specialize in helping: a) those who feel anxious, sensitive, misunderstood, or emotionally overwhelmed to increase comfort with themselves, their feelings and needs, and others; b) individuals/couples/families to develop healthier attachments and change hurtful relational patterns; and c) aspiring and current parents throughout the complex family planning & adjustment process, including grief and loss.
I’m a licensed psychologist who helps adults of all identities to feel more secure in themselves, satisfied in their relationships, and resilient through uncertainty, change and loss. I specialize in helping: a) those who feel anxious, sensitive, misunderstood, or emotionally overwhelmed to increase comfort with themselves, their feelings and needs, and others; b) individuals/couples/families to develop healthier attachments and change hurtful relational patterns; and c) aspiring and current parents throughout the complex family planning & adjustment process, including grief and loss.
(617) 580-3370 View (617) 580-3370
Photo of Jake Hewes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Jake Hewes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
Not accepting new clients
I believe we all have the capacity to make positive change in our lives. With the right supports, we can find ways to alleviate our suffering and overcome feelings of stuckness. I view therapy as a way to uncover, deconstruct, and reinterpret experience through language, making room for new possibilities and growth.
I believe we all have the capacity to make positive change in our lives. With the right supports, we can find ways to alleviate our suffering and overcome feelings of stuckness. I view therapy as a way to uncover, deconstruct, and reinterpret experience through language, making room for new possibilities and growth.
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Photo of Davis Chandler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Davis Chandler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Northampton, MA 01060
I offer individual, relationship and family therapy. My areas of interest include: nonbinary and trans identities, alternative family structures, issues concerning sexuality or sexual practices, queer family planning, fertility issues, trauma, grief and loss. I was clinically trained at Smith and have recently worked at a nonprofit primarily with adults with extreme mind states and major life disruptions. Additionally, I am the co-director of Translate Gender Inc, we offer trainings and education around gender identity and expression as well as run psychotherapy groups for trans and nonbinary individuals, relationships and families.
I offer individual, relationship and family therapy. My areas of interest include: nonbinary and trans identities, alternative family structures, issues concerning sexuality or sexual practices, queer family planning, fertility issues, trauma, grief and loss. I was clinically trained at Smith and have recently worked at a nonprofit primarily with adults with extreme mind states and major life disruptions. Additionally, I am the co-director of Translate Gender Inc, we offer trainings and education around gender identity and expression as well as run psychotherapy groups for trans and nonbinary individuals, relationships and families.
(404) 620-3480 View (404) 620-3480
Photo of Marian L MacDonald, Psychologist in Northampton, MA
Marian L MacDonald
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
I have been doing, teaching, and supervising psychotherapy continuously since 1969, and I still love it. I tailor my style to the needs of each person, drawing on Psychodynamic, Humanistic/Existential, Cognitive Behavioral, and Eye Movement Accelerated Resolution Therapies. I work with adults, seeking individual or couples therapy. And I am experienced with the full range of issues, from simple phobias to major affective and thought disorders. I believe patient-therapist match is extremely important and for that reason offer free initial, in person consultations. My office is located in Northampton, Massachusetts, and offers privacy, convenient parking, and pleasant surroundings.
I have been doing, teaching, and supervising psychotherapy continuously since 1969, and I still love it. I tailor my style to the needs of each person, drawing on Psychodynamic, Humanistic/Existential, Cognitive Behavioral, and Eye Movement Accelerated Resolution Therapies. I work with adults, seeking individual or couples therapy. And I am experienced with the full range of issues, from simple phobias to major affective and thought disorders. I believe patient-therapist match is extremely important and for that reason offer free initial, in person consultations. My office is located in Northampton, Massachusetts, and offers privacy, convenient parking, and pleasant surroundings.
(413) 931-1163 View (413) 931-1163
Photo of Devon Ruesch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Devon Ruesch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
I work with and support young adults and adults of all genders and orientations navigating a range of life experiences along with their mental health. I currently have openings for individuals from age 13 and up. As a gay, biracial (Chinese and white) clinician, I particularly love supporting LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC folks. I work in person in Northampton, MA or via telehealth throughout the state of Massachusetts.
I work with and support young adults and adults of all genders and orientations navigating a range of life experiences along with their mental health. I currently have openings for individuals from age 13 and up. As a gay, biracial (Chinese and white) clinician, I particularly love supporting LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC folks. I work in person in Northampton, MA or via telehealth throughout the state of Massachusetts.
(413) 277-7188 View (413) 277-7188
Photo of Tiffany Shotwell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Tiffany Shotwell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi there! You can call me Tiff. I am an ally and your safe place. I have a deep personal passion for mental health care and removing the stigma from seeking help. I am inclined to help people recover from Trauma, Grief and Loss, Anxiety, Depression, Eating and Mood disorders, Marriage and Family Therapy, and counseling to help you navigate sexual orientation and gender identity. I believe in a strengths-based approach that respects client autonomy. This is about YOU reaching YOUR goals. Together, we can! I am currently accepting new clients for Online therapy services in the state of Massachusetts. I look forward to meeting you.
Hi there! You can call me Tiff. I am an ally and your safe place. I have a deep personal passion for mental health care and removing the stigma from seeking help. I am inclined to help people recover from Trauma, Grief and Loss, Anxiety, Depression, Eating and Mood disorders, Marriage and Family Therapy, and counseling to help you navigate sexual orientation and gender identity. I believe in a strengths-based approach that respects client autonomy. This is about YOU reaching YOUR goals. Together, we can! I am currently accepting new clients for Online therapy services in the state of Massachusetts. I look forward to meeting you.
(413) 216-9067 View (413) 216-9067
Photo of Phoenix Eliza Rosewood, Counselor in Northampton, MA
Phoenix Eliza Rosewood
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
Not accepting new clients
I work towards supporting individual & collective liberation using anti oppressive frameworks in therapy & supervision. I collaboratively work with folks who are compelled towards greater self-understanding, freedom, autonomy, interdependence and wellbeing, humans who recognize their own agency in their healing processes. I engage with people in different intersections of their identities that impact their lived experiences. By deepening our insights around patterns, values, and narratives we hold about ourselves and the systems & relationships we inhabit, we move toward greater understanding and compassion for ourselves and others.
I work towards supporting individual & collective liberation using anti oppressive frameworks in therapy & supervision. I collaboratively work with folks who are compelled towards greater self-understanding, freedom, autonomy, interdependence and wellbeing, humans who recognize their own agency in their healing processes. I engage with people in different intersections of their identities that impact their lived experiences. By deepening our insights around patterns, values, and narratives we hold about ourselves and the systems & relationships we inhabit, we move toward greater understanding and compassion for ourselves and others.
(413) 224-6579 View (413) 224-6579
Photo of Neuropsychological Evaluations of Northampton, Psychologist in Northampton, MA
Neuropsychological Evaluations of Northampton
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060  (Online Only)
Dr. Fearing is a licensed psychologist in Massachusetts who provides neuropsychological and psychological testing for children, adults, and geriatric patients. His specialties include: ADHD, learning disabilities, Asperger’s Syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), working with Veterans and PTSD, Lyme disease, and toxic exposure. He also has significant experience working with children requiring IEPs for any of the several Department of Education (DOE) disabilities, and provides clear recommendations in language that the school system uses and understands.
Dr. Fearing is a licensed psychologist in Massachusetts who provides neuropsychological and psychological testing for children, adults, and geriatric patients. His specialties include: ADHD, learning disabilities, Asperger’s Syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), working with Veterans and PTSD, Lyme disease, and toxic exposure. He also has significant experience working with children requiring IEPs for any of the several Department of Education (DOE) disabilities, and provides clear recommendations in language that the school system uses and understands.
(413) 327-9068 View (413) 327-9068

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Northampton, MA

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Northampton, MA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
73% Trauma and PTSD
73% Self Esteem
66% Grief
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% BlueCross and BlueShield
47% Optum
45% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Northampton, MA see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

72% Female
23% Male
5% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Northampton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.