Therapists in Kennebunk, ME

Photo of Brooke Gowdy-Johnson, Counselor, MS, LCPC-C, RD, LD
Brooke Gowdy-Johnson
Counselor, MS, LCPC-C, RD, LD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am currently accepting new clients. I have seen that nearly everyone struggles at some point in life and with the right support, people can be empowered to change. I believe that an empathic and trusting relationship, one where people feel supported and safe to be themselves is essential for therapy to be successful. I strive to provide that safe space and help individuals access their internal strengths and sources of resilience. My goal is to help individuals integrate new or different approaches into their life so they can live their "best life", whatever that looks like to them.
I am currently accepting new clients. I have seen that nearly everyone struggles at some point in life and with the right support, people can be empowered to change. I believe that an empathic and trusting relationship, one where people feel supported and safe to be themselves is essential for therapy to be successful. I strive to provide that safe space and help individuals access their internal strengths and sources of resilience. My goal is to help individuals integrate new or different approaches into their life so they can live their "best life", whatever that looks like to them.
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Photo of Whitney Binette, Counselor, LCPC, NCC
Whitney Binette
Counselor, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
**Please note: I am Telehealth ONLY.** Starting this journey of self exploration can be both exciting and scary. I want to be the one to help you become comfortable with the idea of changing your life. There are a few crucial pieces that help make therapy effective: client-therapist relationship, increasing self-awareness both in mind and body, and finding coping skills that work specifically for each person. I treat each and every client uniquely, as every person has a story that needs to be told and held sacredly. If you are looking to explore your inner self and wanting more peace in your life, I'm here to help!
**Please note: I am Telehealth ONLY.** Starting this journey of self exploration can be both exciting and scary. I want to be the one to help you become comfortable with the idea of changing your life. There are a few crucial pieces that help make therapy effective: client-therapist relationship, increasing self-awareness both in mind and body, and finding coping skills that work specifically for each person. I treat each and every client uniquely, as every person has a story that needs to be told and held sacredly. If you are looking to explore your inner self and wanting more peace in your life, I'm here to help!
(207) 358-3377 View (207) 358-3377
Photo of Dr. Scott P Kavanagh, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, DMin, LMHC, LPC, LCPC, ACPE
Dr. Scott P Kavanagh
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, DMin, LMHC, LPC, LCPC, ACPE
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Kennebunk, ME 04043
Established Practice in Maine 2017. Life events can cause us to experience a variety of feelings such as anxiety, uncertainty, sadness, frustration, anger and even hopelessness. Stress impacts our relationships, work, financial well being, and families. There are chapters in everyone's life that are overwhelming and during these times it is wise and healthy to process with someone who is objective and understanding. Counseling can assist us in becoming unstuck. Sometimes short term intervention is all that is needed. Call to schedule an appointment.
Established Practice in Maine 2017. Life events can cause us to experience a variety of feelings such as anxiety, uncertainty, sadness, frustration, anger and even hopelessness. Stress impacts our relationships, work, financial well being, and families. There are chapters in everyone's life that are overwhelming and during these times it is wise and healthy to process with someone who is objective and understanding. Counseling can assist us in becoming unstuck. Sometimes short term intervention is all that is needed. Call to schedule an appointment.
(315) 939-1148 View (315) 939-1148
Photo of Michelle Moehlmann, Counselor, LCPC-C
Michelle Moehlmann
Counselor, LCPC-C
Verified Verified
Kennebunk, ME 04043
Seeking counseling is courageous, and I’m here to offer a safe, non-judgmental space for you to explore your thoughts and concerns. With specialized training and experience working with military members, veterans, and their families, I understand the unique challenges they face. I also have deep compassion for the distinct issues women encounter in society and am committed to supporting the LGBTQ+ community, understanding the nuances of the challenges they face.
Seeking counseling is courageous, and I’m here to offer a safe, non-judgmental space for you to explore your thoughts and concerns. With specialized training and experience working with military members, veterans, and their families, I understand the unique challenges they face. I also have deep compassion for the distinct issues women encounter in society and am committed to supporting the LGBTQ+ community, understanding the nuances of the challenges they face.
(978) 384-6458 View (978) 384-6458
Photo of Robin Absher Barstow Mindwelth, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA, PhD
Robin Absher Barstow Mindwelth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA, PhD
Verified Verified
Kennebunk, ME 04043
Waitlist for new clients
Intelligent. Holistic. CBT and The Work are the foundation of my practice. Intelligent because they are evidence based and universal. Holistic because they incorporate the western medical model and the eastern spiritual model of health. You will begin to understand your own mind, your own unconscious habits, and a way out of confusion. You will see what is causing your suffering and how to heal. I offer walking-and-talking sessions outside in Hope Woods, sessions in the office, or Telehealth.
Intelligent. Holistic. CBT and The Work are the foundation of my practice. Intelligent because they are evidence based and universal. Holistic because they incorporate the western medical model and the eastern spiritual model of health. You will begin to understand your own mind, your own unconscious habits, and a way out of confusion. You will see what is causing your suffering and how to heal. I offer walking-and-talking sessions outside in Hope Woods, sessions in the office, or Telehealth.
(207) 613-8601 View (207) 613-8601
Photo of Mimi Wolfenstein, Psychologist, PhD
Mimi Wolfenstein
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Kennebunk, ME 04043
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in psychological and psychoeducational testing. I conduct psychological assessments for learning disorders, ADHD, autism, personality functioning, depression, anxiety, and diagnostic clarification. A comprehensive assessment includes an evaluation of cognitive/intellectual functioning, academic achievement, executive functioning, attention/concentration, learning and memory, social/emotional development, and personality. I bring warmth, humor, and compassion to the testing process.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in psychological and psychoeducational testing. I conduct psychological assessments for learning disorders, ADHD, autism, personality functioning, depression, anxiety, and diagnostic clarification. A comprehensive assessment includes an evaluation of cognitive/intellectual functioning, academic achievement, executive functioning, attention/concentration, learning and memory, social/emotional development, and personality. I bring warmth, humor, and compassion to the testing process.
(207) 558-1645 View (207) 558-1645
Photo of Fran Kessler - Fran Kessler, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Fran Kessler, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Kennebunk, ME 04043
I don't solve problems. What I do is work with clients and teach you how to problem solve!! And then we practice that skill together. No matter the age of my client nor the reason that brings them to my office, I want to be clear that this is a team approach. That having a neutral party to speak with; someone who will not judge but someone with whom you can share your concerns and issues can make all of the difference in the world in bringing about the changes that you desire.
I don't solve problems. What I do is work with clients and teach you how to problem solve!! And then we practice that skill together. No matter the age of my client nor the reason that brings them to my office, I want to be clear that this is a team approach. That having a neutral party to speak with; someone who will not judge but someone with whom you can share your concerns and issues can make all of the difference in the world in bringing about the changes that you desire.
(207) 482-0412 View (207) 482-0412
Photo of Sharon L Audet, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sharon L Audet
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kennebunk, ME 04043
Life is challenging and it just never stays the same! Sometimes we find ourselves in a rough patch where old patterns of behavior just don't work anymore but we don't know what else to do. I believe it's my job to help you find your way through to new answers and behaviors that serve you better. To me, the work of therapy is to find the courage within to change the things that you can, the acceptance to live with what you cannot and most importantly, to figure out which is which! I believe it is my role to help you find your way through this with compassion, humor and insight.
Life is challenging and it just never stays the same! Sometimes we find ourselves in a rough patch where old patterns of behavior just don't work anymore but we don't know what else to do. I believe it's my job to help you find your way through to new answers and behaviors that serve you better. To me, the work of therapy is to find the courage within to change the things that you can, the acceptance to live with what you cannot and most importantly, to figure out which is which! I believe it is my role to help you find your way through this with compassion, humor and insight.
(207) 482-0521 View (207) 482-0521
Photo of Debra Springfield, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Debra Springfield
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Kennebunk, ME 04043
Addressing difficult issues and facing challenges and changes in one's life can be a very difficult process. I believe in taking a positive approach to this work and focusing on the strengths inherent in individuals, their families and other connections that serve in making this path easier.
Addressing difficult issues and facing challenges and changes in one's life can be a very difficult process. I believe in taking a positive approach to this work and focusing on the strengths inherent in individuals, their families and other connections that serve in making this path easier.
(207) 241-4050 View (207) 241-4050
Photo of Rachel Wells - Headwaters Wellness, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, MMT, MT-BC
Headwaters Wellness, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, MMT, MT-BC
Verified Verified
Kennebunk, ME 04043
At Headwaters Wellness, our goal is to provide a safe, non-judgmental, laid-back environment where you can share your story and find ways to heal and move forward. We work together with adolescents, young adults, women, and their families, creatively and holistically. What is your story? Are you looking to get back to your true self or reach your potential? Do you need help rewriting your story or simply help to be more gentle with yourself? The best investment is in yourself.
At Headwaters Wellness, our goal is to provide a safe, non-judgmental, laid-back environment where you can share your story and find ways to heal and move forward. We work together with adolescents, young adults, women, and their families, creatively and holistically. What is your story? Are you looking to get back to your true self or reach your potential? Do you need help rewriting your story or simply help to be more gentle with yourself? The best investment is in yourself.
(207) 994-8714 View (207) 994-8714
Photo of Kathleen Hebden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Kathleen Hebden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Kennebunk, ME 04043
Are you struggling with sadness, anxiety or depression? Is communication a problem in your relationship? Have the wounds and hurt experienced as a child held you back? I have been practicing psychotherapy for over 20 years to adolescents and adults. I have worked in substance abuse treatment centers with dual-diagnosis clients, public school systems providing counseling to adolescents as well as their parents. I received my Masters Degree in Clinical Social Work at Barry University in Miami, Florida. Professional Certification in life and career coaching from University of New Hampshire,
Are you struggling with sadness, anxiety or depression? Is communication a problem in your relationship? Have the wounds and hurt experienced as a child held you back? I have been practicing psychotherapy for over 20 years to adolescents and adults. I have worked in substance abuse treatment centers with dual-diagnosis clients, public school systems providing counseling to adolescents as well as their parents. I received my Masters Degree in Clinical Social Work at Barry University in Miami, Florida. Professional Certification in life and career coaching from University of New Hampshire,
(207) 420-2145 View (207) 420-2145
Photo of Lauren Toma, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LCPC, AT-R
Lauren Toma
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LCPC, AT-R
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Did you ever watch Boy Meets World growing up? If yes, skip the next two sentences. If no, then let me set the scene. A 90’s sitcom about the wholesome, suburban Philadelphia Matthews family, who have two teenage sons. The older brother, Eric, bonks his younger brother, Cory, in the forehead and says “Life’s tough, get a helmet.” While I don’t condone violence, I do agree that life can be tough sometimes. While wearing a helmet is beneficial in a lot of scenarios (i.e. riding a bike), it is not so beneficial in the emotional, social, psychological, or theoretical realms.
Did you ever watch Boy Meets World growing up? If yes, skip the next two sentences. If no, then let me set the scene. A 90’s sitcom about the wholesome, suburban Philadelphia Matthews family, who have two teenage sons. The older brother, Eric, bonks his younger brother, Cory, in the forehead and says “Life’s tough, get a helmet.” While I don’t condone violence, I do agree that life can be tough sometimes. While wearing a helmet is beneficial in a lot of scenarios (i.e. riding a bike), it is not so beneficial in the emotional, social, psychological, or theoretical realms.
(207) 204-3718 View (207) 204-3718
Photo of Jackie Matthews, Pre-Licensed Professional, LCPC -C, MA
Jackie Matthews
Pre-Licensed Professional, LCPC -C, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kennebunk, ME 04043
I have a couple openings on Mondays and Wednesdays! Please reach out! I love helping children and their caregivers reduce sources of struggle and increase connection, affection and joy in their relationships. It's hard to be a parent! I know! I have three children myself and have ridden out many a hard moment. I provide neuroscience informed, non-judgmental support, resources and encouragement to help families thrive. Beyond helping children, I am honored to help moms get "me time" back on the family calendar for overall wellness.
I have a couple openings on Mondays and Wednesdays! Please reach out! I love helping children and their caregivers reduce sources of struggle and increase connection, affection and joy in their relationships. It's hard to be a parent! I know! I have three children myself and have ridden out many a hard moment. I provide neuroscience informed, non-judgmental support, resources and encouragement to help families thrive. Beyond helping children, I am honored to help moms get "me time" back on the family calendar for overall wellness.
(207) 421-9336 View (207) 421-9336
Photo of Ashby Gaines, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW, LMSW
Ashby Gaines
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I believe that the most important indicator of success in therapy is ensuring that clients feel heard, respected, and that they have the space to discuss whatever they wish. I work to build a foundation of trust and believe that a collaborative approach in therapy is key. My approach is collaborative, providing guidance and gentle challenges to the client when therapeutically necessary. I am comfortable using a variety of treatment modalities (CBT, DBT, etc.) as well as mediums (talk therapy, art therapy, movement therapy, pet therapy, etc.) that best suit each client.
I believe that the most important indicator of success in therapy is ensuring that clients feel heard, respected, and that they have the space to discuss whatever they wish. I work to build a foundation of trust and believe that a collaborative approach in therapy is key. My approach is collaborative, providing guidance and gentle challenges to the client when therapeutically necessary. I am comfortable using a variety of treatment modalities (CBT, DBT, etc.) as well as mediums (talk therapy, art therapy, movement therapy, pet therapy, etc.) that best suit each client.
(207) 900-2589 View (207) 900-2589
Photo of Penelope Faith Snow - Acorn & Oak, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Acorn & Oak, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Kennebunk, ME 04043
Waitlist for new clients
We're a group of mental health therapists who work to assist people by listening actively, identifying strengths and supports to be used or to be developed, sharing science-based research and practical tools, promoting insight and understanding of various contributing factors, and ultimately helping clients find lasting solutions. Our work is defined by the client’s vision of what they want life to become, both the inner life and the outer life.
We're a group of mental health therapists who work to assist people by listening actively, identifying strengths and supports to be used or to be developed, sharing science-based research and practical tools, promoting insight and understanding of various contributing factors, and ultimately helping clients find lasting solutions. Our work is defined by the client’s vision of what they want life to become, both the inner life and the outer life.
(207) 614-4108 View (207) 614-4108
Photo of Denise Hammond, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Denise Hammond
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Kennebunk, ME 04043
Not accepting new clients
I find working with people where ever they are at is my focus. I come into each session listening actively to what you say and what you are needing. I do not have a preconceived notion of what you need, that is work that we will do together, and we are to work together to figure out the best goals for you. I find my work a privilege working with people at their most vulnerable place. Thank you for your interest and my hope is you find what your looking for to help you in your life situation.
I find working with people where ever they are at is my focus. I come into each session listening actively to what you say and what you are needing. I do not have a preconceived notion of what you need, that is work that we will do together, and we are to work together to figure out the best goals for you. I find my work a privilege working with people at their most vulnerable place. Thank you for your interest and my hope is you find what your looking for to help you in your life situation.
(207) 218-0596 View (207) 218-0596
Photo of Ashleigh Locklear, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Ashleigh Locklear
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Kennebunk, ME 04043
Not accepting new clients
***Not accepting new clients at this time*** As a therapist, my passion is helping women navigate the many stresses and curveballs life throws at us. Society expects a lot of women and its impossible to meet all of those expectations. I am here to help you determine what makes you thrive and help build your confidence to take the steps to reach your dreams. Together we will find your calm, bring out your inner strength, and work to balance the many roles you have.
***Not accepting new clients at this time*** As a therapist, my passion is helping women navigate the many stresses and curveballs life throws at us. Society expects a lot of women and its impossible to meet all of those expectations. I am here to help you determine what makes you thrive and help build your confidence to take the steps to reach your dreams. Together we will find your calm, bring out your inner strength, and work to balance the many roles you have.
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Photo of Louise Lumia, Counselor, MA, LPC-C
Louise Lumia
Counselor, MA, LPC-C
Verified Verified
Online Only
I'm currently taking on new clients for telehealth appointments only. I work with young adults and adults who are working through interpersonal relationship issues, anxiety, self-esteem issues, and navigating life changes and personal challenges. I also work with individuals impacted by close family or friends with substance misuse disorders. I have experience working with couples who are looking to feel more connected in their relationship.
I'm currently taking on new clients for telehealth appointments only. I work with young adults and adults who are working through interpersonal relationship issues, anxiety, self-esteem issues, and navigating life changes and personal challenges. I also work with individuals impacted by close family or friends with substance misuse disorders. I have experience working with couples who are looking to feel more connected in their relationship.
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Photo of Linda J Cooke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Linda J Cooke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
Online Only
I have the skills, talents and sensitivities to work well with people who are 18 and older. I love working with elders too! I have many years of experience in treating individuals with eating issues, body image dissatisfaction,anxiety, depression, PTSD, personal unhappiness or relationship difficulties. If you have a teen younger than 18 with an eating disorder I work best teaching parents the skills to help their kids recover from their eating disorder.
I have the skills, talents and sensitivities to work well with people who are 18 and older. I love working with elders too! I have many years of experience in treating individuals with eating issues, body image dissatisfaction,anxiety, depression, PTSD, personal unhappiness or relationship difficulties. If you have a teen younger than 18 with an eating disorder I work best teaching parents the skills to help their kids recover from their eating disorder.
(207) 358-4675 View (207) 358-4675
Photo of Julia Burns - Julia Burns , Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, MSW, MA
Julia Burns
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, MSW, MA
Verified Verified
Online Only
Welcome! We are living in challenging times, and the weight of burnout, anxiety, depression, trauma, and loss can feel overwhelming. But there is hope. Healing and growth are possible when we share our struggles and learn new ways to cope. As a licensed clinical social worker in Maine, I provide online therapy for adults, adolescents, and families. With 30 years of experience in social work and both a Master’s and Doctoral degree in the field, I specialize in helping individuals navigate acute trauma, grief, depression, anxiety, mood instability, attachment issues, and life transitions. Let’s work together toward healing and change.
Welcome! We are living in challenging times, and the weight of burnout, anxiety, depression, trauma, and loss can feel overwhelming. But there is hope. Healing and growth are possible when we share our struggles and learn new ways to cope. As a licensed clinical social worker in Maine, I provide online therapy for adults, adolescents, and families. With 30 years of experience in social work and both a Master’s and Doctoral degree in the field, I specialize in helping individuals navigate acute trauma, grief, depression, anxiety, mood instability, attachment issues, and life transitions. Let’s work together toward healing and change.
(207) 355-7774 View (207) 355-7774
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Kennebunk, ME

100+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Kennebunk, ME who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
79% Depression
78% Coping Skills
77% Self Esteem
71% Stress
68% Relationship Issues
66% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% Anthem
66% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Kennebunk, ME see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Kennebunk?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.