Photo of Julie Markowitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Julie Markowitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
I believe in all people’s innate capacity to heal. To me, all symptoms that we experience whether it be chronic pain, anxiety, depression, panic attacks, etc can be explained by trauma. Trauma does not have to be big events. Trauma can be if we are not attuned to emotionally as children or if our parents have their own unprocessed trauma—this sort of trauma often leads to deep seeded beliefs that we are unloveable and bad. Our healing comes from teaching our parts that we are loveable and accepted just as we are.
I believe in all people’s innate capacity to heal. To me, all symptoms that we experience whether it be chronic pain, anxiety, depression, panic attacks, etc can be explained by trauma. Trauma does not have to be big events. Trauma can be if we are not attuned to emotionally as children or if our parents have their own unprocessed trauma—this sort of trauma often leads to deep seeded beliefs that we are unloveable and bad. Our healing comes from teaching our parts that we are loveable and accepted just as we are.
(323) 576-4632 View (323) 576-4632
Photo of Amy Socolow, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Amy Socolow
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
My goal is to help you resolve the issues that are keeping you in pain, stuck, or unfulfilled, so that you can thrive and flourish in the life you want.
In my 25 years of experience, I’ve developed a unique and highly effective method that produces clear and noticeable changes within 1-3 sessions. You will know right away if my approach is working for you, because you’ll start to feel better, calmer, happier. I use techniques from a variety of sources including (but not limited to) energy psychology, gestalt therapy, and mindfulness meditation.
My goal is to help you resolve the issues that are keeping you in pain, stuck, or unfulfilled, so that you can thrive and flourish in the life you want.
In my 25 years of experience, I’ve developed a unique and highly effective method that produces clear and noticeable changes within 1-3 sessions. You will know right away if my approach is working for you, because you’ll start to feel better, calmer, happier. I use techniques from a variety of sources including (but not limited to) energy psychology, gestalt therapy, and mindfulness meditation.
(646) 600-5178 View (646) 600-5178
Photo of Carol Perlman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Carol Perlman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
You can't stop the waves, but you can learn to surf." Life transitions can be difficult, but they can also be rewarding: An opportunity to grow and learn about yourself. Whatever challenges life may be presenting - a divorce, career change, retirement, the death or illness of a loved one, interpersonal relationships at work and at home - psychotherapy can be an invaluable aid in coping and thriving.
You can't stop the waves, but you can learn to surf." Life transitions can be difficult, but they can also be rewarding: An opportunity to grow and learn about yourself. Whatever challenges life may be presenting - a divorce, career change, retirement, the death or illness of a loved one, interpersonal relationships at work and at home - psychotherapy can be an invaluable aid in coping and thriving.
(646) 386-2308 View (646) 386-2308
Photo of Suhadee (Su) Henriquez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Suhadee (Su) Henriquez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
My diverse background has allowed me to help individuals around the world to reach their personal goals and guide them, step-by-step, to achieve higher levels of success. I am a psychotherapist specialized in helping those struggling with daily stressors, depression/anxiety, relationship difficulties, chronic pain, and problems associated (e.g. career, college) eating issues, substance abuse, as well as suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors. I have particular expertise in working with individuals from a multicultural perspective, including but not limited to, LGBT populations and providing psychotherapy in Spanish"
My diverse background has allowed me to help individuals around the world to reach their personal goals and guide them, step-by-step, to achieve higher levels of success. I am a psychotherapist specialized in helping those struggling with daily stressors, depression/anxiety, relationship difficulties, chronic pain, and problems associated (e.g. career, college) eating issues, substance abuse, as well as suicidal and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors. I have particular expertise in working with individuals from a multicultural perspective, including but not limited to, LGBT populations and providing psychotherapy in Spanish"
(332) 249-8411 View (332) 249-8411
Photo of Diane L Nadler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Diane L Nadler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, BCD, MSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
Whether they are healing a relationship, struggling with a life threatening illness, low self esteem, coping with a family member, struggling with childhood trauma, or simply getting to know themselves more fully, I introduce them to a world of options available to help them on their journey.
I am available for in person and remote therapy. The decision to enter Psychotherapy is a courageous one. When you have tried everything you can think of to feel better emotionally, but nothing quite works, it can be disheartening. Fortunately, that's where the help of a Psychotherapist can come in. With determination and commitment to the therapy process, it is never too late for anyone to change and live a happier more fulfilled life. For the past 33 years I have been in Private Practice working with clients (adults 18 and older) to do just that, change their lives. What makes me a unique psychotherapist is discussed below.
Whether they are healing a relationship, struggling with a life threatening illness, low self esteem, coping with a family member, struggling with childhood trauma, or simply getting to know themselves more fully, I introduce them to a world of options available to help them on their journey.
I am available for in person and remote therapy. The decision to enter Psychotherapy is a courageous one. When you have tried everything you can think of to feel better emotionally, but nothing quite works, it can be disheartening. Fortunately, that's where the help of a Psychotherapist can come in. With determination and commitment to the therapy process, it is never too late for anyone to change and live a happier more fulfilled life. For the past 33 years I have been in Private Practice working with clients (adults 18 and older) to do just that, change their lives. What makes me a unique psychotherapist is discussed below.
(646) 807-4176 View (646) 807-4176
Photo of Biofeedback Cnslng & Creative Arts Therapy PLLC, Licensed Mental Health Counselor in 10010, NY
Biofeedback Cnslng & Creative Arts Therapy PLLC
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MPS, BCIAC, ATR-BC, LMHC, LCAT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
Anxiety related to symptoms like: Stress, Migraine and Tension Headache, ADD/ADHD, Insomnia, High Blood Pressure, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Chronic Pain, as Dx by a physician, and tension related to Pregnancy, Labor, Delivery and stress-related Infertility & more can be addressed.
I believe that everyone has the right to feel healthy and energetic. Stress often interferes with this; it doesn't have to be that way. A warm, professional approach and a variety of bio-behavioral techniques can provide just the support necessary to help people be the very best they can be. I am personally in recovery from a 13 year Migraine headache and anxiety condition; biofeedback, creative arts and counseling helped me to put this debilitating set of symptoms into remission without the use of medications. I am living testimonial to the effectivenss of the complementary therapeutic approach to health.
Anxiety related to symptoms like: Stress, Migraine and Tension Headache, ADD/ADHD, Insomnia, High Blood Pressure, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Chronic Pain, as Dx by a physician, and tension related to Pregnancy, Labor, Delivery and stress-related Infertility & more can be addressed.
I believe that everyone has the right to feel healthy and energetic. Stress often interferes with this; it doesn't have to be that way. A warm, professional approach and a variety of bio-behavioral techniques can provide just the support necessary to help people be the very best they can be. I am personally in recovery from a 13 year Migraine headache and anxiety condition; biofeedback, creative arts and counseling helped me to put this debilitating set of symptoms into remission without the use of medications. I am living testimonial to the effectivenss of the complementary therapeutic approach to health.
(516) 825-6567 View (516) 825-6567
Photo of Meredith Prescott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Meredith Prescott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
The world is changing at an unprecedented pace, and we all need to find ways of navigating the changes in our lives. Though it can be difficult and uncomfortable, change is an opportunity to reevaluate your priorities and find a greater sense of balance and calm. And as a therapist, I specialize in supporting young adults and premarital and marital couples who experience challenges in their relationships, chronic illness, grief, or everyday life. I will help you develop tools to navigate life more effectively through trying and uncertain times while also defining your wants and needs - no matter how big those desires might be!
The world is changing at an unprecedented pace, and we all need to find ways of navigating the changes in our lives. Though it can be difficult and uncomfortable, change is an opportunity to reevaluate your priorities and find a greater sense of balance and calm. And as a therapist, I specialize in supporting young adults and premarital and marital couples who experience challenges in their relationships, chronic illness, grief, or everyday life. I will help you develop tools to navigate life more effectively through trying and uncertain times while also defining your wants and needs - no matter how big those desires might be!
(551) 999-6073 View (551) 999-6073
Photo of Deborah Barbiere, Psychologist in 10010, NY
Deborah Barbiere
Psychologist, PsyD, LAC, MSTOM
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
I am a Clinical Psychologist & Licensed Acupuncturist providing Psychotherapy, Bio/Neurofeedback, Acupuncture, Oriental Medicine & Herbal Interventions. I work extensively with individuals suffering from stress-related mental and physical conditions (for example, headache, gastro-intestinal disorders, hypertension, insomnia, depression, anxiety, memory/concentration problems). Treatment involves examination of psychological/emotional issues as they are intertwined with one's physical/somatic self, helping individuals to regulate unhealthy emotional and physical responses. Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine may be utilized as an alternative or supplemental means of promoting MindBody balance. These modalities are also highly effective for optimal performance training, smoking cessation, weight reduction, etc.
I am a Clinical Psychologist & Licensed Acupuncturist providing Psychotherapy, Bio/Neurofeedback, Acupuncture, Oriental Medicine & Herbal Interventions. I work extensively with individuals suffering from stress-related mental and physical conditions (for example, headache, gastro-intestinal disorders, hypertension, insomnia, depression, anxiety, memory/concentration problems). Treatment involves examination of psychological/emotional issues as they are intertwined with one's physical/somatic self, helping individuals to regulate unhealthy emotional and physical responses. Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine may be utilized as an alternative or supplemental means of promoting MindBody balance. These modalities are also highly effective for optimal performance training, smoking cessation, weight reduction, etc.
(646) 395-1097 View (646) 395-1097
Photo of Judy E Silberstein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Judy E Silberstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, CBA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
Do you find it difficult to trust yourself to make healthy decisions? Do you have conflict with friends, family or your employer? Do you want to stop holding yourself back from doing what you REALLY want to do? You may be experiencing "normal" life stress such as finishing school, living together, getting married, a career change, or contemplating parenthood. You may be having "unexpected" stress such as losing a job, deciding to break up, losing a loved one, or being in conflict with yourself or someone else. It's normal to feel anxious, sad or overwhelmed at these times.
Do you find it difficult to trust yourself to make healthy decisions? Do you have conflict with friends, family or your employer? Do you want to stop holding yourself back from doing what you REALLY want to do? You may be experiencing "normal" life stress such as finishing school, living together, getting married, a career change, or contemplating parenthood. You may be having "unexpected" stress such as losing a job, deciding to break up, losing a loved one, or being in conflict with yourself or someone else. It's normal to feel anxious, sad or overwhelmed at these times.
(917) 338-1474 View (917) 338-1474
Photo of Monika Jamrozek-Burra, Counselor in 10010, NY
Monika Jamrozek-Burra
Counselor, MA, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
If you are ready to embark on a rewarding journey to the true essence of you, and create the life you desire and deserve, I invite you to my practice. It is time to release all that does not serve you and replenish with all that optimizes your experience here and now. "Happiness is your Birthright.' My years of experience and training can guide you there. Please feel free to find me on http://www.therapyandbeyondcenter.com/appointments where you can book directly and write to me at mburra@therapyandbeyondcenter.com should you have any additional questions.
If you are ready to embark on a rewarding journey to the true essence of you, and create the life you desire and deserve, I invite you to my practice. It is time to release all that does not serve you and replenish with all that optimizes your experience here and now. "Happiness is your Birthright.' My years of experience and training can guide you there. Please feel free to find me on http://www.therapyandbeyondcenter.com/appointments where you can book directly and write to me at mburra@therapyandbeyondcenter.com should you have any additional questions.
(646) 798-9604 View (646) 798-9604
Rajani Tewari
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
Waitlist for new clients
With over 20 years proven experience, I have collaborated with a variety of clients -adults, children, families and the elderly - in improving their personal and professional relationships. By acknowledging our positionality and employing a relational, empathic approach in my practice, clients are able to successfully negotiate relationship issues, and overcome related struggles with depression and trauma. Empowerment is a major focus of our work.
With over 20 years proven experience, I have collaborated with a variety of clients -adults, children, families and the elderly - in improving their personal and professional relationships. By acknowledging our positionality and employing a relational, empathic approach in my practice, clients are able to successfully negotiate relationship issues, and overcome related struggles with depression and trauma. Empowerment is a major focus of our work.
(646) 600-5256 View (646) 600-5256
Photo of Courtney Epps, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Courtney Epps
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
I firmly believe that the longest distance one will ever travel is that between the heart and the mind, and I'm here to assist you on your journey, helping to traverse or close that gap. I am well-versed in and deeply believe in the connection between the mind and body, working with you to become the best version of yourself. As a practitioner of Transcendental Meditation along with a foundation in non-dualism, Buddhism, and Zen, I foster a unique therapeutic experience. I also use stress management in our work using diverse methods such as mindfulness-based meditation, self-hypnosis, guided imagery, and visualization.
I firmly believe that the longest distance one will ever travel is that between the heart and the mind, and I'm here to assist you on your journey, helping to traverse or close that gap. I am well-versed in and deeply believe in the connection between the mind and body, working with you to become the best version of yourself. As a practitioner of Transcendental Meditation along with a foundation in non-dualism, Buddhism, and Zen, I foster a unique therapeutic experience. I also use stress management in our work using diverse methods such as mindfulness-based meditation, self-hypnosis, guided imagery, and visualization.
(332) 239-6907 View (332) 239-6907
Photo of Nancy S Cohen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Nancy S Cohen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
My decision to become a therapist evolved as my values, my own understanding of the world & my place in it, broadened. It is this evolution that I work to facilitate for my patients as they seek to find their unique places in the world. I believe in relationship therapy, with both a psychodynamic & open systems theory base. I try to account for both environmental & hereditary variables in the treatment paradigm using direct intervention & a mix of traditional psychodynamic & psychoanalytic techniques, including CBT & DBT elements.
My decision to become a therapist evolved as my values, my own understanding of the world & my place in it, broadened. It is this evolution that I work to facilitate for my patients as they seek to find their unique places in the world. I believe in relationship therapy, with both a psychodynamic & open systems theory base. I try to account for both environmental & hereditary variables in the treatment paradigm using direct intervention & a mix of traditional psychodynamic & psychoanalytic techniques, including CBT & DBT elements.
(917) 725-3193 View (917) 725-3193
Photo of Kazue Wada Block, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Kazue Wada Block
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
I can help you when you are: Feeling depressed, sad, panicky or anxious. Having difficulty with work/school, breaking up a relationship or seeking how to repair a relationship. Just wanting to be heard and understood. Seeking to make positive transitions, self-growth and improve yourself. I offer: Psychotherapy that can be the best for "YOU". Psychological insights, help find ways to cope with stress and best solutions. Finding a perfect therapist is a courageous important first step to achieving your goal! My practice is located in NYC, Westchester and Long Island. I will respond your inquiry within 24 hours.
I can help you when you are: Feeling depressed, sad, panicky or anxious. Having difficulty with work/school, breaking up a relationship or seeking how to repair a relationship. Just wanting to be heard and understood. Seeking to make positive transitions, self-growth and improve yourself. I offer: Psychotherapy that can be the best for "YOU". Psychological insights, help find ways to cope with stress and best solutions. Finding a perfect therapist is a courageous important first step to achieving your goal! My practice is located in NYC, Westchester and Long Island. I will respond your inquiry within 24 hours.
(646) 553-6332 View (646) 553-6332
Photo of Celestine David in 10010, NY
Celestine David
MS, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
My ideal client is someone who is stressed, burned out, or just dealing with everyday life challenges. They may feel stuck or unsure of what their next move should be. My clients need someone to listen to them—to be heard in a “safe space” where they can freely express themselves. They understand that everyone struggles and that it’s okay to ask for help. Their goals are to learn better ways to cope and deal with their issues. They want to live their best life without fear and anxiety but with courage and resilience.
My ideal client is someone who is stressed, burned out, or just dealing with everyday life challenges. They may feel stuck or unsure of what their next move should be. My clients need someone to listen to them—to be heard in a “safe space” where they can freely express themselves. They understand that everyone struggles and that it’s okay to ask for help. Their goals are to learn better ways to cope and deal with their issues. They want to live their best life without fear and anxiety but with courage and resilience.
(646) 789-4901 View (646) 789-4901
Photo of Brynn Wallace, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Brynn Wallace
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, SEP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
Do you want to create meaningful change in your life? Do you want to feel more alive? Would you like to feel increased confidence in your ability to meet whatever life brings you with courage and curiosity?
Do you want to create meaningful change in your life? Do you want to feel more alive? Would you like to feel increased confidence in your ability to meet whatever life brings you with courage and curiosity?
(917) 725-5143 View (917) 725-5143
Photo of Frances Peltz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Frances Peltz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LACSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
As a clinical therapist, my purpose is to center clients in the awareness that they MATTER in the world. For over 25 years I have run a private practice in New York City, working with individuals, couples and groups. My office provides a safe environment for clients to speak openly; to identify and resolve personal challenges and conflicts in order to rediscover and reach their fullest potential - leading to a joyous, healthier life. My practice is grounded in the principles of interpersonal/relational therapy, somatic experience (SE), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Goal Oriented Therapy, Spirituality, and EMDR.
As a clinical therapist, my purpose is to center clients in the awareness that they MATTER in the world. For over 25 years I have run a private practice in New York City, working with individuals, couples and groups. My office provides a safe environment for clients to speak openly; to identify and resolve personal challenges and conflicts in order to rediscover and reach their fullest potential - leading to a joyous, healthier life. My practice is grounded in the principles of interpersonal/relational therapy, somatic experience (SE), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Goal Oriented Therapy, Spirituality, and EMDR.
(917) 843-9790 View (917) 843-9790
Photo of Denise Campono, Licensed Psychoanalyst in 10010, NY
Denise Campono
Licensed Psychoanalyst, LP, CGT, LPC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life? Do you often feel sad, confused, anxious and angry? Call me and together we can sort through what is getting in the way of you having a full, productive, and happy life. Often, people feel overwhelmed when they don't have a full awareness of how they continue to repeat patterns learned early in life. In our work together, we can enhance your moment-to-moment awareness, decreasing "overwhelm" and increasing your ability to make the changes that you want to make. The hardest step is making the commitment to start.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life? Do you often feel sad, confused, anxious and angry? Call me and together we can sort through what is getting in the way of you having a full, productive, and happy life. Often, people feel overwhelmed when they don't have a full awareness of how they continue to repeat patterns learned early in life. In our work together, we can enhance your moment-to-moment awareness, decreasing "overwhelm" and increasing your ability to make the changes that you want to make. The hardest step is making the commitment to start.
(646) 583-1480 View (646) 583-1480
Photo of Michele Stocknoff, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Michele Stocknoff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
What do you want and how do you get there? I help people address and overcome the obstacles preventing them from achieving what they want in life. Whether it's issues of substance use, depression, anxiety, relationship issues or other obstacles, we will work to find a balance that will make your life a more desirable and enjoyable place.
What do you want and how do you get there? I help people address and overcome the obstacles preventing them from achieving what they want in life. Whether it's issues of substance use, depression, anxiety, relationship issues or other obstacles, we will work to find a balance that will make your life a more desirable and enjoyable place.
(917) 725-5234 View (917) 725-5234
Photo of Karen L Arthur, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10010, NY
Karen L Arthur
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
TELEHEALTH AND OFFICE: Do you need a boost to manage your life? For those of us who suffer anxiety, depression, sadness, grief, sorrow or just want to improve overall wellness or enhance your life, I invite you to call me to discuss your current life circumstances. I have studied many healing therapies including EMDR, EFT, TFT,CBT, hypnosis, psychodynamic psychotherapy, coaching, past life regression,mindfulness, psychosynthesis, yoga, shiatsu & martial arts. I facilitate your process of living beyond loss due to death, feelings of abandonment, life transition and infertility. I use an integrated approach based on the your needs.
TELEHEALTH AND OFFICE: Do you need a boost to manage your life? For those of us who suffer anxiety, depression, sadness, grief, sorrow or just want to improve overall wellness or enhance your life, I invite you to call me to discuss your current life circumstances. I have studied many healing therapies including EMDR, EFT, TFT,CBT, hypnosis, psychodynamic psychotherapy, coaching, past life regression,mindfulness, psychosynthesis, yoga, shiatsu & martial arts. I facilitate your process of living beyond loss due to death, feelings of abandonment, life transition and infertility. I use an integrated approach based on the your needs.
(646) 386-2298 View (646) 386-2298
Chronic Pain Therapists

How does chronic pain therapy work?

Engaging with a psychotherapist to help treat chronic pain does not mean that one’s pain is all in their head. Therapy for chronic-pain patients has been shown to benefit both the mind and the body, targeting physical symptoms and increasing daily functioning. In other words, for many, addressing their emotional health through therapy affects their physical health. A therapist can help a client challenge unhelpful thoughts about pain and develop new ways to respond to it, such as distraction or calming breathing techniques. Studies have found that therapy can be as effective as surgery for certain cases of chronic pain and many doctors recommend trying psychotherapy in advance of considering invasive surgery.

What are the most effective treatment options for chronic pain?

Stress, anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, ruminating, lack of activity, and social withdrawal all make chronic pain worse. Addressing these issues, research shows, can help people gain control over their pain symptoms. Therapeutic approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, biofeedback, and mindfulness-based stress reduction, along with greater pain-management education, have been found to help people reduce fear and disability.

Are there new treatments for chronic pain?

Many cases of chronic pain, particularly those involving back pain, remain medically unexplained. But there is evidence that changes in the brain or nervous system are caused by previous physical ailments such as tissue damage; in such cases, the brain may continue to send out pain signals despite the physical cause having healed. To aid patients under these circumstances, a recently developed treatment known as pain reprocessing therapy (PRT) is designed to help the brain “unlearn” this response. A PRT practitioner helps individuals to reduce the “threat value” of their ongoing pain signals until they can reappraise them as less threatening and fear-inducing. They also help an individual to develop new emotional regulation skills.

How long does therapy for chronic pain take?

There is no set timeline for recovery from chronic pain, especially as there may be a range of physical and psychological causes for any individual’s discomfort, but most patients should expect to see a therapist for a number of weeks or months, typically spanning at least 12 sessions. Studies of pain reprocessing therapy found that many individuals’ experience of pain lessened in eight sessions over four weeks.