Photo of Mary Margaret Karp, Counselor in Seminole County, FL
Mary Margaret Karp
Counselor, LMHC, CAP, NCC, DABS, BCPC
Verified Verified
EVENING APPOINTMENTS AVAILABLE. I have helped hundreds of people deal with relationship/couples issues, depression, anxiety, anger, addictions, sexual issues, trauma, and the full range of emotional issues. If you have been struggling, don't you deserve some relief? Let's talk. It is an intelligent person who knows when he or she needs help -- a brave person who asks for it -- a wise person who accepts it. Together, we can sort it out and turn things around. I use an eclectic approach, tailoring therapy to the needs of the client in an accepting, positive, and non-judgmental atmosphere.
EVENING APPOINTMENTS AVAILABLE. I have helped hundreds of people deal with relationship/couples issues, depression, anxiety, anger, addictions, sexual issues, trauma, and the full range of emotional issues. If you have been struggling, don't you deserve some relief? Let's talk. It is an intelligent person who knows when he or she needs help -- a brave person who asks for it -- a wise person who accepts it. Together, we can sort it out and turn things around. I use an eclectic approach, tailoring therapy to the needs of the client in an accepting, positive, and non-judgmental atmosphere.
(407) 501-8672 View (407) 501-8672
Photo of Stephanie Gutierrez, Counselor in Seminole County, FL
Stephanie Gutierrez
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Longwood, FL 32779
Waitlist for new clients
I work with a variety of issues such as anxiety, depression, personality disorders and multicultural issues.
Life can be dysfunctional and although many of us learn how to function in this dysfunction there are times where it may become too much to walk in alone. Your life seems filled with constant thoughts of "I should have: said that differently, told them how I felt, spoke up for myself". You struggle with fears of judgment and expectations. Somedays it may seem like an impossible mission to get out of bed, shower, feed yourself or socialize with others. You struggle with persistent irrational thoughts that you are aware of but can't seem to make them stop.
I work with a variety of issues such as anxiety, depression, personality disorders and multicultural issues.
Life can be dysfunctional and although many of us learn how to function in this dysfunction there are times where it may become too much to walk in alone. Your life seems filled with constant thoughts of "I should have: said that differently, told them how I felt, spoke up for myself". You struggle with fears of judgment and expectations. Somedays it may seem like an impossible mission to get out of bed, shower, feed yourself or socialize with others. You struggle with persistent irrational thoughts that you are aware of but can't seem to make them stop.
(407) 305-3160 View (407) 305-3160
Photo of Spirit Journey Therapy, Counselor in Seminole County, FL
Spirit Journey Therapy
Counselor, MS, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
Longwood, FL 32750
Do you feel weighed down by feelings of anxiety or depression? Do you experience loneliness or lack a sense of direction? Are you looking for greater meaning and understanding in your life and life’s purpose? Are you seeking to create balance, and harmony in your life?
Do you feel weighed down by feelings of anxiety or depression? Do you experience loneliness or lack a sense of direction? Are you looking for greater meaning and understanding in your life and life’s purpose? Are you seeking to create balance, and harmony in your life?
(321) 396-1526 View (321) 396-1526
Photo of Sherry L. Turner, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern in Seminole County, FL
Sherry L. Turner
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Mary, FL 32795
Dedicated to advocate for the specialized experiences of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC), I ensure each unique journey is acknowledged. Being a trauma-focused therapist, I strive to help women, men, and couples explore beliefs and behaviors leading to depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and relationship issues.
Dedicated to advocate for the specialized experiences of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC), I ensure each unique journey is acknowledged. Being a trauma-focused therapist, I strive to help women, men, and couples explore beliefs and behaviors leading to depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and relationship issues.
(407) 214-4934 View (407) 214-4934
Photo of Abbe Barclay, Marriage & Family Therapist in Seminole County, FL
Abbe Barclay
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSW, LMFT, CSAT, CPTT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Welcome. I specialize in working with sexual addiction, betrayal trauma, and rebuilding your couple-ship following a betrayal. Although I hold a specialty in treating sexual addiction, I treat general marital, and individual issues regularly. Are you keeping sexual secrets from someone you love, or has someone you love betrayed you?. I work with infidelity, communication problems, conflict resolution, divorce, codependency, depression, anxiety,& very importantly, healing trauma. In working through any life challenge,it can be hard. I offer a safe,nuturing place to guide you on your healing journey.. CPTT and CSAT credentials.
Welcome. I specialize in working with sexual addiction, betrayal trauma, and rebuilding your couple-ship following a betrayal. Although I hold a specialty in treating sexual addiction, I treat general marital, and individual issues regularly. Are you keeping sexual secrets from someone you love, or has someone you love betrayed you?. I work with infidelity, communication problems, conflict resolution, divorce, codependency, depression, anxiety,& very importantly, healing trauma. In working through any life challenge,it can be hard. I offer a safe,nuturing place to guide you on your healing journey.. CPTT and CSAT credentials.
(407) 901-3432 View (407) 901-3432
Photo of Brooklyn Hancock, Counselor in Seminole County, FL
Brooklyn Hancock
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Casselberry, FL 32707
The world we live in is overwhelmingly unpredictable, which can lead us to not only numb our own emotions, but also hinders our capacity to communicate in healthier ways, build meaningful relationships, connect, be intentionally productive, or engage in much needed acts of self-care. Feeling the weight of one or more past traumatic or stressful experiences can easily cripple our ability to shift away from destructive behavior patterns. You may be feeling stuck– uncertain of who you are, what you want, and what you deserve, or maybe you’re caught in the spiral of believing that you don’t deserve more than what you have now.
The world we live in is overwhelmingly unpredictable, which can lead us to not only numb our own emotions, but also hinders our capacity to communicate in healthier ways, build meaningful relationships, connect, be intentionally productive, or engage in much needed acts of self-care. Feeling the weight of one or more past traumatic or stressful experiences can easily cripple our ability to shift away from destructive behavior patterns. You may be feeling stuck– uncertain of who you are, what you want, and what you deserve, or maybe you’re caught in the spiral of believing that you don’t deserve more than what you have now.
(407) 906-6167 View (407) 906-6167
Photo of Mark S. Freeman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Seminole County, FL
Mark S. Freeman
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMHC, LMFT
Verified Verified
I am a licensed mental health counselor, a licensed marriage and family therapist, and a Nationally Certified Counselor with a doctorate in Counselor Education and Supervision. My counseling philosophy includes many theoretical positions and is client focused and client driven. I am available for corporate consulting, retreats and workshops on a wide variety of topics, such as personal and professional success, personal responsibility, dream interpretation and developing personal/professional mission statement.
I am a licensed mental health counselor, a licensed marriage and family therapist, and a Nationally Certified Counselor with a doctorate in Counselor Education and Supervision. My counseling philosophy includes many theoretical positions and is client focused and client driven. I am available for corporate consulting, retreats and workshops on a wide variety of topics, such as personal and professional success, personal responsibility, dream interpretation and developing personal/professional mission statement.
(407) 490-0338 View (407) 490-0338
Photo of Bella Barajas, Mental Health Counselor in Seminole County, FL
Bella Barajas
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Casselberry, FL 32707
I specialize in working with people who are struggling with healing from traumatic/abusive experiences, those who have a poor/disconnected relationship with themselves, and people who are having a hard time managing or decreasing anxiety. I am especially passionate about guiding people through family-of-origin trauma, perfectionism, and self-criticism. I teach my clients how to look inward for approval and validation, versus externally from others. My goal is to guide my clients to their own inner power, learn to heal themselves, and find liberation from a life lead by fear. I take a bottom-up approach, with a focus on embodiment.
I specialize in working with people who are struggling with healing from traumatic/abusive experiences, those who have a poor/disconnected relationship with themselves, and people who are having a hard time managing or decreasing anxiety. I am especially passionate about guiding people through family-of-origin trauma, perfectionism, and self-criticism. I teach my clients how to look inward for approval and validation, versus externally from others. My goal is to guide my clients to their own inner power, learn to heal themselves, and find liberation from a life lead by fear. I take a bottom-up approach, with a focus on embodiment.
(407) 214-0786 View (407) 214-0786
Photo of Jennifer Bray, Counselor in Seminole County, FL
Jennifer Bray
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Longwood, FL 32779
As a woman, you've spent most of your life focusing on others, but lately you feel like life could be better. You often feel overwhelmed and anxious, your relationships aren’t as fulfilling as you’d like, and your emotions seem out of control. Your body and mind are telling you it's time to give yourself some attention! Let's get together and figure out how you can heal from your past and develop new habits, so you can feel better and start creating a life that is peaceful and connected.
As a woman, you've spent most of your life focusing on others, but lately you feel like life could be better. You often feel overwhelmed and anxious, your relationships aren’t as fulfilling as you’d like, and your emotions seem out of control. Your body and mind are telling you it's time to give yourself some attention! Let's get together and figure out how you can heal from your past and develop new habits, so you can feel better and start creating a life that is peaceful and connected.
(407) 537-4277 View (407) 537-4277
Photo of Diane Pilatovsky, Counselor in Seminole County, FL
Diane Pilatovsky
Counselor, MA, PCC, LMHC, NCCH
Verified Verified
Oviedo, FL 32765
I am an Integrative Psychotherapist. I believe in working with you as a complete individual, "Mind, Body, Spirit." Together, we design a Treatment Plan that is effective for YOU. My integrative approach offers a professional, respectful, peaceful, compassionate,and safe environment to discover and become the “true healthy you” ! We communicate with all the different professionals that make up your treatment team! I truly believe that working as a complete team, there is a better chance of obtaining the results you dererve!So...Take a deep breath and contact me so we can begin YOUR journey towards health, joy, and peace!
I am an Integrative Psychotherapist. I believe in working with you as a complete individual, "Mind, Body, Spirit." Together, we design a Treatment Plan that is effective for YOU. My integrative approach offers a professional, respectful, peaceful, compassionate,and safe environment to discover and become the “true healthy you” ! We communicate with all the different professionals that make up your treatment team! I truly believe that working as a complete team, there is a better chance of obtaining the results you dererve!So...Take a deep breath and contact me so we can begin YOUR journey towards health, joy, and peace!
(407) 792-2853 View (407) 792-2853
Photo of Kate McReynolds, Counselor in Seminole County, FL
Kate McReynolds
Counselor, LMHC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Altamonte Springs, FL 32714  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
If pregnancy or birth did not go how you envisioned, if the transition into motherhood feels more overwhelming than you thought it would, if you're caught off guard by aspects of parenting that bring old wounds to the surface...you are not the only one, and you deserve support in working through it. My name is Kate and I'm so glad you found me. I'm a mom of two and a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, certified in Perinatal & Maternal Mental Health. I specialize in therapy for prenatal and postpartum support, birth trauma, pregnancy loss, PMADs (Perinatal Mood & Anxiety Disorders), and general maternal wellness.
If pregnancy or birth did not go how you envisioned, if the transition into motherhood feels more overwhelming than you thought it would, if you're caught off guard by aspects of parenting that bring old wounds to the surface...you are not the only one, and you deserve support in working through it. My name is Kate and I'm so glad you found me. I'm a mom of two and a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, certified in Perinatal & Maternal Mental Health. I specialize in therapy for prenatal and postpartum support, birth trauma, pregnancy loss, PMADs (Perinatal Mood & Anxiety Disorders), and general maternal wellness.
(407) 250-8154 View (407) 250-8154
Photo of Christine Garnett, Counselor in Seminole County, FL
Christine Garnett
Counselor, LMHC, QS, NCC, CCATP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oviedo, FL 32765  (Online Only)
A lot of things may be running through your mind right now, "How do I find the right therapist?" "Can she actually help me?" "How can she help me if I'm not sure what's going on?" along with past experiences in therapy or this may be your first time trying to find the right fit. I help by supporting you in identifying the "why" of how you think, feel, and act and we work collaboratively to move you forward in your goals. We'll discuss immediate coping skills to help you through the day-to-day and we'll do additional work to resolve larger themes that may be contributing to you feeling unhappy, anxious, or stuck.
A lot of things may be running through your mind right now, "How do I find the right therapist?" "Can she actually help me?" "How can she help me if I'm not sure what's going on?" along with past experiences in therapy or this may be your first time trying to find the right fit. I help by supporting you in identifying the "why" of how you think, feel, and act and we work collaboratively to move you forward in your goals. We'll discuss immediate coping skills to help you through the day-to-day and we'll do additional work to resolve larger themes that may be contributing to you feeling unhappy, anxious, or stuck.
(321) 424-6659 View (321) 424-6659
Photo of Jessica Lee Szymczyk, Counselor in Seminole County, FL
Jessica Lee Szymczyk
Counselor, MA, LMHC, QCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sanford, FL 32771
I have been a therapist for over 20 years and I work with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. I remain passionate and enthusiastic about helping others overcome life's challenges. Hablo español y Sé que es importante que uno pueda hablar en su idioma nativo, especialmente cuando se trata de problemas difíciles.
I have been a therapist for over 20 years and I work with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. I remain passionate and enthusiastic about helping others overcome life's challenges. Hablo español y Sé que es importante que uno pueda hablar en su idioma nativo, especialmente cuando se trata de problemas difíciles.
(386) 854-4299 View (386) 854-4299

Online Therapists

Photo of Pamela Hand, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seminole County, FL
Pamela Hand
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CAP, ICADC, CTT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Eustis, FL 32726
A person centered therapist who is passionate about identifying individual's traumas, together we will use the many interventions that have helped thousands of individuals like you to heal from trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, family concerns, grief and loss, substance use and other addictions.
Are you finding yourself feeling increasingly anxious? Can't put your finger on what is going on? Finding yourself losing motivation to make it through your days. Only doing the bare minimum to get through? Wondering if things will change, get better? Beginning to be concerned for yourself but brush it off hoping it will just go away? Possibly it is associated with a relationship challenge, loss of a job, or difficulty with a family concern? All of these challenges can block you from feeling your best or able to function. Let's uncover the root of the problem through interventions and develop a plan to get you feeling your best.
A person centered therapist who is passionate about identifying individual's traumas, together we will use the many interventions that have helped thousands of individuals like you to heal from trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, family concerns, grief and loss, substance use and other addictions.
Are you finding yourself feeling increasingly anxious? Can't put your finger on what is going on? Finding yourself losing motivation to make it through your days. Only doing the bare minimum to get through? Wondering if things will change, get better? Beginning to be concerned for yourself but brush it off hoping it will just go away? Possibly it is associated with a relationship challenge, loss of a job, or difficulty with a family concern? All of these challenges can block you from feeling your best or able to function. Let's uncover the root of the problem through interventions and develop a plan to get you feeling your best.
(352) 508-4337 View (352) 508-4337
Photo of Jennifer J. Ahearn, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern in Seminole County, FL
Jennifer J. Ahearn
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Melbourne, FL 32935
Are you having relationship difficulties? Would you like to increase your communication skills and feel closer to your partner and your children? Do you want to feel more balanced, less anxious and depressed? Do you feel you have experienced a trauma and are stuck in your development or relationship with yourself or those you care about? A person is affected by influences and experiences, through family life, social, and work environments throughout the lifetime. Growth and learning are life-long endeavors. Would you like to feel more fulfilled in your relationships? Call me today.
Are you having relationship difficulties? Would you like to increase your communication skills and feel closer to your partner and your children? Do you want to feel more balanced, less anxious and depressed? Do you feel you have experienced a trauma and are stuck in your development or relationship with yourself or those you care about? A person is affected by influences and experiences, through family life, social, and work environments throughout the lifetime. Growth and learning are life-long endeavors. Would you like to feel more fulfilled in your relationships? Call me today.
(321) 265-3936 View (321) 265-3936
Photo of Loredana Repetto, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seminole County, FL
Loredana Repetto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Clearwater, FL 33761
Maintaining an integrative approach, I incorporate Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT, EMDR and Self Regulation techniques modalities in my therapeutic practice. My specialties are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Sexual Trauma, Depression and Anxiety. I believe that while it is crucial to have the knowledge and skills to implement the most effective evidence base protocols, the primary focus of my work is to create a safe therapeutic relationship with my clients, with whom I adopt a collaborative approach in order to tailor a treatment plan based on their needs and their cultural background.
Maintaining an integrative approach, I incorporate Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT, EMDR and Self Regulation techniques modalities in my therapeutic practice. My specialties are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Sexual Trauma, Depression and Anxiety. I believe that while it is crucial to have the knowledge and skills to implement the most effective evidence base protocols, the primary focus of my work is to create a safe therapeutic relationship with my clients, with whom I adopt a collaborative approach in order to tailor a treatment plan based on their needs and their cultural background.
(727) 619-1542 View (727) 619-1542
Photo of Dr. Tim Huang, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seminole County, FL
Dr. Tim Huang
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW-S, CART
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Saint Petersburg, FL 33702  (Online Only)
Are you feeling anxious, depressed, stressed or even burning out? Are you having a hard time finding your own pace? Are you trying to recover from the trauma that has been haunting you from the past? Are you feeling defeated and lost? Challenges in life are painful and frustrating. However, these moments may be the starting points for a journey of self-discovery. This journey is rewarding but It can also be scary at the same time. You don't have to do this alone.
Are you feeling anxious, depressed, stressed or even burning out? Are you having a hard time finding your own pace? Are you trying to recover from the trauma that has been haunting you from the past? Are you feeling defeated and lost? Challenges in life are painful and frustrating. However, these moments may be the starting points for a journey of self-discovery. This journey is rewarding but It can also be scary at the same time. You don't have to do this alone.
(281) 612-6097 View (281) 612-6097
Photo of Nancy J Porter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seminole County, FL
Nancy J Porter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Orlando, FL 32835
Our natural state is one of balance and harmony. Many life conditions can throw us off kilter from time to time or even for years. Sometimes, life can be darkened by depression, agitated by anxiety, or even rageful with anger. Our nervous system could be highly dysregulated from immense or even small traumas in life. When we experience these states or life conditions, they can become obstacles to our natural state and rob us of peace of mind and from fully enjoying life. Our relationships can suffer and how we live and move in the world can become more difficult, even painful at times.
Our natural state is one of balance and harmony. Many life conditions can throw us off kilter from time to time or even for years. Sometimes, life can be darkened by depression, agitated by anxiety, or even rageful with anger. Our nervous system could be highly dysregulated from immense or even small traumas in life. When we experience these states or life conditions, they can become obstacles to our natural state and rob us of peace of mind and from fully enjoying life. Our relationships can suffer and how we live and move in the world can become more difficult, even painful at times.
(407) 890-0971 View (407) 890-0971
Photo of Susan Brenner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Seminole County, FL
Susan Brenner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tampa, FL 33602  (Online Only)
I received advanced training in mental health and adventure therapy. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral and EMDR therapies . I concentrate in the treatment of depression,anxiety, PTSD, personal growth, relationship issues, adjustment to life transition, grief, loss,and bipolar.I am an EMDR provider treating adult patients for relief from: trauma, abuse, anger, guilt, grief, anxiety, depression, PTSD and other emotional issues. I believe that the mind, body and spirit are important in promoting lasting wellness.
I received advanced training in mental health and adventure therapy. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral and EMDR therapies . I concentrate in the treatment of depression,anxiety, PTSD, personal growth, relationship issues, adjustment to life transition, grief, loss,and bipolar.I am an EMDR provider treating adult patients for relief from: trauma, abuse, anger, guilt, grief, anxiety, depression, PTSD and other emotional issues. I believe that the mind, body and spirit are important in promoting lasting wellness.
(239) 288-0006 View (239) 288-0006
Photo of Pamela Dobbie, Counselor in Seminole County, FL
Pamela Dobbie
Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Saint Petersburg, FL 33702  (Online Only)
Are you are struggling with anxiety, trauma, depression, a life transition, or a chronic health condition? Do you feel stuck or like something is getting in the way of having the life that you want? Do you wish you had more confidence, comfort in relationships, clarity about next steps? Would you like to be better able to handle stress and have more energy and resilience? With care and collaboration, I provide support, guidance and therapies tailored to your needs and goals. We work together and set our map to get you where you want to go. I will help you to grow, thrive, move through and past this challenge.
Are you are struggling with anxiety, trauma, depression, a life transition, or a chronic health condition? Do you feel stuck or like something is getting in the way of having the life that you want? Do you wish you had more confidence, comfort in relationships, clarity about next steps? Would you like to be better able to handle stress and have more energy and resilience? With care and collaboration, I provide support, guidance and therapies tailored to your needs and goals. We work together and set our map to get you where you want to go. I will help you to grow, thrive, move through and past this challenge.
(281) 426-0119 View (281) 426-0119

See more therapy options for Seminole County

Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.